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FAO C.E.O. SmallCompany Holdings Ltd.

SenderFrank Loan 61681

R.E. Needs and concerns relating to computer security.

Dear Sir,

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Security threats can be classified into two primary areas, natural disasters (i.e. floods, fires, earthquakes, hurricanes) and human. The latter can be again divided into malicious (Hackers, Insiders) and non-malicious (ignorant employees). In the following memo I will try to address these issues and highlight possible solution to same.

Identification and authentication, and access control.

The primary threat to data integrity comes from authorized users who are not aware of the actions they are performing.

· The selection of a password by a user is problematic owing to the number of different that each user may conceivably need to remember to access each section of a system (network, e-mail, etc.).

· User will inevitably choose passwords that are easy to remember (birthdays, names of famous people).

· This will aid malicious attackers in giving them a good chance of guessing the correct password.

· Choosing a less obvious password can give rise to problems of it's own however. For instance users have been known to keep their password and user ID written down to aid memory this can easily fall into the wrong hands.

· Users can unintentionally introduce viruses to the company's system by installing software of their on their workstation.

Security aspects of UNIX servers.

UNIX came into existence in the early 170's designed to exist in a non-hostile environment but since the advent of the internet brought these systems into an international arena new tools, patches and practices have been developed to make these systems much safer.

· Correct passwords and restriction of services

· TCP Wrappers allow the administrator to log and restrict access to services on a computer

· SSH is a secure shell that can completely prevent the passing of cleartext passwords across a network by allowing fully encrypted communications between two hosts.

Network security and firewalls.

It may be desirable for this company to connect its private LANs to the Internet in order to give convenient access to various services. This could leave said LANs vulnerable to misuse and attack. A firewall is a strategy for protecting an organization's Internet reachable sources; it serves as a gatekeeper between the Internet and trusted internal networks.

Firewalls provide several types of protection

· They can block unwanted traffic

· They can direct incoming traffic to more trustworthy internal systems.

· They hide vulnerable systems that cannot easily be secured from the Internet.

· They can log traffic to and from the private network.

· They can hide information such as system names, network topology, network device types, and internal user IDs from the Internet.

· They can provide more robust authentication than standard applications might be able to do.

However, firewalls can be rendered ineffective for example if remote users can access the company's internal networks without going through the firewall (i.e. if a user who works from home can dial into the network, an attacker who can dial into that computer has circumvented the firewall.

TCP/IP.

The TCP/IP protocol stack has some weak points that allow

· IP address spoofing

· TCP connection request (SYN) attacks

Recommendations

1. Firewall software should be installed at all external/internal interface points where this company's internal networks meet the Internet.

. Users should be warned of the dangers of viruses and how they might be introduced to the system.

. Access to the company network by remote users should be restricted where possible.

4. Regularly updated backup files should be kept at a secure, remote location.

5. A password policy should be implemented with appropriate training given to staff. This policy should include

a. A password must be initially assigned to a user when enrolled on the system.

b. A users password must be changed periodically.

c. The system must maintain a password database.

d. Users must remember their passwords.

e. Users must enter their passwords into the system at authentication time.

f. Employees may not disclose their passwords to anyone. This includes administrators and IT managers.

6. Ports that are not being used should be blocked at all times.

7. Disable all unneeded services limiting the possibility of a known security hole being exploited by reducing the number of different services running.

8. Log all attempts at all services, whether successful or not.

References

Practical Security in a Networked UNIX Environment, Bruce Potter

Gollmann, Dieter. Computer Security. John Wiley and Sons, August 1

Garfinkel, Simson, and Gene Spafford. Practical Unix and Internet Security. OReilly & Associates, Inc., April 16.

TechNet Security Threats, Christopher Benson, Inobits Consulting (Pty) Ltd.

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on coffee cups. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality coffee cups paper right on time.

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Course work ¡V Cooling Coffee Cups.

Aim ¡V To investigate the effect of varying the volume of water on how quickly the water cools down.

Background Information.

Thermal Energy ¡V Transfer a drink to surrounding air.

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Convection ¡V Movement of hot materials carrying energy away.

Conduction ¡V Transfer of energy from particles in a material.

Radiation ¡V Transfer of energy via infra-red radiation.

In my experiment, I am going to look at how convection, conduction and radiation cool a coffee cup. I know that eventually the coffee cup will be the same temperature as the air around it.

Hypothesis

I think that different volumes of water will make a difference when cooling, as they will take different amounts of time. This is because of the surface areas. The less water in the coffee cup, the quicker it will cool. The thermal flasks don¡¦t loose much heat as it has an airtight lid. There is a vacuum so no particles can move around or pass to each other. This prevents conduction.

I think that the less water in the coffee cup, the less time it will take to cool. I think this because it will have a smaller surface area and will take less time. The 100ml¡¦s will take the longest to cool as it has a larger surface area and the cooling process will take longer.

Fair Testing/ Variables /Reliable Results.

The things that we will keep the same are the temperature of the water at the beginning and the temperature at the end. It had to finish when it reaches a certain temperature. Eg ¡V 40„ac

The things that we are changing are the amount of water we will put in each flask. We are going to do 0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml. We will also make the same person take the temperature so that it is fair and the results are more accurate and are all jumbled up. We are going to repeat each amount times to make sure are results are accurate.

List of Apparatus.

1. Coffee Cup (base and airtight lid).

. Measuring Cylinder.

. Thermometer.

4. Kettle (with hot water at 70 c).

5. Stopwatch.

This is a diagram of the apparatus that we used and the set up.

Method.

1. First, collect all the apparatus that are listed above.

1. Then measure out the amount of water that is needed.

E.g.0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml, or 100ml. And place the lid back on the coffee cup. Place a thermometer in the hole on the lid.

1. Start a stopwatch when the thermometer reaches 70„ac.

1. Time and take the results every 0 seconds or 1-minute.

1. When the temperature is about

40 c, then stop timing.

1. Repeat each different amounts of water times, and then do a different amount.

1. Once you have done 0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml, fill in you chart and draw up graphs to help show patterns better

Results.

Conclusion.

My results show me that as the water level increases each time, the slower it takes to cool. I think this also because the more water the larger the surface area and the longer the cooling process takes. My results in the table show me this as the 0ml chart shows that after 0 minutes it went down to 6„ac. But after 100ml had 0 minutes the temperature only went down to 55„ac This shows that it was quicker with less water.

My prediction was right, as this is what I thought would happen and it did.

In the graphs that I have drawn, I have plotted my results and drawn a line of best fit. For the different water levels, the correlation is negative which means that it goes down hill. My graphs show me that the less water that is in the coffee cup, the quicker that it cools down.

Are results show that this did happen and it matches my prediction.

Evaluation.

I think that we did a fair experiment as we said that we would use the same temperature water, and have the same person measure the temperature and we did. This has helped us make sure our results are a little bit more reliable.

As I looked at my chart and graph, I think that we had some anomalous results. This was on the 40ml experiment. After 10 ¡V 1 minutes, the temperature went down then back up again. So it didn¡¦t make the graph totally sloping and you can see that these results looked out of place. Also on the 80ml graph, you can see that one set of results are slightly under the line of best fit and the other results. (Look on graphs, the anomalous results are circled). I think that this is because the thermometer was read wrongly.

