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During the modernist period in twentieth century, T. S. Eliot, was one of the most important poets. He was also a critic of Elizabethan literature. He wrote this article on how Hamlet is lacking the "objective correlative." Objective correlative is when an author produces an emotion in the viewer, the artist simply accurately reproduces those things that created strong emotion in himself. Eliot makes some great points, but also, I have to disagree with him on some of his opinion. Eliot sees Hamlet as somewhat of an artistic failure due to its confusion between the main plot and the main character.

In his analysis, Eliot recalls the work of other authors who have also critiqued the subject of Hamlet. He states that many authors connect with Hamlet and do not come to realize their own creative potential. These authors come to think of the drama as a classic and therefore see it as an extension of their own artistic ability. Eliot goes on to talk about Thomas Kyd, who wrote Spanish Tragedy and Arden of Feversham. Eliot writes "there are verbal parallels so close to the Spanish Tragedy as to leave no doubt that in places Shakespeare was merely revising the text of Kyd" (pg. 85). I did some research on Spanish Tragedy, and Eliot does have a point. I did notice similarities. In both plays, the protagonist has lost loved ones to murder and suicide, and these losses drive them to madness.

Eliot states, "So far from being Shakespeare's masterpiece, the play is most certainly an artistic failure. In several ways the play is puzzling, and disquieting as in none of the others" (pg 86). I have to agree and disagree with this statement at the same time. Yes, Hamlet is Shakespeare's masterpiece, but it is not an artistic failure. Hamlet, the character, goes through many changes during the play, but in real life, if what happened to Hamlet, happened to you, you would have crazy mixed emotions as well. It is true that much of the story line in Hamlet is confusing and that the emphasis shifts numerous times from the actual plot to the actions of the main character, but I find that to be what draws me towards the story.

Eliot can call Hamlet an artistic failure, but then he can say "more people have thought Hamlet a work of art because they found it interesting, than have found it interesting because it is a work of art. It is the "Mona Lisa" of literature" (pg. 86). I do believe that Hamlet is an amazing psychological piece written by Shakespeare. This quote is basically stating that Hamlet is interesting to some people because of the intricate lines in the story. Other people find it interesting because it was written by William Shakespeare, and he's a "famous" author.

T.S. Eliot then goes on to explain how Hamlet's failure isn't immediately noticeable. He agrees with Mr. J.M. Robertson when he says "the essential emotion of the play is the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother" (pg. 86). I agree with this statement as well, but just like Eliot I don't believe that it's the whole story. Eliot stats, "Hamlet, like the sonnets, is full of some stuff that the writer could not drag to light, contemplate, or manipulate into art" (pg. 86). This quote goes together with how Hamlet's emotion isn't obvious. It's stating how Shakespeare just doesn't come out and say that Hamlet's source of problem is within his anger towards his mother. You understand that Hamlet is angry, when reading the whole story. It's the big picture.

Eliot finally begins discussing "objective correlative." He states

"The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an "objective correlative"; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the eternal facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. If you examine any of Shakespeare's more successful tragedies, you will find this exact equivalence (pg. 86)."

Eliot then gives examples of how this works. His examples Include the characters of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, in which Lady Macbeth is walking in her sleep, and Macbeth is hearing of his wife's death. His most important examples are within Hamlet. Hamlet's downfall is his disgust towards his mother for marrying his uncle. Eliot says, "It is thus a feeling which he cannot understand; he cannot objectify it, and it therefore remains to poison life and obstruct action" (pg. 87). Hamlet faces a difficult situation. He is angered by his mother, but his ghostly father tells him that it is not his mother's fault, it's his uncle's fault. So now he is faced with trying to murder his uncle for revenge to his father. Not to mention that everybody thinks he is crazy.

I believe that T.S. Eliot's main purpose of this article is that Hamlet is lacking the "objective correlative," and because of this, Hamlet is confusing and hard to understand. Eliot backs up this statement by giving examples of other artist's work, and using his own opinions. I happen to agree with many of his thoughts, but I do disagree with a few. Overall this article was an enjoyment to read. I especially like the part of him comparing Hamlet to Mona Lisa. That is his major strongpoint

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on midsummer night's dream. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality midsummer night's dream paper right on time.

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William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream takes place during, quite obviously,

a midsummer night in Athens. As the scenes change from the royal court of Theseus to

the magical wood of Oberon, the four lovers Hermia, Lysander, Helena, and Demetrius;

the mechanicals Bottom, Snout, Flute, Snug, Starveling, and Quince; and Titania,

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queen of the fairies, change as well. The changes that occur in these characters'

behaviors must happen in order to achieve both the comedic effect Shakespeare

intends and the happy ending the audience desires. The lovers and mechanicals

change in the wood because they enter the world of the fairies during midsummer

madness, and Titania transforms in the wood because she enters the world of the

mortals when she falls in love with Bottom.

The four lovers undergo transformation first, when they reach the wood of

Oberon and Titania. In the beginning, both Lysander and Demetrius love fair Hermia.

However, Hermia loves Lysander and Helena loves Demetrius, who does not love her in

return. After Puck places a love spell on Lysander and Demetrius, they both fall in love

with Helena. Helena feels the men are mocking her in her love for Demetrius. A

confused Hermia begins to resent Helena, and Helena believes Hermia is also making

fun of her. Things become extremely confusing and one expects uproarious laughter

from the audience. When Oberon discovers Puck's mistake, he reverses the spell, only

this time, he shifts Demetrius's original love for Hermia to love and devotion for Helena.

With the changes that transpire in the wood, as the result of Puck and Oberon's

mischief, the play ends happily for the four lovers. Since Demetrius now loves Helena,

Theseus overrules her father, Egeus, and allows her to marry Lysander, instead of

forcing her to join a convent or die for her true love.

While the men change their feeling for the women, the women remain constant

in their love for their men, yet they change their feeling toward each other. They both

feel that one mocks the other in an attampt to have the love of both Demetrius and

Lysander. What is ultimately important though, is that Helena and Hermia are steadfast

in their love for Demetrius and Lysander, respectively.

The mechanicals also undergo transformation in the wood outside Athens. As

Quince, Snug, Snout, Bottom, Starveling, and Flute meet to rehearse their play, they

each transform into the characters they are to be. As a result of Puck's roguishness,

Bottom's head turns into an ass's head, which becomes a hilarious pun on Bottom's

name. When the players convene at Theseus's palace, they also transform into the

play-within-the-play's characters, and some portray parts different from what they

rehearsed in the woods, which only adds to the comedic hilarity of the mechanicals. In

the woods, Snout becomes the lion, Bottom plays Pyramus, and Flute portrays Thisbe, a

woman. The transformation of Flute to Thisbe is quite interesting because his change

does not just involve behavior, but also sex. Poor young Flute must pretend to be a

woman and speak in high voice. Also in the woods, thanks to Puck, Bottom's head

turns into that of an ass. When he is returned to his original form, after having been

pampered by the fairies of Titania, he remembers his transformation as dream, which

only confuses him further, adding to the comic effect. His memory of the dream can only

be described as ironic when he says, "Man is but an ass if he go about to expound this

dream" (MND IV, i, 06-07). Bottom recounts the tale as something halfway between

dream and reality and wants to fashion the memory into a ballad for Theseus. In the

court, Bottom changes into Pyramus, when he is not interjecting himself into this lines,

Snout plays the wall (instead of the lion), Quince performs the prologue, Starveling

becomes moonshine (not the backwoods liquor, but the light of the moon), and Snug

plays the lion, but only after introducing himself as Snug, so as not to scare the ladies.

