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The Emerging Middle Class

The social changes brought forth by the Industrial Revolution scared the aristocracy of England because the middle-class was becoming much more powerful. Alice in Wonderland is an allegorical novel that represents mid-nineteenth century England, and through Lewis Carroll's brilliant use of symbolism, each of the characters in this work acts as representatives for the social classes of England during this time. The continuous rejections of the insanity and disorder of Wonderland directly reflects the author's refusal to accept the changing society of England. Carroll predicts the future of England by making the middle-class more powerful in Wonderland, and he shows that this world is infested by chaos in order to display his scornful concern of the social changes from the Industrial Revolution. In Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, the author creates a dreamworld that represents a revolution by the middle-class, which is turned upside down in Wonderland.

The middle-class workers of the Industrial Revolution were gradually reconstructing the society and class structure in England, and Carroll allegorizes this time period through a dreamworld, which is plagued with disorder. In Alice's adventures, "These rapid changes that were taking place in society are reflected in Alice's fast-paced, crowded, and discontinuous dream adventures" (Rackin 5). The characters whom Alice is constantly meeting throughout the novel are representatives of the middle-class, but they become the upper class in Wonderland to symbolize a result of the revolution by the middle-class in the real world. These characters understand the insanity of society, because they are the ones who established this world of

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madness and disorder. Carroll shows his dislike for the social changes about to occur in England by creating "a world of adults who behave like children, despite the variety of intellectual sophistication they represent" (Kelly 7).

Alice rebels from the chaos in Wonderland by constantly questioning the irrational explanations of its inhabitants and through her defiance of the Queen of Hearts in the trial. These rejections symbolize the fact that one must revolt against the social changes of the nineteenth century, so one will not have to rebel against the chaos these social changes will create. The madness of Wonderland is represented by its characters who are "free from the fabricated rules and traditions of bourgeois community, rank, and order" (Rackin ). "Pandemonium seems to rule the life of Alice, and she strives to obtain domestication by attempting to create a sense of order in Wonderland" (Bloom, ed. 1). Alice is in constant search for peace and sanity throughout her adventures, because she is never satisfied in Wonderland. When she is put on trial because of her disagreements with the Queen of Hearts during a croquet game, this trial becomes the key factor of Alice's refection of this dreamworld. The trial is very important, because it is a trial of Wonderland itself, which reveals that rules and expectations are meaningless (Magill, Critical Evaluations 8). The trial is the final rebellion of the chaos in Wonderland by Alice, and this trial symbolizes her "rejection of its mad insanity in favor of the same madness of ordinary existence" (Rackin 65).

Wonderland is a continuous nightmare that Alice is trying to understand and also to escape, and Carroll portrays her dream as a nightmare because Wonderland symbolizes the aboveground world turned upside down. Alice is frightened and annoyed in this nightmare since "she is unable to apply what she has learned from past encounters of the novel" (Kelly 7). Alice struggles to find peace in Wonderland, but "almost everyone she meets mistreats her" (Cohen 17). The nightmare that Alice deals with throughout the novel represents the

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threatening world that is becoming "the zenith and incipient decline of the bourgeois hegemony in politics and culture" (Rackin ). "Wonderland is ruled by a middle-class that is not only incapable of ruling, but they do not have any religious beliefs or a unified society, which is Carroll's fear for England in the future" (Magill, Magill's Survey 58).

Alice is the representative for the aristocracy in England, and she faces a middle-class world that is turned upside down. The characters of Wonderland treat Alice as if she were someone of a lower class, because they are very rude and arrogant to the seven-year old girl. At the beginning of the novel, the White Rabbit mistakes Alice for his servant, Mary Ann, and this symbolizes a world where the masters become servants and the servants become masters. This world is full of the nonsense that Lewis Carroll believed would plague society if the Industrial Revolution continued to make the middle-class more powerful. Alice Liddell was a real girl who Carroll liked very much, and she clearly becomes the representative for the upper class through her heroic adventures in Wonderland. Carroll shows his concerns for society and the upper class through the misfortunes of Alice in this novel, such as her constant size variations that never benefit the situation and her inability to find her way.

The creatures in Wonderland represent the future of the human race after the rebellion by the middle-class. Carroll was a very important man to England in both literature and the Christian faith, and he did not like the changes that the Industrial Revolution was bringing to his world. He feared that England would become Wonderland in the future, which is a world ruled by the middle-class. "Carroll wanted to show the world that the disorientation in Wonderland represents an individual fall, and this disorder symbolizes an entire world of humans fallen (Bloom, ed. 1). These humanoid creatures are mechanical things playing mechanical roles, such as cards and chessmen, and these characters have become the manufactured leaders of

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Wonderland. The creatures who have power are mechanical things, because they are the products of the Industrial Revolution.