We would be able to tell this from the averages, as they would not be close numbers. Eg ¡V 46 and 67.

If I did this experiment again, I would time for longer and see how the results turned out after another 10 or 0 minutes. This would help as you could see if the temperature suddenly drops or if it goes down slowly. Also you could use a wider variety of water measurements and see what happens at 10mls or 50ml etc.

I would improve my accuracy next time by timing and recording my scores every 0 seconds instead of 1 minute and see if it made any difference. It might change the way the graph looked, as you would have more points to plot and a different line of best fit. This could make a difference.

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OSMOSIS

My aim for this experiment is to see the results of a potato tissue''s mass difference, when placed in different concentrations of sugar solutions.

Osmosis is the passage of water molecules from a weaker solution into a stronger solution, through a partially permeable membrane. In this case, the tiny holes in the membrane of the potatoes will allow the water molecules to pass through in and out of the solution and the potato, depending on the concentration gradient of the two substances. So in this case, when the water concentration is lower in the tissue, the later will go inside the tissue of the potato, and the potato will gain mass. If there is very little different in the two water concentrations, there shouldn''t be such a big change in mass. Also if there is a higher concentration of water in the potato, then the water will go out of the potato and into the liquid solution, as osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, through a partially permeable membrane.

Prediction

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I predict that the weaker the solution is, the more solution the potato will absorb and the stronger the sugar solution the more water the potato will lose. Therefore, the weight of the potato at the end of the experiment will increase most in distilled water and decrease most in the strongest sugar solution.

Apparatus

Potato

Scalpel

Tweezers

Test tube rack

5 test tubes

Cork borer

Ruler

Scales

Sugar solutions

Method

1) Using the cork borer take six samples of potato from the same potato. Then using the scalpel cut the pieces of potato so they are twenty millimetres long. Remember to weigh the potato pieces and record their weight in a table.

) Take six test tubes and place them in a rack, then add the different sugar solutions. These are sugar solutions, 10%, 0%, 0%, 40% and 50% and one test tube filled with water.

) Place the potato pieces in the test tubes; make sure they are covered with solution. Leave them there for thirty minutes.

4) Take the potato pieces out carefully and measure their length and weight, record this in your table and repeat twice more.

Key Factor

The key factor in my experiment is the concentration of the sugar sulution ranging from 10% to 50% I also used distilled water. I think that this is a suitable range of concentrations. The factors that I will control are the points in my fair test.

Fair test

To make this experiment a fair test I will use the same……

·ᦨ Length potatoes- so that there is the same length of potato for osmosis to take place in.

·ᦨ Room temperature- so that this doesn''t affect the rate of reaction.

·ᦨ Size cork borer- so that the size of the potato doesn''t vary.

·ᦨ Amount of sugar water- so that the potato pieces have no more or less sugar solution to absorb.

·ᦨ Amount of time potatoes are left in sugar solution. - so that I can record accurate results.

Results

Set 1

Concentration of sugar solution Length

Before Length

After Weight

Before Weight

After Difference

In weight

Distilled 0 mm mm 1.16 g 1. g +0.7 g

10% 0 mm mm 1.15 g 1.17 g +0. g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.11 g 1.05 g -0.6 g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.1 g 1.0 g -0.10 g

40% 0 mm 1 mm 1.1 g 1.05 g -0.14 g

50% 0 mm 0 mm 1.16 g 0.7 g -0.1 g

Set

Concentration Length

Before Length

After Weight

Before Weight

After Difference

In weight

Distilled 0 mm mm 1.77 g 1.85 g +0.8 g

10% 0 mm 1 mm 1.71 g 1.74 g +0. g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.6 g 1.58 g -0.5 g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.85 g 1.74 g -0.11 g

40% 0 mm 0 mm 1.81 g 1.68 g -0.1 g

50% 0 mm 1 mm 1.4 g 1.7 g -0.1 g

Conclusion

The evidence obtained from this investigation supports the prediction I made. It also shows that the potato cells increase mass in solutions with a high water concentration and decrease in mass in solutions with a low water concentration. I have been able to identify a pattern in my results, in the difference in weight.

In this experiment, I believe that I have collected enough data to support my hypothesis. This investigation was, I think, successful. Successful meaning my results collaborated my predictions. The potato cells, working to stay alive, took in, or gave out the water depending on the concentration of the tissue and the concentration of the solution it is surrounded in. I have been able to record sufficient results by repeating the experiment three times.

Evaluation

I believe we gained accurate and sufficient enough results, shown on our graph and tables that concludes the experiment, and to prove our hypothesis. My results were very reliable, due to the precautions I took to make this a fair test. I can see by looking at my graph that there is a positive correlation for each set of results.

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Euthanasia is one of societys most popular debated moral issues. It is an issue of the courts for quite a long time, questioning the ethics and morality of the issue. It is an ongoing circle that does not considers our right, or the victims right, to freedom. It takes a large sum out of the pocket books of American taxpayers and should be finished. I believe that euthanasia is only debated and kept on the political agenda to keep the courts busy. The vast majority of the population is in favor of euthanasia. However, their elected candidates dont represent their views. Thus eliminating their power of democracy and right to freedom. In this essay I will argue that euthanasia is not a concern of religious ethics but rather an entitlement of freedom.

Those who oppose the practice of euthanasia argue that helping the terminally ill bring about their own deaths, or allowing them to determine the how and when, is not only inhumane, but is also an act of playing God. This may be true, assuming that one believes in God. However, looking at the case at hand logically, one could put forward this counter argument if it is the case that God is "I AM THAT I AM (Bible, Exodus 14), it then follows that God is everything. If God were everything or controls everything, then he would not only be or control disease but also death. If it is the purpose of disease to bring about death, then the actions or the will of God would be reflected by the resulting death that comes about through disease. So if the infected person chose to not allow the disease to take its course, then would that person not be playing God, or interfering with the will of God? If the person chose to partake in the action of euthanasia, could this action not be considered an act of aiding or following the wishes of Gods will? Freedom activists view euthanasia in a very different way. They believe that everyone has the right to choose how they live and die. Euthanasia allows the people, who are simply living to die, to maintain dignity by accelerating their own end. Thus letting them die in peace, rather than suffering to the end. It eliminates the own as well as others perception of dying to be a burden, physically and financially. Each person has value and is worthy of respect, has basic rights and freedoms and the power to control his or her destiny. Victims in the advanced stages of terminal illness will have limited muscle control and experience excruciating and unrelenting pain. Not everyone dies well. A small portion of terminal pain cannot be fully controlled, even with the best care. Other distressing symptoms such as sickness, incontinence or breathlessness cannot always be relieved.

For health care workers, the issue of the right to die is most prominent when a patient in their care (1) is terminally ill, () is in intense pain, and () voluntarily chooses to end his life to escape prolonged suffering. In these cases, there are several theoretical options open to the health care worker. First, the worker can ignore the patients request and care can continue as usual. Second, the worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient, and thus allow him to die more quickly. This option is called passive euthanasia since it brings on death through nonintervention. Third, the health care worker can provide the patient with the means of taking his own life, such as a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called assisted suicide, since it is the patient, and not technically the health care worker, who administers the drug. Finally, the health care worker can take active measures to end the patients life, such as by directly administering a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called active euthanasia since the health care workers action is the direct cause of the patients death. Two additional concepts are relevant to the discussion of euthanasia. First, voluntary euthanasia refers to mercy killing that takes place with the explicit and voluntary consent of the patient, either verbally or in a written document such as a living will. Second, non-voluntary euthanasia refers to the mercy killing of a patient who is unconscious, comatose, or otherwise unable to explicitly make his intentions known. In these cases it is often family members who make the request. It is important not to confuse non-voluntary mercy killing with involuntary mercy killing. The latter would be done against the wishes of the patient and would clearly count as murder.

