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Aristotles Rhetoric

Over 00 years ago, Aristotle laid the groundwork for modern public communication. His teacher, Plato, hated the way that public speakers skillfully manipulated audiences with no apparent regard for truth. Plato saw little value for the mere rhetoric used by the fast-talking speakers of his day.

Aristotle, however, saw great potential in rhetoric (one person addressing many). He believed it was an art that could and should be studied and that good rhetoric was not only persuasive, but also ethical. He stated that all public presentations are some balance of three rhetorical proofs ethos (ethical), pathos (emotional), and logos (logical).

The ethos is the speaker and his or her character as revealed through the communication. The pathos is the audience and the emotions felt by them during the rhetoric. The logos is the actual words used by the speaker.

Although no presenter today would speak without considering the audience, Aristotles pathos was a novel idea in his time. He is the earliest record of a rhetorician identifying the audience and their perception as an important part of public speaking. In

fact, he believed that a speech was effective only if it stirred up emotions in its audience.

Rhetoric is the study of the strategies of using words to accomplish a purpose. The traditional purpose most rhetoricians have studied is how to persuade people to do or to think what the speaker or writer wishes. Sometimes rhetoric has a slightly smelly reputation because people can (and do, all the time) use good rhetorical principles to

persuade the ignorant or the unwary of things which are against their best interests. Rhetoric is value neutral - that is, using the principles of rhetoric is neither moral nor immoral. If persuasion means to convince someone else that your interests and his interests are the same thing, then moral persuasion is when it is true that both your interests are the same. Immoral persuasion is when it is not true that your interests are the same, and to persuade him is to lie to him. Socrates hated the whole idea of rhetoric because it did not deal with the moral question. As an adult in a democracy,

you must be responsible for your own moral decisions, but there is no doubt that the principles of rhetoric are very powerful tools for people who master them, not to mention that they are necessary for success in the worlds of business and industry.

In the Western world, rhetoric is the very oldest school subject. Its first teacher was a man named Tisias who lived just before Socrates time in Athens. It was originally training in how to accuse others of wrongdoing in the public forum or how to defend yourself against accusations of others in the same place. Because there were no lawyers in ancient Athens, people had to argue for justice for themselves and, thus, had to be good public speakers.

There were five major parts to the study of rhetoric invention (the systematic discovery of ideas for speaking or writing), arrangement (that is, organization), style, memory (how to memorize in the age before writing was common), and delivery (covered in speech classes these days). Now all of these parts are taught in school except memory, which

has, in this sense, been replaced by writing. You will recognize some of the similarities in what is taught in freshman English and in public speaking. Some principles of rhetoric are also taught in courses like government, history, and economics as well.

Over the centuries rhetoric has been used to train the leaders of countless generations in how to persuade people. In Rome, young men studied how to be good citizens by taking the responsibility of debating public issues. In the middle ages, rhetoric became the specialized study of how to preach the Gospel. In the eighteenth century, it became the

cornerstone of training for the leaders of society who developed the foundations for democracy in the modern world. Now it is often used to convince elderly people that they should buy magazines to improve their chances of winning clearing house sweepstakes - and to convince our society that all people deserve basic rights -- and to argue about who

has the right to use publicly-held water for farming or industrial purposes. To know rhetoric is to possess a powerful skill; NOT to know rhetoric is to make yourself vulnerable to hucksters.

The rhetorical square is a useful device for reminding ourselves of the relationships among an authors purpose, his audiences interests, the impression he wishes to make, and the content of a piece of writing. If any of the elements of the square change, all must change.

The purpose is what the writer wants to accomplish by the piece of writing. The audience is who the writing is addressed to. Writers are wise to analyze who their audience is and what attitudes and previous knowledge that audience has with respect to their subjects.

The persona is the impression the writer makes of himself in the piece of writing. That impression is implicit in every decision a writer makes, from the words he uses to the kind of paper he types it on.

The content of the writing is what the writer says about the subject.

Example Suppose you want to improve late registration at Del Mar College. You have studied late registration at several colleges in Texas and have discovered that, without purchasing any new computer hardware, a set of computer programs can be custom tailored to Del Mar College which would reduce the hassles of late registration for everybody involved. But it would take about $15,000 in programming costs to put the system in place.

You write a letter to the Vice President of Academic Services and the College Registrar to suggest that the College spend $15,000 to pursue your idea. You will want to make the impression that you are a reasonable, businesslike adult with the Colleges best interests at heart. You will print your letter with a laser printer on good paper (rather than a nine-pin dot matrix on pin-feed paper with the printer set on draft. You will choose the facts and explanations which will convince an audience of serious professionals who, after all, want very much to please the Colleges customers which include not only students but the taxpayers of Corpus Christi and the state of Texas. You will leave out personal grudges as irrelevant.

You do a great job of balancing the parts of the rhetorical square. You receive a reply that the budget this year contains about $10,000 which could be used for this purpose, but that, in order to have the system ready for fall registration, the other $5000 would have to be raised some other way. You decide to use the Student Government Association to raise these funds in their spring carnival. You have to convince the SGA to dedicate its efforts to your cause. The same arguments you used to the Registrar wont work. You must produce a piece of writing that gives the impression that you are one of the guys. You must use reasons that appeal to the self-interests of ordinary students. You wont be heavy on the details of precisely what the programming must contain - the students dont know or care - but you will emphasize their savings in time and frustration. The words you choose and the subject matter you emphasize will shift. This principle - that all the elements of the rhetorical square shift when any of them shift - is what the rhetorical square is meant to be a reminder of.

Good writers habitually analyze the four elements of the rhetorical square (whether they use the device to remind themselves or not) during the writing process. Learning how to make an appropriate fit among the elements is necessary for successful writing.

A Brief Overview of Rhetoric

by Joseph Petraglia-Bahri

Rhetoric is arguably one of the oldest disciplines in the world. Its earliest antecedent can be found in the sophist tradition of Classical Greece. Two of the earliest sophists, Tisias and Corax, made a comfortable living traveling around Hellenic Europe teaching people the finer points of oratory. The sophistic tradition was harshly criticized by major philosophers of the time (most notably, Socrates and Plato) as an unintellectual and immoral profession. In Platos view, rhetoricians (i.e., sophists) were more concerned with appearances rather than substance--in Platos play Gorgias, he has the character of Socrates accuse the rhetorician/sophist Gorgias of specializing in making the bad case seem best and the best case seem bad.