One final character to transform in the wood is Titania, queen of the fairies.

Oberon places a spell upon her so that, when she wakes, she will fall in love with

Bottom, who has an ass's head. Oberon does this only to spite her for not giving him

the changeling boy. Titania loves Bottom and has her fairies, Peasblossom, Cobweb,

Moth, and Mustardseed, attend to his every need. Titania's utter love and devotion for

an ass's head adds to the comedy of the play and reinforces the theory that love is blind.

Having lost her sight in love, she cannot see Bottom as an ass, only as the object of her

affection. When Oberon removes the spell, she regains her sight and is disgusted with

Bottom. Oberon only removes the spell because he is jealous of Titania's affection for

Bottom. His jealousy is one of the few constants in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

As one can easily see, with the transformation of love and hate in A midsummer

Night's Dream, the comedy intended by Shakespeare would be just that--a dream. Also,

the ending would become problematic, as Bottom would have an ass's head and Hermia

would be forced into an unwanted marriage, a convent, or death and Helena would be

left to live on with her unrequited love. The transformations of each of the characters in

A Midsummer Night's Dream are crucial to the comedy and happy ending of the play.

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The Threat of Anne Hutchinson

While many leaders were uneasy about the involvement of women outside the traditional female sphere, Anne Hutchinson's preaching that every individual had the ability to communicate with god posed a threat in Massachusetts. Massachusetts power and authority was based on its role was mediator between the congregation. Anne Hutchinson and her husband and family arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 164. The Hutchinson's were seen as welcomed newcomers to their new community, "large because of William's prosperity and Anne's expertise in herbal medicines, nursing the sick, and midwifery"(). Anne Hutchinson became very busy with, "in religion and theological questions, she was particularly influenced by John Cotton, a Puritan minister who was forced to flee from England to Massachusetts Bay in 16 because of his religious ideas"(). Anne Hutchinson than began intervening with Antinomians which led to her trial, conviction, and banished of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Anne Hutchinson became interested in religious issues and began weeknight meetings, which were lead by her and was accompanied by Antinomians. Anne Hutchinson was brought to trial in front of the General Court of Massachusetts Bay. Governor Winthrop lead this case in determining the fate of Anne Hutchinson, "Privately, Winthrop called Hutchinson a person of "nimble wit and active spirit and a very valuable tongue."'(). Winthrop was determined to get rid of Anne Hutchinson no matter what it took to do so.

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The case started off with Mr. Winthrop, the governor, describing to Anne Hutchinson what was going on and why she was being tried. "Mrs. Hutchinson, you are called here as one of those that have troubled the peace of the commonwealth and the churches here; you are known to be a woman that hath had a great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are causes of this trouble, and to be nearly joined not only in affinity and affection with some of those the court had taken notice of and passed censure upon"(5). Anne Hutchinson, after listening to this, becomes confused with why she is in court and for what she has done. "I am called here to answer before you but I hear no things laid to my charge"(5). I was then explained that one of the reasons for her being there was because she has broken a law, which was the fifth commandment. She was also charged for having such religious meetings in her own home. "Why do you keep such a meeting at your house as you do every week upon as set day?…(7). Anne Hutchinson than knew that she had not transgressed in this aspect and rebutted her charge. By rebutting the charge, she was further charged by Deputy Governor Winthrop, "Mrs. Hutchinson for that time she came hath made a disturbance, and some that came over with her in the ship did inform me what she was as soon as she was landed"(). She was accused "of preaching a covenant of works rather than a covenant grace"(40). The governor than brings up "That there are six witnesses who say it is true and yet you still deny it"(41).

One of these witnesses was John Cotton, who Anne Hutchinson highly respected. He was called upon to testify against Hutchinson. Cotton did his best, "tried to defend Hutchinson, mostly saying he did not remember most of the events in the question"(4). Hutchinson believed that she was given a task by god, "God had compelled her to take the course she had taken and that God had said to her as He had to Daniel of the Old Testament, that "through I should meet with affliction, yet I am the same God that delivered Daniel out of the lion's den, I will also deliver thee"'(45).

Even though Anne Hutchinson spoke the truth in her testimony at trial, there was still no avail. Governor Winthrop was still determined to do everything possible to get rid of her. As a result, she was then banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and settled "an island in Narragansett Bay near what is now Rhode Island"(). After her banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, trouble still surrounded her. "At the age of forty-five, she was once again pregnant"(47). This was not the only trouble. "In 164, Hutchinson's husband died, and she moved with her six youngest children to the Dutch Colony of New Netherlands in what is now the Bronx borough of New York City. The next year, she and all but one of her children were killed by Indians"(48). The Massachusetts Bay Colony felt that this was a sure sign from God's wrath upon all her sins.

The Puritans tried to hold their own by holding on to their power but it began to fail, "New towns increased the colony's size make uniformity more difficult, Growth and prosperity seemed to bring an increased interest in individual wealth and a corresponding decline in religious fervor, sleeping during sermons, fewer conversations between young people, blasphemous language, growing attention to physical pleasures were numerous, as were reports of election disputes, interachurch squabbling, and community bickering"(48).

Anne Hutchinson being a female and holding her own religious meetings in her own home became a threat to the people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many leaders were uneasy about her ability to communicate with God. This ability became a major threat to the Massachusetts people. Even by telling the truth, she still got what Governor Winthrop wanted, "banishment".

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How bad were living conditions inTowns in the early 19th Century?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How bad were living conditions inTowns in the early 19th Century? paper right on time.

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Within the working class areas of industrial towns such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool living conditions were very bad indeed in the early 1th century. Poor living conditions were due to insufficient planning, bad housing, poor sewerage disposal, inadequate water supplies, and diseases.

Bad planning led to poor living conditions in towns in the early 1th century because of a rapid growth in industrialisation. Local authorities had very little employers and experienced employers and so they had weak knowledge and judgement to enforce regulations, which would deal with new methods. Back to back housing was created to pack as many houses in as possible and cheaply as could be done, forgetting simple things e.g. deep foundations to make the housing sound, but were 'jerry built'. Yet poor sewerage disposal conditions were not new as they were the same in the countryside. Most of the rich members of the council and citizens did not want high rates of taxes but to keep them low and controlled and so consequently new sewers, water supplies and general better living conditions did not happen. Due to the over crowding, bad housing, sewers and poor water supplies many health epidemics broke out, ignorance of not understanding the diseases did not help this. Links needed to be made.

The worst aspect of early 1th century living conditions was the poor housing. Poor ventilation caused the air to be unable to circulate resulting in bad smells from out side mixing in the air, damp of the houses caused infections to the chest with the stale air and damp living conditions. Families of up to six or more were cramped into the small areas of 4mx4.m and .4mx.6m due to the lack of money. Few houses had water supply and so many had to go and get water on a daily basis. The water was often or always polluted and caring disease.

Rivers and streams carrying refuse and waste from the area often used by the poor to get water along with wells again filled with pools of refuse, or they would collect rain water in tubs and baths which got polluted by soot and smoke.

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The unpaved streets held the town's sewage in mud alleys leading to streams and rivers. There was no sewage system e.g. sewers and toilets. This was a large threat and cause of infection and diseases.

Out breaks of disease such as smallpox, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza and cholera caused problems and a major health disaster. People were not prepared to cope with the outbreaks, did not realise the awfulness of the conditions of the towns, and so did not change when diseases broke out.