If we live in a free nation, then one should be able to take their own life if they will eventually die anyways. Especially if they are in extensive pain and the suffering will only continue if they proceed to live. So if it is established that they will die they should exercise their freedom and they should be allowed to die early. Euthanasia is more a question of freedom rather than an ethical question of God.

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Germinal

The novel Germinal is about winning justice for workers who existed in conditions a little better than slavery. The novel begins in March of 1866. Late March early April together forms the revolutionary month called "Germinal" the month of germination. Germinal symbolizes the springtime of the social revolution, and it was the calendar used during the French revolution. Germinal is the month in which plants first begin to sprout from the ground. The image of this sprouting plant life is used throughout the novel particularly at the end to symbolize the increasing consciousness of the workers as they realize the reasons of their suffering and organize to do something about them.

The novel displays a constant conflict between the wealthy mine owners and the poor mine workers. Zola makes it a point to compare the differences between the workers and the owners. Such as the Gregoires who don't work but acquire everything and are wealthy, and the Maheu's who work and have nothing to show for it. The majority of the conflict is seen through the eyes of the miners who struggle with everything from starvation to death to strikes and revolts. Zola himself states that the subject of Germinal is the revolt of the workers, the nudge given to society, which for a moment cracks, in a word the struggle between capital and labor.

The story begins in 1866 with Etienne, a young man, who will later lead the miners in a strike. Etienne is an out of work engineman he somewhat educated, but is so desperate to make money and eat that he is willing to do almost anything. He does find work in the Le Voreux mine. He too is now forced to endure the terrible conditions, risk death, and work form dawn until after dusk. Etienne soon got the feel of how the miners were permanently hungry, and living horrible lives in overcrowded houses, which were often diseased through terrible working conditions. Montsou is the town in which the story takes place. The name means "mountain of pennies" and suggests a large number of people clustered tightly together. Montsou is a company town, it is just a mass of crowded together bars and houses that the company provided the miners with. The miners were scarcely educated and knew no other life. Their main escape was in sex and alcohol, that management had provided to keep them permanently stuptified into thinking they had it good. The workers were never able to accumulate anything; they had neither the energy, money nor the organization to do so. They couldn't afford enough money to escape form the company demands. They live in company-controlled housing and really have no basis for independence. They do backbreaking work to earn their living and expect their children to do the same. We can see examples of this in the novel when La Maheude states that one reason for having children is so that they can work and bring more money to the family. The wages were fixed by the "iron law". The iron law set them at the lowest sum possible, just allowing them to eat bread and of course reproduce. "Empty stomachs keep the balance steady". They are in a sense trapped having only one alternative to mining, and that is starvation.

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The miners are responsible for shoring up the shafts with timber, but are not paid extra for this work, so every moment spent timbering comes out of their own pockets. The miners prefer to dig coal, but as conditions worsen and become hazardous the company fears that that the mine will collapse, so they propose a scheme in which timbering will be paid for separately. The result is smaller wages. At hearing this Etienne organizes a strike. At first the strike was peaceful, and was fairly successful in continuing, but they began to lack the sense of community they started with. The strike was beginning to change people. Months went by and the strike still remained. In January Etienne was still urging them to continue the strike. Eventually the miner's frustration turns to violence, which really didn't further there cause much. During all of this Etienne was speaking with Pluchart, who is an organizer for the Communist International Working Men's Association. It tried to organize laborers from many countries into a single movement to overthrow capitalism and establish socialism. Etienne talked the miners into joining, but soon the funds were exhausted and the International collapsed. Everything around the miners goes from bad to worse. No money, no food there is nothing left for them to do but to go back down into the mines, which they eventually do.

Even though the outcome of the uprising was a failure, at the end Etienne looks onward to the future sensing more revolts and the eventual victory of the working class. "Men were springing up a black, avenging army was slowly germinating in the furrows, sprouting for the harvests of the coming century". They have planted the seeds of change for future generations, so there is a sign of hope. The novel ends just as it begins, in the month of Germinal. "Out of death could spring life, just as a lifeless seed could grow into a new plant". And that is why that after all the miners went through they were still not defeated.

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Blood Brothers is set in Liverpool in the early eighties. The play follows the life of two main characters Eddie Lyons and Mickey Johnstone. The play has proved extremely popular with audiences of all ages. In this essay I aim to consider all the dramatic qualities of the play and how Willy Russell uses them to promote the dramatic effectiveness of the play. In æBlood BrothersÆ the characters fall into two stereotypical groups the working class Johnstones and their associates, and the middle class Lyons. It seems ironic that although the Johnstone family live on the breadline they start off cheerfully, compared to the Lyons who never seem content. This makes the audience what is wrong in the lives of both families and created dramatic tension. The main characters, Eddie and Mickey are people that we can relate to we feel pathos with them as they face the trials and tribulations of life. Russell uses pathos to involve the audience so they feel pity when Mickey loses his job, fear at the end of the play when the shooting scene takes place, and experience childhood joy when Eddie and Mickey share jokes. Humour, in its various forms, plays a large part in æBlood BrothersÆ. It keeps the audience interested and balances out the conflict and sadness in the play. Throughout the play we experience different types of humour such as the use of a pun when Mickey and Eddie are discussing SammyÆs head. Mickey tells Edward about Sammy having a metal plate put in his head when he had an accident. Edward says A side plate? and Mickey replies No, itÆs on top. This pun leads to misunderstanding due the childrenÆs innocence and the way they are oblivious to the double meaning makes the conversation amusing. We experience incongruity when Edward and his mother argue and Eddie says YouÆre a fuckoff! He has picked up this bad language from his new friends and it sounds totally out of place with his surroundings, which is what makes the audience laugh, as it is completely unexpected. There is an example of slapstick or visual humour when the children are playing with another gang. They are impersonating various people and Sammy pretends to be a professor with a bomb. The bomb is really a condom full of water and it explodes over the children. This makes the audience laugh without actually hearing any words spoken. However, æBlood BrothersÆ is not a straightforward comedy. There are elements of sadness, happiness, frustration and pain in the play. We experience conflict which balances the humour. There are examples of physical, verbal, overt and covert conflict throughout the play. The most notable example of physical conflict is when Mickey shoots Eddie. The audience are reminded of the superstition that the brothers would die if they were to find out they were in fact twins. This builds dramatic tension and then this tension dies away after the climax of the shooting. The verbal conflict in the play takes place mainly between the female characters. A striking example is when Mrs. Lyons goes in to Mrs. JohnstoneÆs house and they argue. The sentences are short - DonÆt lie! for example in order to create a build up of tension. This tension is released when Mrs. LyonÆs attempts to stab Mrs. Johnstone. Both these examples are also forms of overt conflict because they are meant to be seen. They release tension that builds in the preceding scenes. When Mrs. Lyons tactfully tries to stop Mrs. Johnstone holding Edward you can feel the atmosphere and sense her unhappiness and instability. This creates further tension, as the audience are frustrated because they canÆt prove what is going on. Dramatic irony is a key factor in this play. The best example is when Mickey takes Edward home for the first time saying Mam, this is my blood brother. Mickey and Eddie are unaware the full impact of this statement, but the audience are. Another example is when Edward doesnÆt tell his mother where he obtained the locket that contains a photo of Mickey and Mrs. Johnstone. He says ItÆs just a secret, everybody has a secrets, donÆt you have secrets? The audience begin to feel involved with the play and the suspense builds because they know Mrs. Lyons keeps the biggest secret of all. æBlood BrothersÆ is composed of fairly simple storylines. There is nothing too difficult to understand and it helps the audience to stay focused and involved with the action. The varied scene changes in the film work to keep the audience captivated, as does the upbeat, fast pace of the play. The music creates a dramatic atmosphere and keeps the audience on the edge of their seats. An incidence of this is when excitement is created by the sounds of a heartbeat rising to a crescendo. Overall I feel Willy Russell is very successful in sustaining the audienceÆs attention and involving them with his characters due to the effectiveness of his writing. The plotlines are simple yet captivating, and the characterisation is vivid and imaginative. It is easy to empathise with the emotions experienced by his characters which makes us care about what happens to them. Russell is also highly successful in building dramatic tension and the conclusion of the play is both shocking and thought provoking.