Although Plato certainly felt that clear expression was important, sophists such as the real Gorgias thought that rhetoric played a much greater role in human affairs. Basically, the difference between these views lie in the area of epistemology, or the study of knowledge. If one adopted Platos foundationalism (the belief that genuine knowledge corresponds to a fixed truth) using language persuasively could naturally lead the listener away from the truth. But if one shared Gorgias antifoundationalist belief that nothing actually exists. . .but even if it did, it would be incomprehensible to man... but that, even if anything were to be comprehended, it could not be articulated and communicated to others persuasion was not so much misleading as a way for society to come to consensual knowledge. Still other sophists, such as Gorgias student Isocrates, believed the learning of rhetoric had a strong democratizing and civilizing effect. In his

emphasis on eloquence and well-spokenness, Isocrates represents another aspect of rhetoric that we continue to associate with rhetorical training to this day.

Even a quick synopsis of Greek rhetoric would be woefully incomplete if it neglected one of rhetorics most illustrious theoreticians Aristotle. Aristotle, a student of Plato, did more than any of the sophists to codify rhetoric into a rational system of argument and

presentation. It is from Aristotle that we get the distinction of syllogistic (formal) reasoning from ethymemic (i.e., informal) reasoning, and the well-known division of rhetorical proofs into those which are logical (logos), those which appeal to the emotions (pathos) and those which get their strength from the credibility of the speaker (ethos). Aristotle is also credited with development of the topoi -- or topics -- that a rhetor could use to discover an argument. More than any other individual, perhaps, Aristotle gave rhetoric a quasi-scientific basis and connected the study of persuasion to other arts and sciences.

Rhetorics centrality to education survived the eclipse of Greek power by the Romans, and as with so many other arts and sciences, the Romans took the rhetorican

tradition and made it their own. Like the Greeks, the Roman education system centered on, and expanded, the practice of declamation -- a sort of speech-making class

in which young men were assigned often fanciful topics and instructed to give an appropriate speech. Perhaps Romes greatest rhetorician was Marcus Tullius Cicero.

While, relative to Aristotle, little rhetorical theory actually originated with Cicero, he elaborated and developed several central ideas and is widely reputed to be the most

widely read rhetorician of the Classical period. Chief among Ciceros contributions to rhetoric are his treatment of the canons of rhetoric (i.e., invention, arrangement,

style, memory, and delivery) and his rethinking of kairos (the occasions on which rhetoric is appropriately deployed), and stasis theory (a system for determining the

issue upon which an argument rests). And although less famous than Cicero, Quintilian is another influential Roman rhetorician who did much to synthesize the best of

the Greek and Roman traditions.

The Fall of Rome and the onset of the Christian Era in Europe posed a set of unique problems for rhetoric, tainted, as it was, with its roots in pagan Greek and Roman education. Another factor in rhetorics decline was that, historically, when the foundations of knowledge are weakest, the power of persuasion is most appreciated (as in the Greek experiment with democracy) but that the need for skilled argumentation is least pronounced when a higher authority is most stable, and Christianity provided the ultimate in higher authorities the word of God as revealed in scripture. Rhetoric as a discipline owed its survival to one of the most central figure of that era --

St.Augustine. Augustines chief rhetorical work was De Doctrina Christiana in which he argued that even though Christians need not adopt the sophistic notion of persuasion, eloquence was still needed to make the Bibles teachings effective.

Traditionally the study of speech rather than texts, with the onset of wider literacy rhetoric became more closely associated with the written word. Students were still required to study grammar, letter-writing (or epistolary) and courtly expression, but as the writings of many of the Greek and Roman rhetorical scholars were lost to the Middle Ages, rhetoric continued to lose its intellectual edge. Despite Augustines efforts, the study of rhetoric and rhetorical theory suffered through a long period of benign neglect. Although rhetoric was still part of the curriculum it was essentially an impoverished and, often, trivial discipline limited to the study of tropes or figures of speech. A person who did much to keep rhetoric pushed to the margins was the educational reformer Peter Ramus who decided that the traditional canons of rhetoric should be divided between dialectic (i.e., logic) and a modified version of rhetoric consisting largely of style and delivery.

The Age of Enlightenment, drawing its inspiration from Descartes rationalism (another sort of foundation for knowledge), did little to revive rhetorics fortunes, although

the rise of sciences during this period also ushered in a desire for clarity. Thus, the study of rhetoric turned away from the study of ornamentation and towards issues of

correctness and the avoidance of fallacies although it remained a body of technical skills. Still, it is during the Enlightenment that rhetoric found an advocate who tried to

re-establish rhetorics epistemological dimension and its general importance to science as well as to humanities Giambattista Vico. But just as Augustine was unable to really pull rhetoric out of the restrictive box religion had put it in, Vico was unsuccessful in saving rhetoric from the new religion of scientific reason. From Vicos era to our own century, rhetoric remained an important study, but one largely confined to issues of oral and written style and presentation. Of course, great rhetorical thinkers came along from time to time (Nietzsche, for instance, drew attention to the enormous role metaphors played in our lives) and the connections between rhetoric and psychology began to be explored, but it is clear that strongbeliefs in scientific methods left little room for a respectable conception of persuasion. One curricular development occured during this period, however, that has had a lasting impact on the discipline. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Harvard University mandated that all students should learn the fundamentals of basic written English. With this decree, what we now call composition was essentially made synonymous with rhetoric. Although freshman writing courses often deal very little with rhetorical theory, composition, along with speech communications, have nonetheless provided an academic home for scholars interested in rhetoric. Composition has also provided a space for a renewed appreciation for the women rhetoricians whose contributions to rhetorical theory from the Hellenistic period on continue to be uncovered.

We can end this brief overview of rhetoric on a high note. The twentieth century is perhaps the most exciting era in which to study rhetoric since the Classical Era. This has come about with the advent of what is generally referred to as the New Rhetoric the

rediscovery of rhetorics epistemological importance and the centrality of persuasion and argument to our everyday lives. It is impossible to list all the reasons for this new-found prominence or all the contributors to the New Rhetoric, but among the most influential we must certainly count I.A. Richards, whose work on metaphor linked rhetoric to literary studies, Chaim Perelman, whose book The New Rhetoric is now a classic, Steven Toulmin, best known for his analysis of argument, and perhaps the most influential rhetorician of our era, Kenneth Burke. And among current rhetorical topics that are attracting the most attention, we might identify the study of how electronic environments influence persuasion and communication and what is called the rhetoric of inquiry movement. This movement uses rhetorical theories to examine the workings of sciences, social sciences and humanities in an effort to understand how language practices create and further what we accept to be true about the world. In this way, then, we can see that rhetoric has returned full circle to the epistemological issues that gave it its initial

importance.