However, not every inhabitant of an early 1th century town experiences bad living conditions. The rich and poor indeed became very divided even the rich became divided in to middle and upper class. The upper class being able to afford large detached house on a hill above the awful conditions of the town below and away from the waste and putrid smells. The middle classes lived in terraced houses with a garden and live in servant creating a cleaner and healthier environment. Many towns were made to spa towns like Malvern and cheltham. These were of a higher quality compared to most and better/cleaner to live in they would architecturally prettier and safer. The streets had sewage systems and sanitation to keep cleaner and healthier.

Of course, any assessment of living conditions in the early 1th century towns must make comparison with the conditions experienced by these in rural conditions. If the conditions of towns were so repulsive the state of rural villages were very bad to make people move to the towns. The countryside was very damp and unhealthy to live in as well as being cold and dirty. The cottages were small with no sanitation and leisure activities near. Most dwellers did not realise the awful conditions of towns until they arrived there but put up with the conditions for the sake of higher wages from urban jobs so towns were money and socially better than living in the countryside.

Finally, whilst in many respects little had been done to improve living conditions in towns by the mid 1th century, one step had been taken by the government in 1848. This was the 1848 public health act. This improved towns by setting up a board of health, which could be made if over 10% of ratepayers agreed. The act recommended glazed earth ware pipes for new sewerage systems, which was cheaper and more hygienic. The act made sure public health was at the top of politician's agenda to make awareness of the issue.

In the early 1th century living conditions of towns were very poor and disgusting compared with the standard of living conditions to day. Public health was a large concern and mainly caused by poor housing and sewage many of the conditions were brought from the rural dwellers and people put up with them for the sake of wages. The conditions caused a dramatic visual divide between the rich and poor. The living conditions were very bad and needed to be improved by simple measure. Ignorance was greatly to blame and so caused living conditions in towns to be worse as more people had to live in these ghastly conditions.j

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hypothetical Exhibition - an artist and his or her works. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hypothetical Exhibition - an artist and his or her works paper right on time.

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. Write a critical review of a hypothetical exhibition that contains several of the most important works of a contemporary visual artist you have studied.

I am proud to present George Gittoes and his exhibit "Minefields" as your featured artist for this weeks contemporary visual artist review. Previously presented at the Sir Hermann Black Gallery, University of Sydney in March and April, its success has allowed this exhibition to continue round the continent, where we have been able to view these fantastic works of art right here in our very own Adelaide. Gittoes opened his appropriately named exhibition after travelling to Cambodia, Pakistan and Afghanistan. His paintings help to describe the painful emotions experienced by the innocent victims of landmines. I quote the words of Gittoes, "For me, landmines are the most damning proof of man's inhumanity to man while the moments spent with mine victims have given me some of the most encouraging proof of the strength of the human spirit".

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I have selected a painting dedicated to each country visited for a main basis of this critical review. Each painting belongs to a designated wall dedicated to the country from which it came from. Beneath most every painting exhibited is a sketch of the original photo and a small quote from Gittoes, describing the situation of his chosen minefield characters.From 'Cambodia', I have chosen a painting called 'Blind Field' (1). Based on a Taiwanese man named Som Chit, this painting depicts his injuries sustained by Cambodian land mines. Somewhat abstract, Gittoes has painted Som Chit with shades of blue skin causing him to stand out abruptly over the vibrant background consisting of bright reds, oranges and yellows. The body of this man has been slightly twisted to appear smaller from the waist down and you hardly notice the prosthetic leg supporting the man. What seemed to stand out the most in 'Blind Field' are the blinding white sightless eyes that exist in Som Chit's scarred face.In order to absorb the full extent of this painting, it needs to be viewed up close, as compared to the original sketch below you can see that much detail has been left out and it becomes less obvious that the colours behind Som Chit are actually his home. The garish colour scheme used helps the viewer to visualize the shocking reality of mine field deformity.

As I continue into the second room (Pakistan), a great painting on the far wall first captures my attention. Even more vibrant than 'Blind Field', the mixture of colours attracted me to evaluate this glorious painting. 'What's Left?', an abstract painting depicting a woman with stumped legs and her child surrounded by an opposing mixture of children's toys and artillery. Their faces and limbs are displaced around the bed on which they lie, giving the impression of perplexity and disorder.

This painting depicts the impact of landmines on families. The mother lies helpless on the homemade bed whilst her child stands by with his hands clasped watching over his mother. This oil on canvas consists of bright rusty colours (such as oranges, reds and yellows) which have been used to give the feeling of heat and poverty.

The focal point of 'What's Left?' is, in my opinion, the enormous black eye of the wounded woman. The massively sized emotionless black pupil captures your attention and draws you into the painting itself, almost rendering the rest of the painting irrelevant. Inside this 'black pit' is a crescent moon. They say the eyes are the windows of the soul. So if this be true, I see that the woman has lost hope all which is left inside her is a constant darkness (represented by an image of nighttime).

Leaving this painting I felt somewhat desolate. 'What's Left?' really seems quite appropriate to the feelings conveyed in the painting.

Moving into the third and final room (Afghanistan), my eyes are captured by a painting directly across from the doorway. A cold blue painting that conveys such sadness I feel the need to view it in a more direct manner.

Gittoes has painted an abstract portrait of a man named Muzammil, a 5 year old man who was left blinded and legless from working in a minefield. His 5 children are so poor that they live in a community of such poverty that they don't even have any belongings. Muzammil must stumble down mine ridden paths in complete blindness.

'Blown Away' has been painted in pale watery blue and pink. The watery look gives the impression of being washed out and drained of life. The blues also represent the sadness and depression you can see printed all over this poor mans face. Such large features make the already sunken face appear more withered and old that what should be for a 5 year old man. You may leave feeling somewhat shut-out because of his closed eyes and pursed mouth.

I feel very privileged to have participated in the viewing of George Gittoes "Minefields" exhibition. By bringing such works of reality for us to view from around the world it is hard not to feel for these victims of landmines especially when the paintings convey such deep emotion. So, thanks to Gittoes exhibition, we are able to view a reality that in normal circumstances we would be blissfully ignorant of.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How can London be viewed in two radically different ways? a comparison of Wordsworth's "Composed Upon Westminster Hill" and Blake's "London". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How can London be viewed in two radically different ways? a comparison of Wordsworth's "Composed Upon Westminster Hill" and Blake's "London" paper right on time.

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In this essay I will be look at two different poems and what image they make of London, and their views.

Wordsworth has written his poem 'Composed Upon Westminster Bridge' in a sonnet form, which is usually only used for poems about love, this implies that Wordsworth's poem will be about how much he likes London. Blake has written his poem in quatrain verse, which at the time was the most common type of style for writing poems.

Blake describes London as being controlled and restricted, we know this because in the first line of his poem he writes "I wander thro' each charter'd street". I believe that by describing the streets as charted he is saying that they are being controlled, like streets on maps are charted. He also describes nature (which to a romantic poet is very important) as being controlled. He says this in line two of his poem "Near where the chater'd Thames does flow". Rivers are usually viewed as powerful, uncontrollable forces of nature.

Wordsworth views the river as a free, peaceful symbol of freedom in London. This can be shown in line 1 where he writes, "The River glideth at this own sweet will."

William Blake views the people as sad, downtrodden and without hope, this can be seen in lives three and four where he writes

"And mark in every face I meet,

Marks of weakness, marks of woe"

(London, lines -4)

this implies that the people of London are unhappy and not free. Another example of them not being free and restricted is in lines seven and eight where he writes

"In every voice, in every ban,

The mind-forg'd manacles I hear"

(London, lines 7-8)

This shows that he believes the people are being controlled and restricted by themselves and are not free, I believe this because he uses the word ban, bans are a way of controlling people and restricting what they can and cant do. Manacles are also shackles, which go on the arms and legs to restrict movement, by saying they are mind forg'd he is saying that peoples minds are controlled and restricted.