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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Four Functions of Management. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Four Functions of Management paper right on time.

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Four Functions of Management

Managing a successful business or organization requires healthy, ongoing leadership and management, planning, product and service development, marketing and financial management. To carry out these practices in a healthy manner, its important to first understand the basic territory in which these practices are carried out. There are four basic functions of management that lend themselves to accomplishing effective management. The focus of this brief is to discuss these management functions and their impact to the system requirements and design for the consumer order entry system for Verizon Communications.

Planning is selecting priorities and results (goals, objectives, etc.) and how those results will be achieved. Planning typically includes identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities, and dates for completion of tasks. Examples of planning are strategic planning, business planning, project planning, staffing planning, and advertising and promotions planning.

Organizing is allocating and configuring resources to accomplish the preferred goals and objectives establishing during the planning processes. It is also establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks, and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to jobholders.

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Leading is establishing direction and influencing people to follow that direction. An important element in leading is influencing peoples behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. The purpose of leading is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organizations mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives.

Controlling is monitoring and adjusting resources and processes to achieve goals and objectives in a highly effective and efficient fashion. It is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the organization's objectives, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive action as necessary. The control process is cyclical which means it is never finished. Controlling also leads to identification of new problems that in turn need to be addressed through establishment of performance standards and measures.

Within my own organization much of the planning function is performed at a much higher level within management. Executive plans are delivered at various intervals throughout the year. These plans provide us with timeframes and deliverable dates for our development and enhancement process. These plans and dates are always subject to change as economy or market demands dictate. However, my division must plan our activities and deliverables based on the content of the executive level plans. In our efforts to work within the overall plan organizing and controlling play very important roles. Resources must be allocated for various projects that are to be delivered on a specific date. Most often our commitment dates only allow for a short amount of development time. Controlling and monitoring the progress of the project is critical to its success. Occasionally problems are discovered that were not anticipated and as a result the delivery may be in jeopardy. When this occurs project managers and development leads are called together to discuss the issue, its impact, and possible solutions. It is these times when everybody involved must be sensitive to the issue and realize that time if of the essence. Effective leadership skills are vital to the situation, it is very important to communicate to the team that this is a team effort and participation and flexibility from everybody is expected. Effective leading and controlling can pull the team together to provide the most effective solution. Sometimes there may even be some options as opposed to only one solution that is acceptable to the client within the timeframe allotted. Management and supervision in my organization are clearly present. However, is widely known and accepted that without the individual contributors the organization would never meet their objectives. I can proudly say that I am fortunate enough to be part of a division where we have been successful in establishing a harmony between all the members of our development team, including managers, supervisors, and directors. References

Dessler, Gary (00). Management theory, practice, and application. Boston, MA Pearson

Custom Publishing.

Five Functions of Management (n.d.) Retrieved April , 00 from

http//www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~mgtexcel/Function.html

Ruggiero, V. R. (17). Thinking critically about ethical issues (4thed). [Special Edition Series].

Mountain View, CA Mayfield Publishing Co.

Skills and Practices in Organizational Management (n.d.) Retrieved April 14, 00 from

http//www.mapnp.org/library/mgmnt/

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Before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 001, most Americans thought little about counter-terrorism. Yet since the attacks, we as a nation have been on the verge of being obsessed with defeating terrorism. Under the leadership of President Bush, our government set out to actively eliminate terrorist groups. Any country harboring or aiding terrorism is a potential target. Currently, United States troops are deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq to fulfill this policy. These combat units are the tip of a spear, and in a sense, our first line of defense against terrorism. They are an integral part of our counter-terrorism efforts and are the most visible element. However, counter-terrorism is a team effort, and the team is very diverse. There are hundreds of civil, federal, and military organizations working together to combat terrorism. It is the purpose of this report to shed light upon these organizations and allow the reader to better understand the immense task at hand in countering terrorism and how these organizations are achieving that goal.

1. Definition of Terrorism

An old military adage states that to defeat your enemy, you must first understand him. This can be applied to the war on terrorism, but understanding terrorism is much more complicated than expected. For instance, there is no single definition of terrorism accepted by the international community. The United Nations cannot agree on a definition and accepts that it cannot do so. The complex nature of terrorism can be blamed for this. In fact, the labeling of an individual as a terrorist can depend on the observer. The Basque separatists in northern Spain are fighting to keep their culture intact and in some extreme cases, to create a sovereign Basque state. They occasionally use car bombs, kidnappings, and assassinations to try to break away from the Spanish government. To the Basques, this is a just fight for freedom, but to the Spanish government and people, this is a terrorist organization that poses an immediate threat. So essentially the definition of terrorism lies in the "eye of the beholder". Despite the difficulty in defining terrorism, there are elements of terrorism that are agreed upon. Most would agree upon three basic components the perpetrator, the victim, and the target of the violence (Badey, 18). Another element of terrorism is scale. Early terrorism was very limited in scale. Groups did not have the ability to range very far in their attacks. Now we live in the age of globalization, and with the rise of globalization, terrorism has become an international phenomenon. Because of this, terrorism must be dealt with on an international scale (Ganor, 18). This leads into the importance of defining terrorism and agreeing upon that definition. Without common definition of terrorism, governments cannot create effective international strategies to deal with terrorism (Ganor, 18). In the United States, the Department of State has defined terrorism, and this definition has become our single, official definition. This definition of terrorism is given in Section 1 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) in the USA PATRIOT Act of 001 (See appendix A).