Rhetorical Figures

Stephen Toulmin is one of the modern day leaders of rhetorical theory. He did not start out as a rhetorician though. He was born in London, England in 1. He

received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics and natural sciences from Kings College in 14. Later he received his Masters of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy

degrees from Cambridge. He has spent much of his life teaching at various universities around the United States. Toulmin has written several books. The most

important of these works to the field of rhetoric is his book entitled The Uses of Argument. In this book he lays out a structural model by which rhetorical arguments

can be analyzed..

Stephen Toulmins layout of an argument consists of six elements. The first element is the claim. The claim of the argument is the conclusion that someone is trying to justify in the argument. The second element is the grounds. The grounds of an argument are the facts on which the argument is based. The third element of the argument is the warrant. The warrant of the argument assesses whether or not the claim is legitimate based on the grounds. The fourth element is the backing. The backing of the argument gives additional support for a warrant by answering different questions. The modal qualifier is the fifth element of the argument. The modal qualifier indicates the strength of the leap from the data to the warrant. The sixth and final element of the argument is the rebuttal. The rebuttal occurs when the leap from grounds to claim does not appear to be legitimate..

By creating this model for argument, Toulmin contradicted what philosophers have believed for centuries. For centuries, philosophers have believed that arguments can

either be explained by relative means or by absolute means. Using either of these methods according to Toulmin is irrational to the modern argument. First of all,

Toulmin claims that by using a relative method, no standards for the claims are made because the analyis of the argument is only relative to that particular argument. On

the other hand, absolutism or foundationalism is irrelevant in the modern era according to Toulmin also. He claims absolutism is irrelevant for several reasons. First of if

all is the fact that this absolute logic is based in mathematics and geometry. Therefore the concepts which are contained in them are field dependent. Because of this

fact, Toulmin argues that there is no room for these viewpoints in other areas of logic. Another problem that Toulmin has with absolutism has to do with the fact that

answers are either correct or incorrect. Toulmin believes that there is a definite gray area in some arguments that doesnt allow for this absolutism. The overall problem

that Toulmin has with absolutism is that its rules are so strict that it just doesnt apply to modern reasoning..

Another important belief of Toulmin is his evolutionary theory of rationality. Toulmin believes that ideas are constantly being created. He believes that these ideas are

also constantly being argued over and the person who wins the argument persuades others of his beliefs. In this way, new ideas are constantly being evolved. This

concept is the most directly applicable theory to rhetoric that Toulmin has. After understanding this theory, it is no wonder why rhetoricians cherish the work of Stephen

Toulmin. It is Toulmins interpretive nature of his concepts coupled with his strong emphasis on persuasion that lend itself so well to rhetoric.

Kenneth Burke was born on May 5, 187 in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He just recently passed away at the age of ninety-six in 1. He is a very important rhetorician

and has many significant views on several rhetorical ideas such as the nature of rhetoric, dramatism, and the negative to name a few.

Burke defines rhetoric as the use of words by human agents to form attitudes or to induce actions in other human agents. This definition seems close to the traditional

definitions of rhetoric. However, he presents more characteristics of rhetoric that broadens his definition beyond that of the traditional ones. Some of these

characteristics are identification, the functions of rhetoric, and the rhetorical audience.

Burkes main addition to the definition is rooted in his thoughts on identification. We identify ourselves through several different properties or substances, including

physical objects, friends, relatives, occupations, and morals. As we identify with these different properties, we share substance with them. This association is described

by the word consubstantial. As two items are united in substance by a common idea, they are consubstantial. Two actors may be totally different in style, but are

consubstantial in that they share the substance of being actors.

Burke uses the term identification synonymously with consubstantiality. Shared substance establishes an identification between an individual and some property or

person. He also groups persuasion, the key term for rhetoric, with identification and consubstantiality; he sees identification as a supplement to the traditional view of

rhetoric as persuasion.

Burke sees rhetoric as having many functions, one of them being the naming or defining of situations for individuals. For example, calling a person your friend is saying

that the person agrees with you on qualities that you find important in different situations. Not only does rhetoric provide a name for a situation, it also gives a creative

strategy for handling the situation. Essentially, it guides us through life, showing us which directions to follow and making us feel more comfortable in this modern world.

It may provide a vocabulary of feelings, actions, and thoughts for codifying and therefore interpreting the situation. Each rhetorical act is an answer to a situation.

Burke has a unique view on audience.Rhetoric addresses an audience, whether it be real or ideal. Burke, however, believes that one can be his own audience. He says

that a man can be his own audience, insofar as he, even in his secret thoughts cultivates certain ideas or images for the effect he hopes they may have upon him.

Dramatism is the way Burke chooses to study human motivation through the analysis of drama. He has developed a method of analysis, called the pentad. It is an

essential instrument designed to breakdown statements of motives to the simplest level. Burke says five terms constitute the pentad act, agent, agency, scene, and

purpose. An example of these five terms in a story is this The hero (agent) with the help of a friend (co-agent) outwits the villain (counter-agent) by using a file

(agency) that enables him to break his bonds (act) in order to escape (purpose) from the room where he has been confined (scene).

Burke sees act as being any intended action. Teaching a class, playing a game, or acting in a play are all symbolic actions that can be studied in terms of their rhetors

motivations. Scene is the area/location, time period, or situation in which the action takes place, basically the whole environment. The agent is who performs the act.

Agency is how the act was carried out or what tools were used to help. The purpose is the agents real reason for doing the act. Burke later decided to sometimes

include attitude as a sixth element to be considered in motivation. Attitude is the manner in which the act was carried out.

Burkes pentad is a simple way for the critic to name the elements in the act and then study the relationships between these elements.

Burke has very strong views on the negative; he says there is no negative. It does not exist. Humans invented the negative along with language. Everything simply is

what it is and as it is. The only way something can not be something, is if it is something else. An apple for example, is an apple; in no way can it be not an apple. If it is

not an apple, then it must be an orange, or tomato or whatever it actually is.

The New Rhetoric

The definition of New Rhetoric is obscured by many different interpretations and opinions on the subject. Instead of determining the better of all the definitions New

Rhetoric tries to combine all of the different ones and draw from their differences. In dealing with rhetoric it is no longer sufficient to deal only with what a rhetor

communicates, but rhetoric is expanded to include how information is communicated and the social aspects of communication.