Blake also connects his poem, and London, to the French revolution, in which people fought and died for freedom and he writes

"And the hapless soldier's sigh,

Runs in blood down palace walls."

(London, lines 11-1)

The French revolution greatly influenced both Blake and Wordsworth as they both travelled to France during the time of the revolution, and both indulged in the freedom of speech.

Wordsworth describes the people of London and London itself as calm and in lines thirteen and fourteen he writes

"Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;

And all that mighty heart is lying still!"

(Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, lines 1-14)

This also personifies the houses, and by using 'Dear God!' he emphasise this, and makes it a lot more extreme. When he writes "And all the mighty heart is lying still!" I think this is describing London as the heart of England, and because it is earlier in the morning everyone is asleep, making London seem a lot calmer.

Wordsworth also connects London to nature, to create imagery; one example of this is in lines 6-8 where he writes

"Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie,

Open unto the fields, and to the sky;

All bright and glittering in the smokeless air."

This helps make London seem very beautiful and clean. By concentrating on the good things in London he is drawing attention away from the more ugly features in London. Blake however views the building as now dirty, and no longer pure. We know this because in lines -10 he writes

"How the chimney-sweepers cry,

Every blackening church appals"

(London, lines -10)

This would have been very literate, as at the time it was during the industrial revolution, so many of the buildings would be black with dirt.

In Blake's last verse he talks about how prostitutes are so young, and that they are like young children, but no longer pure. He ends his poem with a oxymoron and writes "marriage hearse". This is two contrasting ideas, marriages are seen as a happy thought, where as hearses are sad thoughts connected to death. I believe this is talking about how the "harlots" (prostitutes) help kill the marriage.

In conclusion Blake has a negative view of London, which I think was inspired by his insiders view of London, which he had from being raised and living in London. In contrast Wordsworth has a positive view of London, which I believe comes from him being a visitor of London, viewing it in the early morning when not many people are about. I do not believe that in just eight years London could have changed so much.

This essay gained me a A ) - it looks at the two poems but more importantly y they have there views this relates to there backgrounds and how this affects there poem

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The Casket of Fortunato

Edgar Allan Poe wrote poems and criticized literature, but is best remembered for his short stories. Poe's works were exceedingly experimental for their time, and are still influencing writers today. His tales consisted of eerie settings, characters dealing with psychological problems, and unfolding mysteries layered within a plot. By intertwining these elements into a cohesive unit, Poe created a genre in literature now known as Mystery. At first glance, Poe's short stories can be tough to comprehend thoroughly, but upon taking a more in depth look at the work it becomes less difficult to understand. His use of irony, foreshadowing and symbolism all provide for his purpose as in, "The Cask of Amontillado."

Among the literary devices used by Poe, irony is one in which he implements into is horror stories often. Webster's Dictionary defines irony as conveying meaning by saying the direct opposite for what it really meant. In the short story "The Cask of Amontillado", the protagonist, Montressor, yearns

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for revenge against his arch nemesis, Fortunato, by starving him to death in his family's wine cellar. In order to get Fortunato into the cellar, Montressor uses Fortunato's lust for fine wine tasting as his bait to lead him into his own grave. "Fortunato pursues a "cask" which ends up being his own casket" (Silverman). On numerous occasions throughout the trip into the cellar Montressor questions whether or not Fortunato should go on. "Come, we will go back; your health is precious. You are happy like, as once I was" (Poe). This piece of dialogue is ironic because Montressor does not care for Fortunato's health, because he in fact plans on killing him in the vaults. Poe use of irony can be hard to grasp the first time you read through one of his short stories, but with repetitions of analyzing the work, the irony becomes easier to understand.

"The Cask of Amontillado" is a short story that is very suspenseful. Poe uses the literary device called foreshadowing to build up moments of suspense throughout this tale of terror. Foreshadowing is to represent or warn before hand. There are two noteworthy instances of foreshadowing in "The Cask of Amontillado". The first being when Fortunato begins to cough from the mold growing on the walls in the catacombs and goes on to say, "I will not die from a cough," then Montressor answers, "True, true" (Poe). This section of dialogue makes the reader

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aware that Montressor does not intend on Fortunato dieing from illness, but rather from malnutrition and dehydration when he is left to rot in the cellar. Moments after this scene, Montressor offers Fortunato some Medoc, a wine, to help cure his cough. He gladly accepts and drinks the beverage, furthermore making a gesture of his alliance with the Masonic order. He then proceeds to asks Montressor if he is of the Masonic order, in which he responds yes he is a mason. "…He will be building things out of stones and mortar namely Fortunato's grave" (Thomas, Dwight, & Jackson). By using foreshadowing, Poe was able to create suspenseful situations that were also highly unpredictable.

Poe whom was also a literary critic and poet, was very influential with his usage of symbolism in his works. Symbolism is something that stands for or represents something else. "Poe celebrated pure forms of beauty and opposed the didactic in poetry" (Ljungquist). In the short story "The Cask of Amontillado", Poe uses symbolism when Montressor is describing his family's arms. "(The shield is) A huge human foot d'or, in a field azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel" (Poe). This is a symbolic replication of Fortunato being the serpent chastising and insulting Montressor who is represented by the foot stepping on the serpent. "Although Fortunato has hurt Montressor with

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insults, Montressor will ultimately crush him" (Silverman). Applying symbolism into his writing has made Poe among the most influential writers in modern literature.

Edgar Allan Poe has been said to live a rough life, as he always seemed to be in some sort of financial debt, usually for gambling. His stormy life is what is believed to be where he drew his inspiration from to create his horror stories and tales of deception and intrigue. Further contributing to his motivations are the methods and techniques Poe uses are so fundamentally sound, that his works are the foundation in which detective stories were built upon. Whether or not Poe was mentally stable or not is a debatable topic to this day. "At age he married his 1 year-old cousin" (Ljungquist). Though his tales are of a darker undertone, this does not make Poe out to be an evil man, even though some people did perceive him to be during his lifetime. In modern times, his works are not taking so literally and can actually be quite humorous as opposed to dark and gloomy. This is just another piece of evidence that proves just how far ahead of his time Edgar Allan Poe really was.

Works Cited

"Edgar Allan Poe" Ljungquist, Kent. World Book Encyclopedia, 17. ed.

"foreshadowing" Webster's Dictionary. 17. ed.

"irony" Webster's Dictionary. 17. ed.

Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar Allan Poe Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. Harper Collins, 11.

"symbolism" Webster's Dictionary. 17. ed.

"The Cask of Amontillado" Edgar Allan Poe. Baltimore, 18. 6 July. 00 http//www.geocities.com/short_stories_page/poecask.html

Thomas, Dwight, and Jackson, D.K. The Poe Log A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 180

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Scott Mullervy

English 1

Mr. McMann

January 10, 00

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Path to Enlightenment

Everyone everywhere lives his or her life by certain codes or rules, whether it be morals, values, or in most cases religion. Religion can define a person in many significant ways. In most cases, one's religion shapes the path that he or she will ultimately choose in life. For instance, in Hermann Hesse's most renowned novel Siddhartha, a young Brahmin is torn between which path to take on a fascinating journey that will ultimately change his life forever. When the novel begins, Siddhartha, the protagonist and hero, is a rich and handsome young Brahmin, he then transforms in to a meager looking ascetic, then into a businessman, and finally into a ferryman. Even though Siddhartha takes upon himself all these different faces, his path to enlightenment follows three distinct stages, the mind, the body, and the soul.