Carroll brings the characters of Wonderland to life by giving each character a distinctive dialect and by using personification. The Two of Spades, the Cheshire Cat, and the Caterpillar all have very different dialects that make them more realistic. Carroll wants all of his characters to seem realistic, so they can represent the humans of the middle-class. These characters are all types of creatures and things, and this use of characterization is to show the insanity and disorder of Wonderland. The author portrays this dreamworld as chaotic, but he also wants it to be realistic so that he can warn England about the growing middle-class. All of the characters in this novel are personified a great deal, and Carroll does this through the speech, behavior, and reactions of the creatures. One of the main reasons that Carroll spends so much time making the inhabitants of Wonderland realistic is to show the world that this could happen anywhere, when thinking of a rebellion by the middle-class.

"Time, in the sense of duration, exists only in a psychological and artistic sense" (Magill, Critical Evaluations 7). Carroll attacks the unchangeable aspect of time by personifying it as a person, so that it can be "malleable, recalcitrant, or disorderly" (Rackin 54), like all of the other creatures in Wonderland. In the beginning of "A Mad Tea Party," Alice comes to a situation where The March Hare, Mad Hatter, and Dormouse sit at a table that has had no beginning and will probably never end because time is frozen. The Mad Hatter and time have evidently had a fight, and time has made it so that it will always be six o' clock at this tea party. The serious aspect about this is that "Since time is now like a person, a kind of ill-behaved child created by human beings, there is the unavoidable danger that he will rebel and refuse to act consistently" (Rackin 55). "This episode with time clearly shows Carroll's fear of a middle-class rebellion, since time is frozen at six o' clock, which is quitting time for most factory workers" (Wright, ed.

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7). The fact that time is frozen at the same time that factory workers quit indicates that they will never go back to work, which would start a rebellion by the middle-class.

The Industrial Revolution seemed to threaten Carroll and many people of the upper class, and this threat to Carroll's personal identity is reflected when Alice says, "What will become of me?" (Alice in Wonderland 8). This question deals with much more than her physical nature, and "it carries with her class broad and sinister implications" (Rackin ). Alice does not know what will become of her, because the world is changing too rapidly for her to understand the revolution that is taking place. This quote is directly related to Carroll's fear of what will happen to him and the social class structure of England. The fear of a middle-class rebellion permeated the life of Lewis Carroll, and he wrote this book to show why he feared such a revolution.

Alice falls into a strange world where she feels extremely lonely because she is confused and unable to accept the madness of Wonderland. Alice attempts "to establish who she is by recalling logical certainties-such as arithmetic" (Wright, ed. 8), but she only becomes more confused "Let me see four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is-oh dear! (Alice in Wonderland 10). Alice is now not only lost physically, but she is lost psychologically when the solid subject of arithmetic fails to make sense. Alice is a little girl who is lost in Wonderland, and she "finds herself lapsing into soliloquies that reflect a divided, confused, and desperate self" (Kelly 78). The feelings of loneliness and abandonment in Alice directly relate to what is going to happen to the world when the middle-class taxes control. Carroll feels the aristocracy will become weak and abandoned in a world like Wonderland.

Wonderland is a satirical image that displays the author's dislike for the changes occurring in society. "Wonderland is not the Promised Land, a place of sleepy fulfillment, but it is a monde fatale, one that seduces Alice into seeking new sights" (Magill, Magill's Survey 57). This dreamworld has its setting underground, and this could mean that it is an allegory for Hell.

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Alice's adventures in Wonderland is a series of nightmares that parallel to the social problems in England during the nineteenth century. "Carroll made this novel a dream so that he can portray the hidden, socially unacceptable desires and anxieties of the censored unconsciousness" (Rackin ). The mechanical innovations of the Industrial Revolution was creating a world that was a threat to privileged Anglican gentlemen like Carroll and his friends.

The disorder and chaos of Wonderland represent a whole world of humans that have fallen. Alice stumbles across this fallen world when she falls into the rabbit hole that leads to Wonderland. Her adventures in this dreamworld become a nightmare full of madness and insecurity, since it is ruled by a middle-class that is incapable of ruling. Wonderland is the result of a rebellion of the middle-class because of the mechanical innovations and benefits of the Industrial Revolution. Alice is an outsider in this world, since she is the representative for the aristocracy, and she is desperately trying to escape from this nightmare. Finally, Alice takes control of her life in Wonderland by screaming, "You're nothing but a pack of cards" (Alice in Wonderland 5). This outbreak of anger by Alice signals her flight from the anarchy in Wonderland to the sanity in the real world, and all the things in Wonderland are destroyed. Alice's rebellion from Wonderland shows that "the innate and unconscious drive for identity and self-preservation cannot be perverted by either Wonderland or the world above it" (Rackin 66). From this lesson, one can learn that some things will never change, and if things do change, then one will have a choice to accept the changes or disregard them.

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