Though communication depends on a system of symbols, be they oral or written, it takes more than these symbols to communicate. Words, phrases, and sentences have

direct and literal meanings, but in many cases these are not enough to determine what the speaker or writer is trying to convey. Communication is highly intention,

context, and convention dependent. One sentence or phrase can be taken to mean totally different things. It is remarkable that the listener can understand what is being

conveyed to them most of the time. The audience can dissect an utterance and determine its meaning by using their previous knowledge of the culture, the intentions of

the author and the situation of the text. Many of the different regional idiosyncrancies in language are not discernible without prior knowledge of the culture and its

conventions. If one was to ask Can you reach the salt? they are not asking if you have the ability to reach the salt, instead they are asking for you to pass the salt. This

would not be obvious to someone who was not familiar with the culture, or did not understand the intentions of the speaker. Intention plays a great role in

communication. It has been proven that a large majority of people can understand a sentence or phrase even if it contains a lot of grammatical errors or poor word

choice. This is due largely to the fact that the audience understands the intentions of the speaker and can predict what they mean, even if it is not communicated that

well. Situation plays on of the largest roles in understanding language. Words have numerous meanings and without some understanding of context it would be easy for

the audience to understand a phrase in a different way then intended. These ideas that are found in New Rhetoric are new to the field of rhetoric and seem to imply

some sort of injection of philosophy into the study of communication.

New Rhetoric is considered by many to be parallel to sociology. Not only does it deal with how information is understood, but also the social implications that induced a

text and how the text influences society. Instead of studying old rhetorical works for content or structure, New Rhetoricians are now trying to understand what was

happening in the time the text was authored that brought it about and what affect the text had on the society. Through rhetorical texts of the past and present we are

better able to determine how a society functioned and learn about its culture. This is not only due to the exact content of the text but can also be determined from the

tone and implications of the piece. Text is not just an indicator of society but it can also mold society and through the study of the time period and author of a text we

can better understand how the text affected the society and what brought the author to write it. Rhetoric is breaking away from its previous humanists ties of studying

text for their beauty or content and are now using it as a tool to decipher information about society.

The old rhetoric dealt primarily with the structure and content of an essay or presentation. In pedagogy it was a tool to teach students how to write good essays, and in

other areas it was a tool for persuasion. With New Rhetoric, rhetoric is given new bounds. It now encompasses philosophy and sociology. It is no longer how to write a

good essay or give a good speech, but how we understand communication and its affects on our lives. Rhetoric is no longer a basic humanist study of structure and

content but a study on how and why we communicate and what we can learn from the methods of communication.

The Three Eras of Communication

Walter J. Ong and Eric A. Havelock divide eras of communication into three parts. The first, primary orality, is prior to the first written Greek alphabet. The second,

literacy, moves through the first alphabet to the printing press. The third stage is considered secondary orality and begins with the invention of the telegraph and

continues through present day technology. Each of these three parts build on each other and are cumulative rather than exclusive. Regardless of which medium is

chosen, primary orality, literacy, and secondary orality will exist in each one; they will inform one another, infuse one another, and create one another (Welch 764). This

is very important to understand in order to realize how todays new ways of electronic communication are changing our contemporary view of communication.

Secondary Orality

The Internet, the telephone and the television each have a way of eliminating the normal constraints of time and distance. Information is at your fingertips, a friend is just

a phone call away, and the world is brought into your living room by a 0 inch screen. In this, the Information Age, the world has gone from printed texts to the

telegraph, the telephone, the radio, the television and now the internet, all with in the last 150 years. Each new medium has its own benefits and limitations.

Film and Televison

Film and Television combine sounds and pictures in order to transmit an idea. Mastering this art form of communicating that is as continually changing as our society is

changing. Advertisers and producers are constantly trying new forms of persuasion either to watch their show, buy their product or believe their ideas. The ethos, logos,

and pathos of television and film is different than that of conventional speech or written text. This requires an entirely new way of expressing ideas and using rhetoric. It

has allowed many new persuasive ideas to be spread across the world. Like a book is limited to finding a publisher, it is limited to finding a producer or network to be

shown on.

The Internet

The Internet is a vast network of computers throughout the world. It combines many different forms of communications. As the technology advances it could replace all

other forms of communication by combining them into one. Magazines and newspapers are already being put online along with libraries, art, and research. Unlike most

forms of communication it allows anyone with access to have his/her ideas and work displayed. A group does not need to convince a major publishing house of its

importance or saleablity it can use electronic mail and diskettes to disseminate its material (Bolter 78). This is even more true with the invention of the world wide

web. The world wide web is the multimedia part of the internet and combines text with sound, photos, drawings, charts, graphs, animation, and even video. It allows the

authors to link their page with others. This creates a choose your own adventure multimedia interactive document. New innovations such as Java, a world wide web

programming language, allows simple tasks to be performed inside the document. The more widespread the internet becomes the more important and powerful type of

communication it will become.

Cyberspace

Cyberspace is a concept that builds on the belief that there is some kind of actual space behind the screen. It is some place you cant see but you know is there

(Gibson). An alternate world of infinite communication possibilities. This is the virtual reality created by the internet and other forms of electronic communication. Due to

the power of the rhetoric on television or on a movie, the audience feels like they actually know the characters or are part of the story. This is also found in books but no

to the extent because the reader cannot actually see the characters. With the internet the reader or viewer is free to choose his/her own story line. They can create

their own virtual newspaper or magazine. If they see a topic of interest it is just a click away. This makes rhetoric very important in order to persuade the viewer to look

at their web document instead of someone elses.

Mastering the art of electronic communication will, like mastering traditional communication, be a goal that mankind will never achieve. Its unique style and vast

possibilities will allow it to captivate the human mind of the 1st century like books have in centuries past.

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Poem A Route of Evanescence Page 10

By Emily Dickinson

Paraphrase Dickinson describes a scene of something spinning quickly and leaving an Evanescent trail. A quick flash of green and red, and the blossoms on a bush adjust themselves as something rushes by quickly and effortlessly.

Imagery and Tone This poem talks very descriptively about something, but I am unable to pinpoint exactly what she is talking about. I imagine it being morning time and there being a sort of mist in the air, which causes a vaporous trail to follow behind a brightly colored object as it flashes by. Because it speaks of a revolving wheel, I would imagine it to be something of the nature of a car or a train, but I feel like it is something more natural than that because of the descriptiveness of the colors, emerald and cochineal. Whatever it is, it flashes by gracefully leaving a sort of trail behind it that is reminiscent of its beauty.