As a young Brahmin, Siddhartha "delighted and made everyone happy" and in turn "was loved by everybody," while he spent most of his days with his family and meditating.(5) However, although he brings bliss to all, "Siddhartha was not happy with himself." One of the reasons that he is so discontent is because he fears that he can learn nothing more by just staying at home. This is why I believe Siddhartha is so unique in that his life is completely taken care of because he can inherit all of his family's riches, but chooses rather to leave home in order to gain a greater knowledge of the world. The beginning stage for Siddhartha is through the mind where he first becomes a Samana, or ascetic from which he "learns many ways of losing the Self, although [their] paths took him away from Self."(15) Next he listens to Gotama, "the Illustrious One and the Buddha."(1) Although Siddhartha's goal is to become like Gotama, he cannot merely accompany Gotama on his travels; Siddhartha must make every effort to resemble him by attaining enlightenment which cannot be taught or learned but rather achieved. Siddhartha's inner strength and determination to achieve enlightenment make him such a great hero.

The next stage that Siddhartha goes through is the body, one that he has never experienced in his life before. Siddhartha's stage of the mind is cast aside due to a beautiful prostitute named Kamala. Not only does Siddhartha experience the art of love due to Kamala, but also through Kamala he meets Kamaswami, a rich merchant, who teaches him the art of trading money and business. At first Siddhartha has maternal dreams about a "woman's full breast and the intoxicating liquid that comes out."(48) These dreams that he has lead him to a "longing and stir of sex in him, but his inward voice says NO!"(50) After visiting with Kamala regularly he loses sight of his previous ways as an ascetic, one who is supposedly not capable of loving anyone. After seeing how "beautiful Kamala is his heart rejoices" and after just one kiss he is left breathless and is "astonished by how much she has taught him in just one kiss," his first kiss.(57) Hesse describes this event very accurately and, I think, for the sole purpose of adding compassion and love into the novel, which only heightens why Siddhartha is so great. Ultimately, Siddhartha becomes Kamala's best lover she has ever had, and when he leaves her, she becomes aware that she is pregnant with his child.

The last step on Siddhartha's path to enlightenment is through his soul. First Siddhartha becomes much like an apprentice to Vasudeva, the ferryman, and decides to live with him in his hut on the beautiful river which he intends to "stay by and learn from."(101) Now that Siddhartha has completed the stage of the mind and body, he transcends to live his life in accord with his soul, so he is able to completely experience the oneness of life. On the way to see the dying Gotama Buddha, Kamala is bitten by a poisonous snake and is then taken to Vasudeva's and Siddhartha's ferry. For the first time Siddhartha learns that he has a son; however, he witnesses the death of Kamala, "a face that he recognized immediately."(11) While on her deathbed she asks, "Have you attained it? Have you found peace?" Then Siddhartha says nothing, but only smiles and holds her hands. She replies, "yes, I see it."(11) In the eyes of Siddhartha, Kamala sees the face of a Buddha that has found enlightenment. Finally, in a thrilling ending scene Govinda comes to Siddhartha on the ferry in order to seek some words of wisdom. However, Siddhartha tells him that "knowledge can be communicated, but not wisdom," for "in every truth the opposite is equally true" and that "Time is not real."(14) To make Govinda's suffering less Siddhartha asks him to kiss his forehead and gives him a "thousand-fold smile," revealing that he is the "Perfect One," a Buddha.(151)

Siddhartha is a character unlike many in literature in that he takes his own initiative in order to better himself. However, was it the right choice for him to leave home? While leaving one's family can be very hard at times, his strength is what makes him achieve the goal for which he left. The author, Hesse, puts an original spin on the novel by creating a different path for Siddhartha to take. Instead of following the Buddha's Eightfold Path, Siddhartha ultimately attains nirvana by living the life of the Buddha for himself, instead of going through all the suffering which the Eightfold Path so strongly enforces. Siddhartha is a novel that should not be overlooked by anyone because it portrays a hero of such greatness and dedication to a religion that is so peaceful. Throughout the reading one learns the value of religion and peace, while enjoying the enlightenment of many characters.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Parents: The Creators and Destroyers of Morals. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Parents: The Creators and Destroyers of Morals paper right on time.

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Justin Apresa a sixteen year-old boy remembers how he first came to learn about sex and the treatment of the opposite sex. "It wasn't like my parents talked to me about sex and girls," Justin commented. He learned about it through his cousin who, at the time was merely seventeen years old. Justin remembers how his cousin told him that the more women he slept with, the more "Macho" he would become, meaning more of a "Man" in English terms. He was also told that women liked to be treated like sexual objects, if a women refused to have sex with him, it did not matter because he was a "Man". Justin explained that he grew up with the misconception that sex was a gift given to him from God. "I remember thinking how awesome it would be to sleep with as many women as I pleased," Justin would say. Who is to blame why this adolescent became misguided? It is easy to hold the video games, television and the school system responsible, but the real problem is parents. The parents are no longer teaching children morals; they have become dependent on other sources to teach their children life's values.

Video games are replacing parents as the teachers of morals. "Video games are becoming more and more violent," comments twenty-two-year old Felipe Herrera, "they depict too much brutal and sadistic behavior". Graphic video games, such as Mortal Kombat, can desensitize children and give them the wrong morals by showing graphic images of people killing each other. Children can get the mistaken idea of taking another person's life; by thinking it is all right. The problem is that parents do not sit down with their children and talk to them about the wrong ideas video games present. They should clarify mortality to them and explain why killing is wrong and not natural. They ought to check the games their children play for excessive violence and not let those games teach the wrong ideas to their kids.

Aside from Video Games teaching the children morals, television has become one of the number one sources for young children to learn life's values. Reality Shows such as The Bachelor, Married by America and Paradise Hotel are deteriorating what little is left of moral values. "I could not believe my eyes when I saw Married by America, the viewers were left to choose two strangers and marry them within a few months," Twenty-nine-year old Joseph Apresa commented. These shows may seem entertaining but what is not being taken into account are the children that are watching these Reality Shows. Joseph explained, "parents don't monitor what there children watch on TV, therefore these children are growing up thinking what they watch is the way life should be handled." Since parents are no longer supervising these programs, the television is raising the children of today with flawed morals. Kids have been left with no other choice because they lack their parent's guidance.

Parents have also become to dependent on schools to do the guidance. Parents expect teachers to do the parenting job, what parents don't realize is that questions that kids have about sex and drugs should be answer by the parents. A teacher's job is to teach English, arithmetic and history. The parents should handle personal matters concerning their children. Joseph Apresa remembers learning sex education from his fifth grade teacher. "The experience was awkward," he recalls. "Everyone would laugh at the graphic pictures being displayed on the overhead. No one took it seriously". Sex is a matter to be taken seriously; the sad thing is that parents leave such an important task to the fifth and sixth grade teachers. Felipe Herrera believes kids are becoming less and less moral because parents have stopped doing their job of talking to kids about sex and drugs. He said, " I don't remember my mom ever talking to me about drugs." Felipe remembers learning about the subject by Deputy Harris, a cop that would come to talk about narcotics and the effect it had on young kids. Felipe remembers thinking, " Deputy Harris is a joke, and he's not a real cop, why should I listen to him." So what did he really get from the talks, sure he was given a lot of information about different types of drugs and the effects they caused. Felipe was shown a few unhealthy lungs in a bag, a long with a cigarette. The problem is that Felipe did not respect Deputy Harris and therefore did not make use of any of the important lessons he taught. What he did not receive was a real serious talk about the dangers of drugs by his parents, the most important figures of authority that children should be able to count on. Felipe said, " Deputy Harris was a stranger, I knew I would never see him again, my parents on the other hand I respected. If the Drug talk would have came from then I would have been afraid to even try them." This shows that if parents took time to have a talk with their children, it would help push kids in the right direction.