Section 1(a) () (B) of the INA serves as the criteria under which potential terrorist groups are judged. This section of the INA is given in Appendix B. So what exactly constitutes a terrorist organization? As we discussed earlier, one person may view an individual as a freedom fighter while another person would view the individual as a terrorist. The actual designation of a group as a Foreign Terrorist Organization or FTO is a complex undertaking. The first step in identifying potential FTOs is through worldwide intelligence gathering that is overseen by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the State Department or "S/CT" (Foreign, 00). The S/CT looks at not only whether or not the group has committed terrorist acts according to Section 1 of the INA, but also the planning and preparations for future attacks. After identifying potential "targets" the S/CT will gather all available information concerning the terrorist activities of the group and present this to the Secretary of State. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, decides to make the designation, Congress is notified and given seven days to review the designation, as mandated in the INA. Once approved, the designation will last two years. During the two years the Secretary of State can update the designation as required. After the two-year designation, the designation can be reinstated through the same process if the Secretary of State deems it necessary (Department, 00). On another hand, an Act of Congress can revoke any designation at any time.

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Obviously defining what terrorism is and who terrorists are is a very daunting task. But by establishing the criteria that defines terrorism, it becomes easier for government agencies to focus their search for terrorist groups. This criterion essentially serves as a guideline. Once the entire process is completed, and the government has a defined terrorist group, they can then create policy and strategies to counter and eliminate the threat.

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I can very much relate to the book The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. My mother and father are from Haiti, but my sisters and I were born in the United States. Therefore, I can very much relate to the major theme in the novel, the difficulty of preserving one's heritage and culture when one immigrates to a foreign country.

Although all four of the mothers (Suyuan, Ying-ying, AnMei, and Lindo) have terrible experiences in China, they love their native land even after they come to America. When they have children, they try to teach them about China and its customs and traditions. The children, however, are not interested in the past. Born in America, Jing-Mei, Lena, Rose, and Waverly all want to minimize their Chinese appearance and heritage. They all want to look like and be accepted as Americans. During the course of the novel, each of the daughters realizes the strength and dignity of her mother and, to differing degrees, learns to appreciate her Chinese heritage.

The four mothers all want the best for their daughters. They want them to have all the advantages that America has to offer, but they also want them to live their Chinese heritage and exemplify the Chinese values. All four mothers, however, feel that their daughters have become so Americanized that they have lost their ways. The mothers realize that the daughters struggle with who they are because they have never had to fight or suffer. Life has been easy for them; as a result, they have not built the strength or character that Suyuan, An-Mei, Ying-ying, and Lindo were forced to build because of what they endured in China and what they had to endure as first generation immigrants to America. The mothers finally tell their daughters about there suffering in hopes of inspiring them and giving them strength. When the daughters begin to appreciate the spirits of their mothers and their Chinese heritage, they become stronger and happier women. In accepting there, past and blending it with their present identify, Jing-Mei, Waverly, Lena, and Rose all become more wholesome.

Amy tan demonstrates this theme by taking a different approach on outlining the importance of emerging culture. From focusing on text and themes to critical analysis and negative opinions, these sources include various angles of which cross-cultural is viewed. With these angles, the entire idea of crossing culture becomes appreciated on a more scholarly level. First Tan defines the trans/ cultural experience. Than she shows the mother and daughter realizing their place within a society in how this reflect part of their identity. She also does this by depicting some life like ancient Chinese stories. The main conflict of the story both the mothers and the daughters struggle with identity issues the mothers attempt to balance their Chinese pasts with their American presents and the daughters attempt to balance between independence and loyalty to their heritage.

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The book is organized into four sections, two devoted to the mothers and two devoted to the daughters, with the exception of June. The first section, understandably, is about the mothers childhoods in China, the period of time during which their personalities were molded, giving the reader a better sense of their true selves, since later in the book the daughters view their mothers in a different and unflattering light. Tan does this so the reader can see the stories behind both sides and so as not to judge either side unfairly. This section, titled "Feathers From a Thousand Li Away," is aptly named, since it describes the heritage of the mothers in China, a legacy that they wished to bestow on their daughters, as the little story in the beginning signifies. For many years, the mothers did not tell their daughters their stories until they were sure that their wayward offspring would listen, and by then, it is almost too late to make them understand their heritage that their mothers left behind, long ago, when they left China.

The second and third sections are about the daughters lives, and the vignettes in each section trace their personality growth and development. Through the eyes of the daughters, we can also see the continuation of the mothers stories, how they learned to cope in America. In these sections, Amy Tan explores the difficulties in growing up as a Chinese-American and the problems assimilating into modern society. The Chinese-American daughters try their best to become Americanized, at the same time casting off their heritage while their mothers watch on, dismayed. Social pressures to become like everyone else, and not to be different are what motivate the daughters to resent their nationality. Being Haitian and American I can definitely relate to this. I have also felt like sometime I do not belong around my classmates as Tan's character has. This is partly the reason why most of my friends are also Haitian American. We share the same culture, and language, and our parents are very similar and their ideas and beliefs.

In conclusion, Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a real, extraordinary piece on how other cultures that migrate to the United States tries to conserve their energy and how the offspring's of those immigrants feel.

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DATA COLLECTION PAPER

Statement of the Problem

This research project will investigate the market in the Northern Virginia area to sustain a new Fairfax Realty Incorporated real estate brokerage firm. Fairfax Realty has been in existence for 14 years and has expanded from one brokerage firm to 7 real estate brokerage locations and real estate settlement companies. The research will establish if is will be profitable to open more branches. The second consideration that this research will have is determining the best locations in the DC metropolitan.

Background information on the problem

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There is an interesting set of circumstances to consider when establishing the placement of a real estate brokerage branch. Not only, does there need to be a market for customers whom are seeking homeownership. There also has to be a pool of real estate agents that can sell the homes. There is steep competition to attract the top producers to sell for your branch.

The way in which Fairfax Realty has to court the most talented agents by being completely unique. Other real estate franchises charge ridiculous fees for everything from signs to administrative work. Fairfax Realty decided to charge no extra charges for anything.

Other real estate franchises require agents to perform desk duty on a rotating basis. This practice hinders one of the most valuable assets to any real estate agent flexibility. Fairfax Realty remedied this concern by hiring full time receptionists and administrative staff.

Other real estate franchises hold mandatory Tuesday sales meetings. Fairfax Realty agents have no mandatory meeting at all. All the sales support they need is given threw the Managing Brokers and for the most part these coaching sessions are one on one addressing the needs of specific transactions.

The Methodology of the Research

The data will be gathered using a variety of different avenues and by using the Multiple Listing Services, as well as, other computer software that is available only to licensed agents to perform the composites of each area.

The demographics of the buyers will be researched in formulating the proper marketing materials.

The surveys will be collected in a very similar way to the census. The questions on the surveys will be open and closed ended. The survey will be given face to face so that the information will be readily available for use. Responses to each item will be scored using a scaled method to make it easier to find correlations.

In areas were the populations speaks a certain language, there will be bilingual staff to assist. The surveys will be printed in a number of languages and dialects to accommodate the diversity in the Northern Virginian population.

Description of the population/sample

The research project will be conducted from January 00 to January 004. I believe that is it completely necessary to research for an entire year because real estate is so cyclic. The sample will consist of 50 residences from each county in Northern Virginia.

These homeowners and prospective homeowners data will be collected through a variety of different ways mainly by information obtained by Fairfax Realty, Inc., the US Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Census, HUD and the Housing Authority.The surveys will not go too deeply into detail. The main focus is are you going to buy or sell in the near future? If you have recently done so, what where the deciding factors went into how you choose an agent and a brokerage firm.