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Personal Response I hope to discover someday what the object is that is being described in this poem. I can see something like a butterfly brightly colored, but a butterfly couldn't flash past, and I don't understand the revolving wheel. I would imagine that wherever Tunis is that the mail travels quickly between there and wherever Dickinson was at the time she wrote this poem. It is an image that is very clear to me. I see her sitting in a window in the early morning and this brightly colored green and red object flashes by causing the bush to sway and all of the blooms to fall into new positions. It is a beautifully descriptive piece.

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What do you think Jamila Gavin wants to show about father and son relationship?

Jamila Gavin showed two very different relationships between father and son. For the relationship of Otis and Meshak, she wants to show that the relationship of father and son which was so terrible. Father usually treats his own son inhumane. Otis forced Meshak to deposing the children that he collected. From this, Jamila Gavin shows that father at that time was always the director of sons. Children at that time had no value and some of the parent even did not care about their own child.

For the relationship between Sir William and Alexander, Jamila Gavin shows a different father-son relationship. Alexander was the son of Sir William that he lived in a rich family which is totally different from Meshak's. Sir William hoped his son to be strong enough to do what he can do. Sir William did not like Alex to be a student of the cathedral school. He even did not like Alex sings. However, Alex loves singing, and he disappointed his father. For this storyline, Jamila Gavin shows that rich people at that time always think that their society position was very much. What they did, what they behave, and even what they like was concerned by the whole society. Children of these families were meant to be as strong as their father. Sons have to do some 'manly' job that they could not choose the way of their own life.

For this two father-son relationship, Jamila Gavin shows that the relationship between father and son was usually quite bad. Father may be very straight to his own son, and ordered his son to do anything he wanted. On the other hand, father always hope his son to be strong enough to handle the business (or position) as they did.

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Most aMericans belive that if you commit a crime in you are innevitably guilty. Why? Obviously they believe what the government wants them to believe. we must stop this brainwashing and start educating the people of the United States and the world. It may take a long time to do this, but with your help we will make the world a little bit of a better place. Are you with me? I will not tell you what you should believe. You have every right not to think along the lines as I. Everyone is entitled to their own views and opinions and I respect that. I hope you as well as countless other respect that too. Because if just one person can make a difference, then imagine how much of a difference 5, 10, or even 0 people will make! Well, see? Now, isnt that what you want to happen? Or do you want yourself and the rest of the world to become brainwashed sheep? Thats what the Bush Administration wants, but is that what YOU want? Think carefully. Bush and his administration sucks. But thats only my opinion. You and many others may have a dompletely different opinion. And thats alright. Im not a hypocrite and I hope you arent either. I suppose hate is too strong a word though, maybe just detest. Yea, thats better. Dont you think so too? I hope so. It would be a terrible loss would it not? Now, I hope I have convinced you, because it would also be a great loss, to me at least if I havent. But oh well, thats life isnt it? Yes, it is. Life is but an illusion. An illusion i but what life is. Am I being repetetive? I think not. And I hope that you think not too. Also, I would like to thank everyone that made this possible. Everyone, thank you. Thank me, thanks you. Thanks everyone and everybody. Happy happy joy joy. Yes, thank you very very very very very much.

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Maggie, Girl of the Streets

Cranes first novel is the tale of a pretty young slum girl driven to brutal excesses by poverty and loneliness. It was considered so sexually frank and realistic, that the book had to be privately printed at first. It was eventually hailed as the first genuine expression of Naturalism in American letters and established its creator as the American apostle of an artistic revolution which was to alter the shape and destiny of civilization itself.

A psalm of life

In Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem, a psalm of life, he talks

about his view of life and how to live it, in which he would say to enjoy it.

When Henry said in his Poem, "life is real, life is earnest", he meant

that life is worth living, to enjoy it and find yourself each day somewhere

else.

He stresses it when he wrote "life is earnest, life is real, and the grave

is not its goal, Dust thou art, to dust returns", so the reader can understand

his point.

When he wrote that, he meant to tell the reader, not to throw his life

away to the grave, to live it at its fullest, to enjoy it and to be as happy as

you can be when u still can.

Furthermore, he thinks of life as a gift, given to men, so they can be

happy in his life time, when he said, "live life by its fullest".

In his poem, he said, "be not like dumb, driven cattle, be a hero in the strife",

by this, he emphasizes his idea of living, not by rules, but by

ideals.

When he tell the reader, "be not like driven cattle", he meant to tell the

reader not to live life by the way other people tell you to, but to think about how you

really want do live your life, "to be a hero", to enjoy what you do.

To leave "Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing oer lifes solemn main,

emphasizes his ideal of enjoying life, because, it tells the reader to do something with his life,

to do something of his liking and to leave "footprints" so he can be remembered.

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Sociology uses many theories to explain how and why specific facts are related. Among them are the structural-functional theory and the social-conflict theory. Each of these theories has their own strenghts and weaknesses. It is important that we look at social systems, social integration, social control, and social change in each theory to fully understand how they work.

The social system of structural-functional theory focuses on the parts- for example, societies or groups- of a social system tries to determine what each part does, and explains how the parts are related to each other. From this perspective, social life is viewed as one of cooperation and consensus among the various parts of a system with basic agreements about its goals, values, and beliefs; thus creating a system that runs smoothly. Unlike the structural-functional theory, the social-conflict theory is disorganized. There is always a conflict between the different parts. Some factors such as social class, race, ethnicity, gender and age are linked to the unequal distribution of money, power, education, and social prestige.

Social structure works together in much the same way as all aspects working together with one another to preserve society. Social integration in the social-conflict theory works by conflict between the dominant and disadvantage categories of people- rich, white vs. color, men vs. women. People on top aim to protect their priviledges, while those on the bottom struggle to gain more for themselves. Social control is voluntary in the structural-functional theory, and the members of society encourages agreement. Society is controlled mainly by those in power; therefore those without power must comply with their rules. Social change is slow in structural-functional theory. A society generally works well together when there isnt anything broken to cause any changes.