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Parents should step up to the plate and stop blaming others for the immoral youth. They are in many cases to blame because they have become indolent when it comes to teaching their children morals. If parents were to spend more time with their children, take a day off and talk to them about sex and drugs and day-to-day interaction with their peers, deterioration of a moral youth would be a thing of the past.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on coyotes. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality coyotes paper right on time.

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In his novel Coyotes, Ten Conover entered a world of pollos, undocumented workers hoping to pass into the United States to do work in order to increase their position back home. Conover spent a year living, traveling, and working with Mexican alien workers in the U.S. While traveling from Queretaro, Mexico to orange groves in Phoenix, Arizona, from La Belle, Florida to a welding shop in Los Angeles, California, and from Ahuacatlan, Mexico to potato fields in American Falls, Idaho, Conover discovered that these poor Mexican workers are the current examples of Americas immigrant dreams. Exploited by employers and victimized by almost everyone else, they remain warm-hearted, generous, and willing do any kind of work, no matter how dangerous or humiliating, in order to create hope for themselves and their families back at home. During his research, he faced barriers uncommonly faced by traditional ethnographers, which uncover challenges to the use of ethnography as a research tool.

Logistically, Conover deals with a population whose legal status changes depending on which side of a national border they are on. On their trips up North to the United States, there was only so much Conover and the immigrants could prepare for because nobody knew exactly what difficulties they would encounter. Many times they did not want to take Conover along on the trip for he stood out and was thought of to be La Migra by the coyotes. They simply did not want extra trouble. When Conover wanted to go along to Florida and was rejected, he made one more attempt. "Having me along is like having an insurance policy. If the car breaks down, or you have any accidents if anything bad happens, I can do the talking…To get to Florida, you'll have to go through places where nobody will speak Spanish, where people will be suspicious. Having me along will help," (Conover, 114). It worked. Coming to the country, they prepared by buying essentials such as flashlights, food, and water, and Conover prepared incase he drew attention to his race and was approached by the coyote. When asked, "Who is this gabacho…hanging out with all these Mexican guys…an informer for La Migra, perhaps?" Conover knew that the best way to get a coyote to back off was to ask him about his profession, (Conover, 0). It worked. No matter where or how the illegal immigrants were traveling, where they slept at night, or what they ate, Conover was cooperative and willing to participate. Although it was a dangerous mission and he was at risk of getting caught breaking the law for helping the immigrants, Conover didn't let that stop him from associating with his Mexican friends. In this aspect, he couldn't have done a better job.

Morally, Conover deals with a kind of life that requires the people to remain in one place, but have their home in another place. These people come to America illegally because they want to work and send money back home in hopes of enhancing their status in their own country. He greatly depicts this obstacle when he describes the first time the Mexicans traveled on an airplane. "To get to Los Angeles, we would have to pass through a place even more foreign, a terra incognita of video displays and moving sidewalks, a world with a different language and set of rules for behavior the world of air travel," (Conover, 65). Because it was second nature to him, it was difficult for Conover to visualize what one needed to know in order to operate in an airport. Attempting to educate them on how to look at home in the airport, Conover became their tour guide and drew a map of the airport, parking garage, terminal building, and the route they would take. He prepped them on what to expect and how to react to each situation. With a few bumps in the road, they successfully made it to Los Angeles on an airplane. In order to make it a smoother experience, Conover could have prepared his Mexican friends for an escalator, the security check point, and the experience on the airplane, such as the role of a stewardess.

Conceptually, Conover deals with a population that does not form a single social group. His population of study comes from different areas of Mexico, such as Queretaro and Ahuacatlan. With the Queretaro Mexicans, he accompanies them to Phoenix, Arizona to pick oranges. With the Ahuacatlan, he travels to Idaho, the potato state. Conover even traveled back into Mexico to visit the impoverished towns that many illegal aliens left behind. He describes disturbing and disintegrating neighborhoods and poverty that most Americans will never experience. He provides an eye-opening, alternative perspective of the lives of the people who mow our lawns and pick our fruit. In the end, Conover believes, "If anyone truly suffered because of the whole immigration mess, it was women like Evangelica, and the wives and kids who stayed at home," (Conover, 5). In order to understand the life Mexicans lived at home, Conover could have spent more time in Mexico to fully comprehend how their life differed from the American life and whether or not the trip el Norte (North) was truly worth leaving their families.

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Many illegal aliens share a commonality with other immigrant groups that came to America because they all want a better life for their families. The minimum wage in America is often higher than in other countries. Conover successfully attempted to portray the hardships, fear, and camaraderie of illegal aliens crossing the border to work in the United States. He dealt with challenges along the way, was flexible, and overcame barriers. He demonstrated a deep understanding of and feeling for the men who must take such risks to get mere subsistence money for their families.

Please note that this sample paper on coyotes is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on coyotes, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on coyotes will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Project Managers tool box "How to get more hours in the day...". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Project Managers tool box "How to get more hours in the day..." paper right on time.

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The Project Manager's "TOOL BOX"

Any craftsman will quickly tell you that the secret to his success lies largely in the tools he has in his tool box. Project managers are no different. In this series of articles, you will be given various 'tools' that, in skilled hands, will produce beautiful results that make everyone smile.

Tool #1. How to create more hours in the day.

Time is the most precious resource we are given. How we craft our time can make our life either very bad or very good, both on a business and personal level.

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If you will do what is described in the next 7 steps, I guarantee you will do more, in less time, and spend less effort to accomplish your objectives. I feel so strongly about this because I know what it has done in my life for the past 15 years. This WORKS!!!.

Step 1. Start each morning by listing all the things that you need to do that day. From the top down, list business 'to do's' From the bottom up, list your personal 'to do's'. Don't worry about order or importance, just list them all. Include in them all the appointments and meetings you have scheduled.

Step . Beside each 'to do', GRADE each task with and A, B, or C. The A tasks are those tasks that MUST be completed today. The B tasks are those that are important but are not 'show stoppers'. The C tasks are the least important things on your list. If they do not get done today, it is not a problem.

Do this for the personal list of 'to do's' as well.

Step . Rank the A, B, and C's by importance. For instance If you had the following A 'todo's'

A Turn monthly report by 1000

A Obtain approval on scope change

A Locate stakeholder to replace John Thompson.

In this list, the first A would get a 1 beside it because there is a deadline in hours.

The second A is not as important as the last A so it would get a . The list now looks like this

1A Turn monthly report by 1000

A Obtain approval on scope changed

A Locate stakeholder to replace John Thompson.

Step 4 See if any task on the list can be delegated. In this example, we can delegate the A to our project coordinator. Beside this you place a D and the initials of the person to do the task.

1A Turn monthly report by 1000

AD (ja) Obtain approval on scope changed

A Locate stakeholder to replace John Thompson.

Step 5. The most important task is 1A. Furthermore, it must be completed in hours. You then go to your calendar portion of your notes and block out 800 to 1000 and label 'generate report…' For these hours, you will let voice mail answer your phone so you can devote your total attention to this report.