THE STRATEGY BEHIND DATA COLLECTION

My strategy is simplistic; it is to meet the needs of the homebuyers in the Northern Virginian area. The information that will be collected will be the primary source of reasoning in the next strategic business move, this why it is imperative that there is a number of various methods utilized in gathering information. I feel that there the real estate market is very understudied even though it is an essential staple the United States economy.

To me this means going out to the homes of past homebuyers and contacting prospective homebuyers. It is also critical to have bilingual surveyors that can speak comfortably with people from many different backgrounds.

I have decided to utilize other sources such as HUD and the Housing Authority to gather information this is important because the more unbiased the information the more useful. I am attempting to find out why homebuyers use brokerage firms in a natural state and when the questions/ atmosphere is too staged than the answer tend to follow a marked pattern.

It is not the intention of Fairfax Realty to create a situation that serves as a false go ahead to build an additional franchise but we want to look at the fact and make a decision based on the truth and what is best for the organization as a whole as well as the customers.

Dependent and Independent Variables descriptions

The independent variable is the homebuyer because home will be brought regardless to any other factors. The dependant variable is the brokerage firm/ realtor and all the things that those things encompass such as location, usefulness, etc.

DIVISION OF HOUSING-NEEDS ASSESSMENT

Website at www.ci.boulder.co.us/hshhs/Links/needs.htm

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX

website at ecampus.phoenix.edu

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As a child, and as an adult, I have always been a little envious of child superstars. Wouldn't it be great to have all that money and fame as a child? Life would be so easy. I use to only dream something like that would happen to me. After reading F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Early Success" though, I began to change my mind. Maybe it wouldn't be so great to become a success at such an early age. I would miss out on so much.

Fitzgerald had dreams of becoming a successful writer. He struggled for a couple of years in jobs he didn't like just to make ends meet. Then almost overnight, at the young age of twenty-four, he became a success when his first novel was accepted to be published. Fitzgerald made a lot of money and even had people ask him for advice. He felt on top of the world; his dreams had come true. However, as time went on, the success lost its glamour. He no longer felt like he was being himself, for he had changed from an amateur into a professional writer. Fitzgerald realized that success "is a short and precious time - for when the mist rises in a few weeks, or a few months, one finds that the very best is over" (00). When his novel was published Fitzgerald exclaimed, "I had reached a stage of manic depressive insanity. Rage and bliss alternated hour by hour" (0). He was on an emotional roller coaster; but why? He had accomplished his dreams, hadn't he? To answer this question I began to take a look at my own life.

My dream was to go to college after I graduated high school and eventually become a child psychologist, but that is not what happened. Shortly after I graduated, I moved out on my own and worked hard to support myself. During this time, I had made some friends who lied to me and eventually used me. I had a lot to learn about the harsh world I lived in. I soon met my husband; we married and had two children. Neither my husband nor I had much money, so we had to struggle to meet our needs. I was a very impatient person and complained often about our situation. I soon went into a deep depression. Nothing was going the way I had planned. I felt hopeless. I couldn't even take care of my own children. My husband had to stay home from work many times to help with the children, and as a result he was laid off. At that point I hit rock bottom. Then an opportunity came for my husband to go to school and be retrained for a great career. Instead of being happy for him though, I was mad and jealous. I wanted to be the one to go to school, not him. It was also going to take him two years to finish school and get a job. I thought, two more years of struggling? I didn't think I could do it, but I had no choice.

Although those few years were the most difficult in my life, I learned to accept my situation, and I matured greatly. Patience was not one of my virtues, but as time went on, I discovered that if my family was going to succeed it was going to take time. We had to take many small steps and have a lot of patience to reach our goals. I eventually became happy for my husband, who was doing so well in school. My children were also teaching me coping skills I never knew I needed. The struggles I endured made me a stronger person and taught me the values in life. I had made the transformation from a child into an adult; I had become confident in who I was.

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Fitzgerald, however, looked back in his life and realized he was successful at too young of an age. He began to see that "The compensation of a very early success is a conviction that life is a romantic matter. In the best sense one stays young. When the primary objects of love and money could be taken for granted and a shaky eminence had lost its fascination" (0). Fitzgerald would often look back on his life, wistfully remembering himself as the young man who still had struggles and dreams to work for and accomplish. He felt empty, for he had no more dreams to live for.

Fitzgerald once said, "Premature success gives one an almost mystical conception of destiny as opposed to will power. The man who arrives young believes that he exercises his will because his star is shining. The man who only asserts himself at thirty has a balanced idea of what will power and fate have each contributed, the one who gets there at forty is liable to put the emphasis on will alone" (0). There are many lessons to be learned as people start life on their own, out of the comfort and shelter of their parents. When one becomes successful at a young age, there has not been a chance to learn the values of life. Making it through hardships is what forms a mature person. To me, being successful means being able to cope with the hand life has dealt and being content with it. Becoming successful at an older age allows one to apply the values and lessons that he or she has learned through out life. If I had gone to college right after high school, I might have missed the many lessons I've learned, and I'm sure I still have many more to learn for I am only twenty-four. These lessons and values are essential in one's life in order to be truly successful and to be able to enjoy what has been so hard earned.

7 words

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Early Success." Findings Readings for Critical Writing. Ed. Lewis Meyers. Lexington D.C. Heath, 16. 1-0.

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What type of organizational culture is most representative of IKEA family, Eiffel

Tower, guided missile or incubator?

-The type of organizational culture, which is most representative of IKEA, is family

culture. A family culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on hierarchy and

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orientation to the person. I believe that family culture is most representative in IKEA

because of its leader and founder, Ingvar Kamprad, philosophy. Ingvar is viewed as a

caring parent and one who knows what is best for the personnel and the company as

whole, He implemented his philosophy of how to run the business in the simplest way

possible and that is why Ikea's management style is described as informal, open and

caring. What can be understood from these success factors is that Kamprad plays a big

role in the success of the company. He has always been the "center" of the business, and

will probably continue to be until he passes away. Komrad has provided economic

stability and career paths for his employees and the coming generations. Kamprad has

been involved in the company as a leader from the start. He has always been the front

figure for IKEA and is a very charismatic leader. In his business, he has been responsible

for the company's culture, so the presence of strength and character in him, is one of the

most significant factors in the development of the culture. Kamprad strong belief in his

tasks create a kind of magnetism to which followers are drawn.

. In what way has international culture proved to be a challenge for IKEA?

-International culture proved to be a challenge for Ikea because they were set on there

way of doing business. Komprad was set on his organizational culture philosophy, and

was not going to change it. According to the text book, one of Ikea's manager said, "

When we entered a new country we did things our way. The idea was to be Ikea

everywhere After all, our furniture is a cultural statement." Going international with that

kind of attitude toward other cultures proved the Ikea way to be wrong to a certain point.

For example Ikea had a difficult time in instituting their Ikea philosophy. Ikea found that

the Germans are very disciplined and precise. They do exactly what they are told by there

boss, and they need everything in writing. This was a challenge for Ikea, because part of

their philosophy was that employees should take responsibility for themselves, and they

don't need a manual or guide in order to do their work. While in France, the Ikea

management was perceived as weak or indecisive because of their informality philosophy

in the work place. The French are used to having formal rules and a strong hierarchy.