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Financial, health, and social problems can all result from a person drinking too much alcohol over a long period of time. To begin with, habitually drinking a large quantity of alcohol can be very costly. A person must pay $8.00 to buy to 6 packs of beer per week. He must pay totally $41.00 after once year and $1,480 after thirty years. If he not only drinks to 6 packs of beer, but also 1 gallon of wine and 1 fifth of whiskey, it will cost him $0.00 per week, $1,560.00 per year and $46,800.00 after thirty years. Other hidden costs include more expensive car and medical insurance. The extra medical insurance is necessary because alcohol damages important parts of the body, it really harmful for your health. For example, medical reports show that alcohol kill brain cells, weakens the heart, burns holes in the stomach, and destroys the liver. In the last case, alcohol reduces the livers ability to produce red blood cells, leading directly to cirrhosis and ultimately to death. Drinking too much can also lead to alcohol poisoning, which can be fatal, and according to the National Drugs Helpline, over 1,000 people under the age of 15 are admitted to hospital each year with alcoholic poisoning and all require emergency treatment. As if killing themselves is not enough, alcoholics also have a terrible effect on society. Follow some recent researches; most workers who drink a lot can not complete their works. They are usually unconscious and dont concentrate on their tasks. This is the reason why there are many drunken workers get accidents when they are working. It is also disasters to the families which have fathers always drink. They not only waste money on useless things, but also sometimes hit their wives and children. In the conclusion, society and its citizens could be greatly improved if alcohol were consumed moderately or not al all!

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The relationship between the Scarlet Letter and Hester's identity is that the Scarlet Letter has been sort of made into her identity and she doesn't seem to mind it. Hester was in a way, kind of proud that she got to wear the Scarlet Letter. People went from thinking that Hester was just evil and a woman that bore a sin into a woman that was able and openly wore the Scarlet Letter. It made her selfless and she had to think about other people and not just herself all the time. She had to think about Dimmesdale because he was the father of her baby. She had to think about Chillingsworth and what would happen if he found out about any of this. Which it turns out he does. Most all she had to learn to be selfless around Pearl. Pearl knew a lot for being such a young person, she had intelligence, and a lot of it at that. The relationship is that Hester used both of them as purposes to either make herself a better person or to help make everything better for other people. Maybe we just think that Hester in the beginning was just a very messed up young woman and then later on in the story really began to realize the struggles she had to go through. The society also offers Hester an identity of its own for her. The society at first sees her as a woman who committed this horrible crime of adultery and she is just a horrible person. As the story goes on the town starts to see her as something different. A sign in the sky which is of an "A" makes the townspeople think that something happened. Then they interpret Hester's Scarlet Letter on her chest to be a sign that Hester is now an angel. It seems kind of odd that a town could just change it's opinion that quick and its not really a bad advantage for Hester either. According to the reader's, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Townspeople there are many different views of Hester and her act that she committed which was of course as the Scarlet Letter shows adultery.

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A FLOOD

It was raining heavily. The boys at Cherton Boys School were excited at the idea of being stuck in a flood. They were hoping that the floodwaters would go up so high that they would be stuck in the classroom without doing any schoolwork. It would be very exciting. Everybody stood at the window in the classroom to watch the flood getting higher and higher. Throughout the whole morning, the rain continued to fall and the water level was still rising.

As the boys looked out of the window, they could see Mr Simon, their English teacher, walking towards his small car. His pants were rolled up and he was barefooted. He waddled his way towards his car and got in hurriedly. He turned back and waved at the boys. They cheered loudly for him.

Next, Miss Esther came into the class. She was barefooted too. She had just walked through a puddle of water on the way to the classroom. She was carrying her shoes in her hands. As soon as she had dried and cleaned her feet, she started with her Mathematics lesson. However, nobody in the class was paying attention to her. They were too excited about the flood and the scene outside the classroom.

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The boys' wish came true! The flood was up to a man's waist and it was considered too dangerous for them to wade through. They were stranded in their classroom way past their lunchtime. They had to resort to eating biscuits, which were found in the pantry of the school for lunch.

After a while, the boys heard the sound of motorboats. When they looked out of the windows, there saw several motorboats steering towards the school. Flood Rescue Team were using the boats to ferry the boys to safety.

Soon the boys were squealing with excitement as they got into the boats. They had never gone through the familiar streets in boats before. The boys were very happy and they sang and yelled at the top of their voice.

The boys were very sad when it was all over when they reached high ground and they were taken by buses to their respective homes.

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1. Executive Summary

. Problem definition and company objectives

- What are the companys goals and objectives?

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- What, exactly, is the problem?

. Situational analysis

- Competitive environment; market structure; firm capabilities; culture etc.

4. Strategy

- How can the firm take advantage of capabilities and environment to achieve its goals and objectives? What are its strategic options, and which of these options seems most recommendable? Why?

5. Implementation

- Once you have identified exactly what the firm should do, comment on how it should be done. What will be done? Who will do it? When? How?

Executive Summary

A case study report (as, in fact, any consulting-type report) should begin with an executive summary of 1- paragraphs (but no more than 10% of the total text) that provides a succinct (very short and to the point!) overview of the key features and arguments of the report. Its purpose is to enable the reader (client, investor, etc.) to obtain quickly a sense of what the report is about and why he/she should read all of it. The executive summary should be written after preparation of the remainder of the report and should attempt to distill the essence of each significant report section. For example, if you conduct a Five-Forces-Analysis for the industry concerned, the executive summary should highlight the most important strategic implications of the results of that analysis. The executive summary is not an introduction, and neither is it a conclusion, but rather the abbreviated highlight version of the report.

The importance of the executive summary should not be underestimated ¨C unless it captures the interest of the reader (client, investor, etc.) and appears convincing, they will not bother to read further.

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That is the only thing about Plato's theory in that it does not prepare you for all the bad things that happen. It is like the saying goes you must take the bad with the good, and that is what you get when you experience life because nothing in life is fair. People can only show or teach you so much before you just have to have experience to learn more.

It contests the notion that nirvana was the main goal sought by Buddhists., and values that make it impossible for us to have a utopian world. People in different countries and even in the same countries; don't have the same definition when it comes to equality. We, as people must share the views and think exactly alike in order to have a utopian world. For instance, if we all thought the same way and agreed on everything, would this world still is perfect? Without having any type of variety, having the same routine day in and day out would eventually get boring. So if we see someone or something as boring, do we characterized it or them as being "perfect"?

Countries are also ruled differently. Some countries may have an oligarchy, ruled by few, or a democracy, ruled by many (Aristotle, 115). If the whole world were ruled by the same person then maybe we would have a chance to become a utopian world. Even if the whole world was a democracy but ruled by different people, the world still wouldn't be equal. People have their own opinions and their on perceptions on what's wrong and right or equal or not equal. Everyone has the "best" idea on how this world should be run. As Aristotle says, "But there sill remains a question equality or inequality of what?"(Aristotle, 10)

On a more personal outlook, I feel that the world can't be utopian. In general, some people just work much more harder than others and deserve to be rewarded for it. Some people spend their lifetime trying to better themselves, through education and other

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The birth of early civilization occurred along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt, the

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, the Indus River in India and the The

Yellow River in China beginning around 000BC. This happened in the above four

places over the course of about a thousand years. The rich soils of these riverbeds

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provided the fertile environment necessary to allow early humans to abandon their

nomadic lifestyles and settle in one area. As these people settled they developed

communities which evolved into cities and these early cities gave rise to the development

of religion, government and society, the elements of modern civilization.