Step 6 You email and/or call Joan Adams (ja) and tell her she is to walk through the scope change form to the proper people today and to call you with a progress report at 110. Write at the 110 slot on your calander "call JA re AD" which refers to the task marked AD

After you have devoted this process to paper, you are now ready to devote yourself to doing the 'to dos' in sequence according to importance. You focus on completing the task in order of importance. .

After you complete the A items, you then go onto the B items in the same manner. C items follow suit 'IF time allows'. Those B and C items that do not get done by day's end, are transferred to tomorrow's 'to do' list. Don't do any B items until all the A items are complete. Don't do any C items so you can 'get them out of the way…' until you complete all the A and B items. DON"T DO IT.

Step 7. As the day progresses, you will see yourself marking tasks complete by a check next to the task. This is the 'slam dunk'. You will begin to take pride in this fact. Those items that do not get completed are reviewed the following day and transferred to the current day and the process of begins again.

The psychological term for this discipline is 'cognitive dissonance'. In layman's term, this process sets up a tension within our selves which motivates us to focus so as to release the tension by completing the task. Furthermore, once the task is completed, the release of tension is cause for celebration as evidenced usually by smiling. There is something powerful in marking the task complete.

As a side note, the personal items listed at the bottom of the page will get done as well. Here is a secret KNOWING what is to be done at home allows the body to 'budget' an amount of physical and emotional energy for the evenings activities. You will be shocked as to how well this actually works once you try it.

All of the major publishers like Daytimer, Dayrunner, Covey's 7 Habits… use this approach. I endorse the Daytimer. I have used it effectively for 15 years and could not live without it. Doing so transformed my business and personal life. Life is good…

I would ask you to prove me right or wrong by doing these 7 steps for weeks. I know what it has done for me and would like to know how it works for you.

Hope this tool is now part of your project management tool box.

Comments, suggestions,

BVANEK@PROJECT-MANAGEMENT-RESOURCES.COM or bvanek@P-M-R.com

I am a PMP certified project manager with 0+ years of project management experience.

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In October and November 001, newspapers were full of stories regarding the collapse of the Houston-based energy trading giant Enron (ENE). On October 16, Enron Corp. disclosed a $1 billion charge mainly connected with write-downs of investments, resulting in a $618 million third-quarter loss and $1. billion reduction in shareholder equity. Part of the charge was connected with a pair of limited partnerships that were run by Enrons CFO, Andrew Fastow. An SEC inquiry followed. By the first week of November, Enron's stock had dropped to under $10/sh from over $0 on October 17 and around $80 at the end of 000. On November 6, Enron was reportedly seeking a cash infusion of at least $ billion in exchange for an equity stake.

Dynegy Inc., another Houston-based energy trading and power company, was specifically mentioned to be seeking a deal on November 7 for roughly $7 billion to $8 billion in stock. On November 1, a deal was announced at 0.685 Dynegy shares for each of Enron's approximately 850 million outstanding shares. The deal planned for an immediate $1.5 billion cash infusion into ENR.

Towards the end of November, Enron was trading for less than half of what Dynegy had offered. On November 8th Dynegy accused Enron of misrepresentations and pulled out of the deal. Five days later Enron filed for Chapter 11 and sued Dynegy for at least $10 Billion for wrongful termination of the merger. Dynegy responded with a lawsuit of its own attempting to take control of Enron's pipeline system.

TAX

a) Assume that the merger were to be consummated as originally proposed, namely for DYN to exchange 0.685 of its shares for each of Enron's approximately 850 million outstanding shares Does this merger qualify as a tax-free transaction?

This merger could qualify as a tax-free merger since control is obtained under a Type B Stock for Stock acquisition. DYN exchanged only voting stock for the equity of ENE, and we can assume that DYN would have gained greater than 80% of the stock (i.e. control of ENE).

b) Would this transaction as described under Assumption A offer Dynegy an option to make a 8 election? Please explain.

Since DYN would obtain 80% or more of ENE's voting stock and 80% of more of the total value of all classes of stock within a continuous 1-month period, it could make a 8 election, provided it does so within 15 days of ninth-month anniversary of November 1.

c) Would this transaction as described under Assumption B offer Dynegy an option to make a 8 election? Please explain.

Based on the same logic, described in part b. above, DYN could make a 8 election. The consideration given up does not affect the acquiring corporations ability to make the election, only the amount of control obtained. In both instances, greater than 80% control was obtained.

d) Would you recommend that Dynegy make such an election if it were available? Please explain.

I would not recommend that DYN make a 8 election. Since ENE does not have sufficient NOL carry-forward's to offset the taxable gain that would have to be recognized immediately on the step-up in asset value (assuming there is a step-up). DYN would not wish to pay in current tax dollars for a benefit it would receive in the future.

DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES Assume that Lands End has resisted the Sears hostile tender offer by putting a poison pill in place and saying "No" to the proposed tender offer. Is this an effective or enforceable defensive strategy? Should Lands End bolster its defenses and, if so, what other defenses would you suggest? Should Lands End identify and try to close a defensive acquisition with a white knight? What is, and will these defensive strategies be reviewed under, the Unocal test. If the Lands End defensive strategies do not pass muster under the Unocal test, will they automatically be declared unenforceable or will there be another layer of review.

A poison pill clause under most circumstances can be an effective, enforceable defensive strategy in dealing with hostile tender offers. When used correctly, they can protect against abusive take over offers and help a board of directors fulfill its fiduciary duties to obtaining the best price for shareholders by increasing the length of time in which decisions can be made on behalf of the company. The poison pill is defensible under the provisions of the Unocal test, described in more detail below.

There are a number of other post-offer defenses that Lands End could deploy, including bringing litigation against the bidder under the Williams Act or Antitrust issues when appropriate. LE directors could also self-tender for shares to enhance its existing control position. While this raises the bidders price, it also decreases the number of shares necessary for the bidder to gain control. Other strategies such as destroying value (scorched earth), greenmail and golden parachutes exist, but are much more difficult to deploy under current tax and regulatory rules.

The use of a white knight is advisable if LE's directors believe the Sears bid poses a reasonable threat to corporate policy or that the price offered is too low.

Unocal is the standard of law formed from the 185 Delaware case Unocal Corp. versins Mesa Petroleum. Under Unocal, the defensive tactics deployed by a board of directors must meet the following two standards

1. Is there reasonable grounds to believe that a threat to corporate policy (of the target corporation) exists, and

. Is the defensive measure taken reasonable with respect to the threat posed (by the hostile offer)?

If the directors pass the Unocal test, then they are subject to upholding their duty of care for its shareholders. If they do not pass, they must exhibit under the duty of loyalty that the entire transaction was fair to the shareholders.

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ʑhese late summer days are beautiful . . . The bittersweet taste of long passed cuisine

lingers still in my mouth. These foods that were intertwined with the late nights and music, the

good times. I long for those days, even though that final light is still lit on summer's calendar.

This final light hints at the impending doom lying beyond in darkness. But it also hints at the

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birth of a new era in my life. "They are not long the days of wine and roses . . . ," Ernest Dawson

noted. These days are not long for a reason. Summer like a good movie, must always end. Even

though Labor Day whispers the end of rest and relaxation, it ushers in a better vacation - school.

School is the time where I may catch up with long overdue gossip, make new everlasting

friendships at the first class on the first day of school, and shatter old ones through the gossip

shed over the summer months. That final day in summer also reveals the responsibilities that life

has in store. That is because as every year fades, I am introduced to new challenges and tasks.

Labor Day may centrifuge summer, and infringe my generation's so called "right" to party all

day, but it also makes me aware that the corrosive hands of time struggle to dissolve my

adolescence. This is why as summer dwindles past, and Labor Day approaches, I welcome it. I

welcome the change in my life and for better or worse, I accept it.