. What are the three things that Ikea had to learn in order to do business effectively

in the United States?

- Ikea had to first change its range of furniture's, because although they were

attracting business, the range of furniture was unsuited to the Americans standards. Some

examples of the poor furniture standards for the Americans are

ɨ Ikea's largest beds were five inches narrower than the king size beds that most

Americans preferred.

ɨ Ikea's sofa and armchair were too lightly designed for the Americans.

ɨ Ikea didn't offer any furniture suitable for home entertainment centers.

Another thing that Ikea learned in order to do business effectively was the realization of

the Americans need for convenience in Ikea's store. The Americans like the stores to be

big, with enough information to reduce any additional efforts on their part and to save

time. In order to accommodate the Americans, Ikea decided to change its store layout to

cater to the Americans need.

The third thing that Ikea had to change to do business effectively in the United States was

to grant more autonomy to the American country management. By doing so, the

management team had a little bit more flexibility in running the business effectively.

4. How well has the company been able to deal with the diversity issue? What else

does it still need to do?

Ikea has been able to make some change regarding diversity issues, but is still facing

a lot of challenges. For example Ikea has initiated an American performance review

procedures, which requires documenting the employees' performance, but the Swedish

management team is very uncomfortable with the idea. The Ikea corporation challenges

for diversity are opportunity for advancement, pay increases, and having a diverse

management team.

Many employees feel that there isn't any room for advancement in the company. It seems

that the corporation makes it very difficult for people to advance due to the requirements

they have. Most of the senior management are all Swedish, thus putting everyone else,

who is not Swedish, at a disadvantage for any promotions in the senior management

level. Due to this strict requirement, Ikea has lost many key managers in the United

States.

As far as the pay increases, after the performance reviews were initiated in the United

States, the Swedish management team still did not provide adequate compensation based

on merit. It seems the Swedish management teams are still stuck on the original

organizational culture philosophy of Komprad.

Ikea management team is composed primarily of Swedish origins. Ikea has been trying to

focus in increasing American managers in the US stores, in order to have a balanced

diverse team.

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The Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group

1. The stand out strategy-shaping economic characteristics of the U.S. Hotel industry are

· Price Segmentation

· Customer Segmentation

· Global Presence

· Brand Management

The key success factors for competing in the "boutique hotel Niche" are to separate yourself from your competitors. There has to be a reason that people want to go and stay that the hotel. The non-hotel like food is clearly a key factor in this niche because the specific people that are being targeted are not the type of people who go for the ordinary restaurant. The people that come to this hotel are not the generic people and expect something not expected from a hotel chain.

Service is key point as well The Kimpton Group makes sure that it gets back to the guest by the end of the day with any complaints or questions. This is very satisfying to the customers.

. Kimpton's Business level approach to competing in the industry is

· Low-cost purchase land and buildings

· Greater latitude in product/service offerings at comparable profit margins.

· Customer Service

· Effective Utilization of technology

· Brand Loyalty

· Employee training and development

· Complementary services

· Revenue management systems

· Clean and comfortable Lodging

· Strategic alliances

· Conveniences in making reservations

· Access to growth capital

· Value-added services.

These allow the Kimpton Group to keep ahead of its competitors with better numbers than the hotels it competes with.

The Companies strategy is adequately aligned with the industry and competitive conditions. The Kimpton Group competes with hotel chains that are more expensive and bigger than they are yet they are. Kimpton Group maintained a 67 percent share of the market in San Francisco and the closest hotel in their niche was sharing only a 0 percent share in the market. The Kimpton Group has managed to create a 5 star atmosphere in a 4 star hotel. They offer a warmer feeling that that of most of the other hotel.

. The Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group organizational structure and approach to decision making does aid in the successful implementation of its strategy. The general managers of the individual hotels are encouraged to set them selves apart from the other properties. Each manager gives the property they oversee a different touch that makes each of the properties different so that when you go to one hotel owned by the Kimpton group it is not exactly like any one that you have visited before. Each of the properties seem to take on its own personality and that is projected to the guest which gives them a different look every time they visit a new property.

Kimpton Group also follows a strategy that is call the mongoose strategy. The Kimpton Group has successfully used this strategy to effectively buy properties that fit their niche. Implementation of this strategy has allowed the group to financially benefit from their acquisitions by paying a dramatically low price for a piece of property that is worth much more.

4. The Kimpton Group has utilized its financial assets by effectively by not building from scratch every hotel it looks to build. The Kimpton Group decided that it will look for a specific type of hotel that fits its niche and then it will go after that hotel or building. One of their criteria is for certain aspects of the building that they purchase to be in relatively good order, and they usually will make the face of the hotel over. There strategy when looking for opportunities to expand is to look for the undervalued assets so that they can turn this in to a boutique hotel.

When the Kimpton Group places a location on its radar as a potential place for a new hotel it keeps that on its radar. Keeping places on its radar has paid off in the past for the Kimpton Group. They originally bid $10 million on a property on were out bid by $5 million, but they waited 7 years and were eventually able to pick up the property for $5 million dollars.

The Kimpton Group also supports its restaurants, which are considered a separate operation from the hotels. These restaurants are specifically designed not to give the people that go to the restaurants a feel of a hotel restaurant. The resaurants are kept separate from the hotel, which leaves some value chains unconnected. This is not the best use of their finances, they could connect the value chains and still have the restaurant managed and operated separate from the hotel.

Kimpton Group has successfully managed its finances to build a hotel chain that is respected and valued.

5. The Kimpton Group should start to expand out in to the south or the east where they do not currently have a presence. This successful hotel would do well in major cities where people strive to look for a four star hotel with a five star feeling to it.

I think that its further expansion into other parts of the country will not impact is strategy at all. I believe that the Kimpton Group can maintain its strategy that it was founded on while still expanding in to other parts of the country. There are many old rundown hotels all over the country that would fit its strategy.

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The Bubonic Plague, also known as Black Death, is one of the most mysterious and powerful epidemics known to mankind and it's impact on the Middle Ages resulted in countless deaths and left millions begging for mercy. The Bubonic Plague "cut like a scythe through Europe's cities and countryside, killing tens of millions." (Time Life Books 11).

Plagues in general have been around for 000 years, but no plague has affected an age in history to the extent that the Bubonic Plague affected the Middle Ages. "The disease occurred in huge pandemics that destroyed the entire population of cities throughout the Middle Ages." ("Plague"). The deadly disease first arrived in Europe when a ship docked in Messina, Sicily in 147. Carriers of the disease include brown rats, marmots, and prairie dogs, but in this case it was the infected rats that unleashed the Bubonic Plague upon humanity. Xenopsylla cheopis is the flea that attaches itself to the rat, thus exposing the rat to the Bubonic Plague (Osheim). During these times of suffering, Black Death or Bubonic Plague, were not common names for the epidemic. People referred to it as Pestilence or the "Great Morality" ("Plague"). The origins of this devastating disease was just the beginning to a period of panic and a period of fear

(Osheim).