As people formed communities they began to develop common religious believes

shared and practiced by all. These believes were largely a way for mankind to

understand and make sense of geography, climate and the natural environment. These

beliefs provided a unified world view shaping the development of culture.

As these agricultural centers emerged and grew into cities the development of

Government became necessary to provide harmony and social order. Farming gave rise

to surplus and trade and this in turn created the need for a written language, a method of

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logging the history, beliefs and cultural standards of these early civilizations.

The development of agriculture also inspired the invention of tools and implements.

These started as rudimentary items of necessity, developed into more complex

instruments and eventually evolved into higher forms of Art.

The main factor leading to the rise of early civilization were the fertile riverbeds which

gave mankind the opportunity to settle in one area, develop common religions,

governments and social orders. These early settlements created the background and

framework for the complex civilization in which we now exist.

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Determine time length of trip

Dress according to the weather. If the weather in that particular area is cold, simply gather warm clothes for the trip. Knowing that the weather is warm, it's recommended packing summer clothes such as shorts, skirts, and short-sleeved shirts. Just to be on the safe side, bring along a sweater and/or jacket to keep warm in time of need.

Gather clothes

Place all items that one plans to take in a spacey area such as the bed or the floor. Spreading everything on the bed allows you to visually see all the things you plan on bringing on the trip. Not having all of the necessary accessories to collaborate with a certain outfit can really bring down your look!

Begin packing main items

It is easier to fold and pack shirts and blouses at the bottom of the suitcase. Pants and skirts are stacked on top of each other. Pack only the desired amount of outfits needed to make the trip. Be sure not to over pack, and take too much. To decrease creases, neatly roll t-shirts, shorts, casual pants, and light sweaters.

Use extra space

Using the extra space thats left pack all of the little things like underwear. Depending on the amount of space left, neatly stack all underwear in a corner of the suitcase. Things like socks and stockings place in the opposite corner of the suitcase. For sanitary purposes, always make sure you have a plastic bad of some sort to keep up with worn underclothes. As for the smaller things like toiletries, seal shampoo, mouthwash, perfumes, and sprays in a reasonable zip-lock bag to prevent any type of major spills. Things like toothbrushes, hair clamps, accessories like combs, brushes, and oil sheen place in a smaller compartment in the suitcase.

(Other compartments)

If there is an extra compartment left in the suitcase, neatly pack shoes along. If there is no more space, place footwear in a plastic bag and pack on the top of everything in the suitcase if there is room. When all of the space is absolutely jam packed, shoes are carried in a separate case.

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1. The fiscal position of the United States has deteriated under George Bush for main reasons. The first reason is that George Bush has cut taxes greatly while the second reason is government spending under the war effort has dramatically increased. Therefore the national deficit is rising at all time highs making the rich get more tax cuts wrecking the economy and mortgaging the future for America's children.

. The distinction between a stock and a flow is that a stock increases or alters meanwhile a flow increases or alters wealth creating people to spend more money as there income increases. This makes tax cuts shift the burden to wage income.

. The Congressional Budget Office projections are mythical because the numbers are largely assumed that much of the tax take of the bubble years are permanent. These projections and assumptions bear no resemblance to reality. These assumptions are made by law and are extremely implausible.

4. In the short tem America's fiscal shift has been dramatic but not dangerous. Deficits grow and flow naturally from a sharp economic slowdown as tax revenues fall and benefit spending rises. It is a result of over a three year time. The medium term picture is a different matter. Budget rules require Congress's number-crunchers to project the impact of tax and spending decisions over the next 10 years.

5. The Alternative Minimum Tax is a tax attempt to stop rich tax payers avoiding tax by over using deductions. It has a lower rate but allows virtually no deductions. If your tax bill is higher using the AMT formula that is what you must pay.

6. America's deficit to GDP ratio in the last 5 years has decreased gradually from a high at .1% to a low of 4.% and in the next years thereafter continually decreases.

7. President George Bush is less of a tax reformer than President Ronald Reagan was. The other big difference was that President Reagan was not averse to putting up taxes when too much red ink appeared. Taxes were raised several times during his presidency. Congressional rules on deficit reduction were introduced during Mr. Reagan's' second term. Team Bush has shown no such flexibility when it comes to taxes.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on What is jealousy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality What is jealousy paper right on time.

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Jealousy is an emotion that fascinates me,especially since I feel it so rarely. Ive seen people get cut themselves off from their friends, and even family, just to be in a relationship. I once saw a couple, who had been friends for years, get married and divorced within six months, because of they expected a degree of exclusivity they did not get and jealousy resulted. Having witness these incidents, I decided that jealousy was not a worthwhile emotion, and have avoided it.What is jealousy really?The definition of jealousy is "anger expressed due to a feeling of inadequacy".

What can you do about jealousy? Understanding that jealousy is not only a sanctioned emotion, but often romanticized, the first thing to do is to recognize it building. The second thing to do is realize the anger often breaks up relationships, or at least makes them unpleasant. The third thing is to identify what caused the feeling of inadequacy. This part is key. Once you recognize it, you have choices.

Choices can be found in order to find the right solution about jealousy. A choice would be to get angry, to bash someone into giving you your way. You could also decide to change to become more adequate. But what if you have no head for science, or are not athletic? How about just accepting, and acknowledging, the situation? It is unrealistic to expect that you can fulfill all the needs of a partner in a relationship.

Jealousy implies a lack of trust, often unfounded. And once your are mistrusted, how difficult is to act untrustworthy. What do you have to lose? Of course, there are untrustworthy people in the world. Untrustworthy behavior can cause jealousy, but is jealousy and it attendant anger appropriate even then? Is the feeling of inadequacy right? Certainly not. If you find someone untrustworthy, why waste anger on them? If you hit them into giving you your way, theyll just be more discrete when they cheat next time.

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Finally jealousy is a type of emotion which you can control easily.Everyone in the world feel it,some people more and some people less.Once you recognize jealousy you had better discard it.Imagine a world without any form of jealousy.

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Critical thinking verses Decision-making

In this paper we will examine the relationship between critical thinking and decision-making.