I accept the new friendships that Labor Day introduces, by ushering in the dreadful first

period of the first day of school. And I also accept the doomed friendships that were forged in the

heat of summer and brought to their knees as summer ended. I love catching up on the old gossip

that was etched on summer's grave about the prom queen catching the prom king sleeping with

her mother. And I love watching and acting out the gossip to be. I love the new challenges that

are brought out in school. It's almost like an epic struggle between me and 'The Perfect Project,'

that always has to be double spaced and size twelve font. The perfect project that mocks me

every time a simple pencil mark wont erase on the perfectly non-erasable construction paper. The

perfect project that has to not only be 10 pages long, but has to bore its reader with so-called

interesting facts and fascinating storylines that took place 100 years ago and has no bearing on

my life what-so-ever. I love the smell of the newly waxed floors as I step into the school a few

days early to pay my fees in the musky business office. I love the panic of my friends trying to

find locker partners and to find out what to do and where to go on the first day. I love the

challenges of school that Labor Day rings in. If any of it brings me to my knees, I dust myself off

and try again, such as that pesky algebraic problem that cannot be solved as it has two unknowns.

Or that Social Studies assignment about Mr. Inventor and Mrs. Revolutionary that always seems

to turn out politically incorrect. Or when I failed my first physics exam, and found out my

calculator was on Radian mode. It all takes time and patience.

Little things become crucial, such as waking up earlier than 1pm to get to school, doing

daily revision of what you have learnt (even though you should have been studying during

summer), or even remembering your lunch or lunch money so you don't go hungry at lunch hour.

These things may be small, but every year they add up over time, until finally, you have actually

become an adult and your adolescence is but a glimmer of a thought behind you.

Labor Day reminds you that you are growing older. When you are in Grade Seven and are

so relaxed, you haven't a care in the world. Summer comes and goes, but every year you grow

older and wiser. With every bit of this new found knowledge, it engulfs your childhood and

adolescence in an illusion of smoke and mirrors only to be remembered as a mere dream. Before

I know it, I am no longer accustomed to summer and Labor Day doesn't ring the bell of a new

school year. It changes meaning quickly. It doesn't symbolize the end of my relaxation, or the

beginning of another grade. It starts to be shown for what it really is - a day to commemorate the

working class, which starts to mean more to me, as I slowly become part of it...

As several summers pass, I tend to realize a bit more - like every summer grants me a

piece of a jigsaw puzzle. As the years pass by, the puzzle becomes complete and I realize that

these years are not in vein. The friendships long passed that were not invincible from the winds

of time, and the bonds that yet to be broken are not in vein. The stupid mistake I made on that

math quiz years ago isn't meaningless. The years of pine-sol filled hallways and listening to the

fabricated lives of the jocks and the upstanding students was not in vein. That time I put in the

extra hour or so of effort into a rehearsal wasn't meaningless. These events are the foundation on

which we grow, no matter how minuscule they might seem. That extra hour of rehearsal time

taught me to never do satisfactory work. Those years of listening to the perfect, preppy lives of

the rich and careless taught me to be happy with what I have and have no regrets. Those

friendships that were lost taught me to be more careful about character judgement and the ones

that lasted taught me to reward myself for making the right choices. That math mistake taught me

to always double check my answer. Every one of these episodes are sewn into the fabric of my

life. They taught me what was needed to succeed in life... And for that, I thank you labor day. I

thank you for the cruelty you have unleashed on me year after year, for it has paid off.

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In this module, we are discussing behavior in organizations beyond the individual level. We have read and learned about issues of group processes, power relationships, and conflict management. For this case study, I am asked to characterize the internal politics and group dynamics of Enron during their times of conflict and distress. Enron's organizational structure was politically motivated to the point of utter greediness among the executives. Internal politics were the norm between employees in order to preserve their job and prove their immediate value to the organization. The top leadership drastically affected the group dynamics because the power relationships that formed between executives created fear among employees and severely damaged any successful attempts for group processes. Conflict management was a simple but reprehensible process; if there was a conflict, it was resolved quickly and usually with someone fired. There was no room to question the authority or decisions of management.

We have all heard about the Watergate scandal and the Martha Stewart scandal, however, nothing was as big as the Enron scandal. It was the biggest corporate scandal in the history of the United States. There are many speculations and opinions about what caused the collapse of the corporate giant. There is no simple answer or diagnosis for the collapse of Enron. There were many underlying factors that contributed, but its leadership ultimately led to its collapse. Enron's leadership and management were very greedy and run very political. This was obvious with the billion-dollar oil-trading scandal in 187. Traders had falsified transactions to boost volume and fatten their wallets. The chairman at the time, Ken Lay, knew all this because the company needed the revenue. Once the competitor's became suspicious, Ken Lay feared that Enron's trading partners would have demanded the company to cover its position with cash it did not have. The company later fired its traders and bluffed the market about its loss. However, there was more to the story then this. Top executives became greedier. Managers began calculating their bonuses and following the lead of upper management. It got so bad that the demand to make more money created an environment where raising questions about a deal was considered disloyal.

Based on testimony from former employees, Enron was a great place to work. However, when Jeffrey Skilling was promoted to president and chief executive officer in 16, things changed. During the times of conflict and distress, Enron's employees were treated poorly and politicking hit an all time high. Mr. Skilling was determined to have a corrupted staff that believed in his vision and anyone who did not was fired. For example, it became apparent that those who tried to stop deals received poor ratings and released. Mr. Skilling designed a rating system that was known as "rank and yank." "This was the informal name for a performance review process in which employees were evaluated at regular intervals by management groups and the lowest-ranked were purged." (Schwartz, 00) This method of expulsion kept employees on their feet and internal politics high. It was all about what you are bringing to the company now or within six months from now, no matter what the cost. If it took longer than that, then it was not discussed.

During this time, there were power relationships that had formed between top executives to keep the company afloat and to prevent one employee from telling on another. This dramatically affected group dynamics within the organization. The group processes were also amongst these same lines of non-existence. The employees were afraid to gather and try to implement a better way of communicating. Fear was rampant throughout Enron as no one wanted to go against the grain or question a decision or process. The plan of defrauding the company was not intentional; once the mindset changed from looking at the short-term versus the long-term, temptation and greed settled in and took over.

Conflict management is something that every organization faces. How an organization handles conflict determines their success and failures. Enron's conflict management style was reprehensible and one that was an integral factor in its downfall. Enron's rank and yank evaluation method struck fear in the minds of its employees and ensured that no one would question the authority or decisions management made, even if it dealt with millions of investors dollars. Employees that knew problems existed in their company did not know the full extent or how large they actually were because they were always swept under the rug. There was no communications between offices. Enron top leadership knew how to keep people quiet and silence any rumors about problems in the organization.

In conclusion, Enron's collapse was a combination of many factors but mainly attributed to the poor leadership and unethical standards they adhered to. Executives at Enron became so greedy they were willing to do whatever is necessary to make more money no matter what the cost. Jeff Skilling's management style and power hunger created this environment. It was obvious that Mr. Skilling dictated to Enron's staff. Everyone had to do it his way or he found himself out in the street. Furthermore, the group dynamics was non-existent due to Mr. Skilling's tyranny. The only decisions that were made must have an impact on the company within a six-month period or it was not worth discussing. Conflict management was resolved in such a way that employees learned to keep their mouth shut in order to preserve their job. There was no two-way communication, just one way or the highway.

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