Bubonic Plague did not just take the lives of people, but it made its presence felt as a variety of different symptoms destroyed every infected person's will to live. The initial symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, aching joints, and a general feeling of ill health. After the initial symptoms, the body's temperature rises to temperatures between 101 105 F. The pulse rate also begins to increase and the respiratory system begins to slow down causing difficulty to breath. Bubonic Plague is characterized by egg-sized swellings called buboes, thus the origin of its name. Buboes appear in the armpits, groin, or neck. Some cases are not as severe as others and usually the victim does not suffer from the wrath that the Bubonic Plague can attain ("Plague").

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Bubonic Plague is fatal 0-75 % of the time and it is the most common form of the plague, but not the only form. Plague also consists of other related forms including Pneumonic Plague and Septicemic Plague. Pneumonic Plague is diagnosed when the lung is the site of the infection. It is often transmitted by droplets sprayed from the lungs and mouth of an infected person. The disease is 5% fatal. Septicemic Plague occurs when the lung infection spreads to the blood. It is nearly 100% fatal, but usually the plague does not reach this phase. One form of plague may be worse than the other, but all forms ultimately result in one death after another ("Plague").

During the Middle Ages, the Bubonic Plague did not attack a certain class of people or a certain ethnicity, but instead created a path of destruction throughout all of Europe. The Bubonic Plague spread its deadly symptoms harshly and rapidly to all classes of Medieval Times whether they were king, queen, rich or poor. The Bubonic Plague affected every living person one way or another causing people to live in fear and anxiety for centuries. "Some victims could go to bed in seemingly perfect health and be dead by morning." (Time Life Books 1). The Bubonic Plague's devastation created a multitude of problems in society. The Jews were wrongly believed to be deliberately poisoning the air or water and were brutally attacked. Governments were forced to adjust to the social disruption caused by the plague. Landlords tried to collect larger sums of money from farmers which paved the way for the English Peasants Revolt in 181. The plague also impacted the arts greatly. The primary impact on painting and sculpture was the newly rich survivors willingness to buy religious art for churches even though much of the art in the duration of the Bubonic Plague's existence had much to do with death. These religious paintings were in hope of no more future plagues. The belief of the cause of the plague was a very debatable subject, but the majority of people believed that it was a punishment from God, which is the reason why they referred to the epidemic as the "Great Morality"(Time Life Books 17). In just 4 years, from 147-151, the Bubonic Plague took the lives of 50 million Europeans, one third of Europe's population. In some cities up to 50% of the population was destroyed. The conditions after and during the plague were terrible. Overcrowded cities with poor sanitation were ideal incubators for the disease. In London, the dead were buried in graves six feet deep and wide, and one hundred yards long (Time Life Books 140). Every area that had been exposed to the deadly epidemic was a deathtrap and those living shared the same fate as those dead (Time Life Books 141).

The disappearance of the plague is still a mystery, but scientists have suggested that larger uninfected rats replaced the smaller infected ones that were carrying the disease (Osheim).

All in all, the Bubonic Plague was a force not to be dealt with. It has caused centuries of misery and disarray and has killed more than any epidemic in history. The brutal tactics of Bubonic Plague caused suffering unlike any other and the impact this epidemic had on the Middle Ages, has revolutionized the contemporary world leaving everlasting effects and changing the course of history forever (Osheim).

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During the Italian Renaissance Raphael was one of the most influential artists. He painted many brilliant pieces, mastering the use of depth, perspective, and the use of shadow and light. Throughout his life, Raphael used the Madonna as a reoccurring subject in his work. One example of this subject is the Madonna of the Candelabra. This dark shadowy portrayal exemplifies the pure and humanistic ideals of the Madonna that made Raphael's versions so well known and loved throughout the ages. The timeless beauty and grace that he captured and the realistic qualities of his work are unparalleled.

The Madonna of the Candelabra is oil on panel, a medium common to the time. It was completed between 151 and 1514, and stands 5 /16 by 5 7/8 inches. The Madonna of the Candelabra is a part of the permanent collection of the Walters Art Museum located in Baltimore, Maryland. When purchased by collector Henry Walters in the early 100's it was the first Raphael Madonna to be incorporated into an American collection(www.thewalters.org). This painting was originally in the Borghese Collection in Rome, and changed hands numerously before it reached its present location(Camesasca 111). The way that Raphael positioned the Christ Child and Mary suggests that she was looking towards the infant John the Baptist that originally occupied the lower right of the painting. This conclusion comes from an earlier documentation of the original work. Although recognized as authentic, the exact compilation of artists that contributed to this work has been scrutinized(Camesasca 11).

Throughout his portrayals of the Madonna, Raphael seems to strive to create a lifelike image that would actually personify the Virgin to the viewer, rather than to put her out of reach by describing her as an object and not a human being. Most of his Madonnas are a result of earlier pen sketches that he used as studies of the human form and position for his later paintings. He seemed to go over the areas that he believed needed further work with darker strokes of the pen. He always strived for the perfect rendition of a naturalistic pose. His next quandary was the landscapes that would determine the location, be it a field or as in the case of the Madonna of the Candelabra, a shadowy curtained area. He was said to have had his apprentices pose so that he could capture just the right position that Mary would assume in the painting as related to the landscape(Pope-Hennessy 180).

While Raphael was influenced by other artists of the time, such as Michelangelo and Leonardo, he remained unique in his individual style. Raphael began to use the previous renditions of the Madonna as an influence. The symbolism of the Madonna is that of beauty and grace while incorporating a sense of pureness associated with her. The use of the candles in this particular Madonna show the light of Christ that is being brought into the world by Mary. She is giving birth to the light of the world, according to the Christian faith. The halos around her head and the head of Christ add to the feeling of holiness that the painting was intended to imply. The other figures appear to be angels overlooking the mother and child, as if guardians from heaven sent to watch over them like a shepherd watches over

his sheep. There is no reason that this painting was named the Madonna of the Candelabra other than the fact of the presence of the glowing candles in the background. Raphael didn't tend to name his work, but rather they picked up their names over the years to differentiate them from the other Madonnas that he completed.

While Raphael painted many Madonnas all with slightly different schematics, the Madonna of the Candelabra is very similar to others painted during that time. When compared to the Madonna of the Fish the similarities become clear. Both of these versions of the Madonna and child include other characters in the work, be it the Archangel and the young Tobias in the Madonna of the Fish, or the two angel-like characters in the Madonna of the Candelabra. The expressions on each of the supporting characters plays the roles of adoration, respect and nervousness to approaching the throne of the Virgin. Also in both works, and most other Madonnas, the Virgin does not look directly at the infant. Her gaze is either cast downward, in the case of the Madonnas of the Candelabra and the Fish. Stylistically, however, the Madonna of the Fish is much more in depth including greater detail than what can be seen in the cropped version. This is largely due to the way that the Madonna of the Candelabra has been made into a circle deleting perhaps another character, probably John the Baptist, as earlier noted.

Although Raphael lived a relatively short life, he completed some of the most beloved paintings that have withstood the ultimate test of time. The way that he gave the viewer an intimate look into the person called "The Madonna" was like no other. He gives her a quality of life and realness that no other

artist has been able to capture since that time.

Camesasca, Ettore. All The Paintings of Raphael. New York Hawthorn Books,INC,16.

Pope-Hennessy, John. Raphael. New York University Press, 170.

WWW.thewalters.org. 00.

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