Critical thinking is the use of those coherent skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed. It is the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihoods, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Critical thinking also involves evaluating the thinking process and the reasoning that went into the conclusion.

Decision-making is the process of specifying a problem or opportunity, identifying alternatives, evaluating them, and selecting from among the alternatives.

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"Critical thinking consists of an awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions, plus the ability and willingness to ask and answer them at appropriate times" Reading in Critical Thinking, M. Neil Browne, Stuart M. Keeley, Morgan W. McCall Jr., and Robert E. Kaplan, sec 1 pg 5. In the Decision Making & Problem Solving Decision Making Fundamental training, in Xtreme learning by netg, decision-making is defined as "a process that identifies all available options to determine the most appropriate course of action given a specific situation."

I feel that critical thinking is like trying to solve an algebraic equation, there is only one right answer however there are more than one way to reach the correct answer and it is up to you and the knowledge you have to figure out which one you will use. On the other hand I feel that decision-making is more like having a leak under the sink, you know it's there because you see the water but you don't know where the water is coming from. Once you determine where the water is coming from you can now consider what you options are in fixing it.

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If you order your cheap term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Writer's choice. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Writer's choice paper right on time.

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Ricehighschool Casisus Flemming

Mr.Suarez 056

Global studies I 4/1/0

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CIVIL RIGHTS RESEARCH PAPER

My report is on Malcolm X and Marcus Garvey. I will start my first paragraph

talking about the life of Malcolm X. Then in my second paragraph I will talk about

Marcus Garvey. In the final paragraph I will compare there lives and how they were

alike in there fighting ways.

Malcolm Little (birth name) was born in Omaha, Nebraska 15. His father was

a minister and also an outspoken follower of Marcus Garvey who was a black nationalist

leader of the 10,s. When Malcolm was six his family moved to Lansing, Michigan

where his father was murdered by the Ku Klux Klan. After that his mother began to have

nervous breakdown by trying to raise eight children. All the children were taken in by

the welfare department. Malcolm was sent to a reform school and after moved to Boston

Massachusetts where he became involved in criminal activities. He was sentenced to jail

for burglary. When in jail Malcolm became interested in Elijah Muhammad (leader of

black Muslims). In his spare time in jail he educated himself about the ways of black

Muslims. In 15 when he got out he became part of a Black Muslim temple in Detroit

and changed his name to Malcolm X. In 158 he married Betty Shabazz and had six

daughters. In the early 160,s Malcolm was a well known speaker for the Nation of

Islam. But in 16 Black Muslims pulled away in silence after his quote on the

assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy. His quote was as followed

" The chickens coming back to roost". After making a pilgrimage to the city of Mecca

Malcolm was teaching that whites were evil. He also made an organization called

OAAU(Organization of Afro-American Unity). On February 1,165 while addressing

an OAAU rally Malcolm was assassinated by men supposedly to be Black Muslims.

Malcolm would be remembered as one of the most inspirational leaders for the African

American society.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Music's Influence on You. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Music's Influence on You paper right on time.

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Music's Influence on You

"Music washes away from the soul the dust of everyday life." - Red Auerbach. In every corner of the world, people play and listen to music. Music has an explicigt meaning in many people's lifes. Music has influenced me in different ways and has always been a part of my life since early childhood years. Music is a very important factor to many people in the world today. People may use music as therapy, healing, comfort. Music is often considered as one of the two most precious gifts from God. There are so many things that people cherish about music. Music is made for the enjoyment of people of every age. In my adolescent years I have used music in helping others out, but I feel there are three things that are prominent in the sound of music. Three aspects reflect my image of music relaxation of the soul, creativity of the mind, and connection of others.

One aspect that is prominent in music is relalxtion for the soul. First, relaxation is a motivation in people's lives today. In stores today, many CD's can be bought for relaxation. Various may enocounter forest sounds, ocean sounds, and rain sounds. Relaxation can help many people in the stressful world today; it helps loosen muscles in your body. Calming music can helping people clear their mind on a brain boggling day. For instance, after a long hard ay at school I often times pull out a peaceful CD and just loll down to relax. I always pick out my favorite spounds out of the song and focus on that one sound.. Often when people do this it helps them focus on a tranquil sound and it keeps their mind off of the dilemmas they had that day. When people listen to music, some may have a favoitive insturemnt that they like to listen to. Various types of music will have a variety of instruments, ranging from flugehorn, trumpet, bass, drums, guitar, and saxophone. All of these instruments are key factors in music today. People may have a favorite instrument and go to a store and buy music just from that instrument. Today more and more people are turning to instrumental music to help relieve stress from they body after a hard working day.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on India and Pakistan. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality India and Pakistan paper right on time.

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Why nuclear tests in 18 took place? Brahma Chellany, Professor of Security Studies at the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi puts three major motivations for India non-proliferation pressures; Chinese nuclear capabilities; tension with Pakistan cooped with Pakistani developing nuclear capacity supported by China; and failure of Global nuclear disarmament . Brahma mentions, that 'India has been a prime target of the CTBT and the proposed Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT). The two measures are part of a 'dragnet strategy' to capture those in the NPT. The CTBT was a key catalyst in the Indian decision to become an overt weapon state … The CTBT made India acutely aware of the technical imperatives of its long-held nuclear option, and of its closing opportunity to test its prototype weapons. By seeking forcibly to 'capture' India through a coercive entry-into-force provision, and making a thinly veiled threat of sanctions if India refused, the CTBT left New Delhi with little choice' . Brahma also argues, that continues India's policy of strong support of the idea of Global nuclear disarmament did not meet adequate reply from nuclear club, and even the end of the Cold War did not change the situation in principle. As a result, 'in fact, India had been the only economy among the world's top ten to be without the protection of a nuclear arsenal or umbrella' . Brahma views nuclear threat from its neighbourhood as an important motivation for India's nuclear tests and displays this issue in the context of China-Pakistan anti-Indian axis. He fairly mentions, that China used India-Pakistan dispute for promoting Pakistani nuclearization and creating an additional trouble for its strategic rival in the region. 'Pakistan is prominent in Indian strategic planning because of its China connection. Without that link, Islamabad would not be able to sustain its bellicosity towards India, or pose the level of nuclear and missile threat that it does … In its strategic calculations, the importance China attaches to Pakistan is similar to that which the US attaches to Israel' . What undoubtedly comes from this observation is, that in this nuclear triangle India-Pakistan old animosity puts significant contribution in promoting nuclear race.

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