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Women have not had it easy in the workplace. They have faced many setbacks throughout the years in achieving equality in the workplace. Even though the women's movement has made great strides for equality, they have a long way to go. This paper is going to examine some forms of discrimination and harassment that women face in the workplace such as pay discrimination, pregnancy discrimination, and hostile work environment. This paper will first take a look at the history of the women's movement and what women can do if they encounter sexual harassment or discrimination in their workplace.

The history of the women's movement dates back to July 1, 1848. According to the National Womens History Project (NWHP), it was that day that Elizabeth Cady Stanton was having tea with four women friends when they began to discuss the situation of women in the new country. Stanton discussed her discontent with her friends and they agreed with her. From that day the five women had set their sights high, they were planning a convention so they could discuss social, civil, and religious conditions, and also the rights of woman (NWHP). They decided that the gathering would take place at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls on July 1 and 0, 1848 (NWHP).

The Seneca Falls Convention was indeed a stepping-stone for the women's rights movement. This convention sparked other conventions nation wide, something that the original founders optimistically hoped for (NWHP). Conventions were held every year from 1850 to the civil war (NWHP). Some of these conventions drew such a crowd that people had to be turned away due to a lack of meeting room (NWHP). Though this is a small piece of early women's right's history, a common misconception of many people in today's society is that the woman's right's movement started in the 160's (Freeman 515).

Though the women's right's movement never stopped, the "Second Wave" began in the 160's. A few new issues sparked off this new second wave that women wanted gain equality for, one of them was equal pay (Freeman 515). Because of the large number of American women taking jobs in the early 160s, newspapers published separate job listings for men and women. Jobs were categorized according to sex, with the higher level jobs listed almost exclusively under "Help Wanted, Male" (Freeman 516). In some cases the ads ran identical jobs under male and female listings but with separate pay scales (Freeman 516). Though the ads were separate, they were unequal as well. Women between 150 and 160 with full time jobs earned on average between 5-64 cents for every dollar their male counterparts earned in the same job (Freeman 517). It wasnt until the passage of the Equal Pay Act on June 10, 16 that it became illegal to pay women lower rates for the same job strictly on the basis of their sex (Freeman 517). Demonstrable differences in seniority, merit, the quality or quantity of work, or other considerations might merit different pay Freeman (51-0). Women have been fighting strong since the start of the women's movement at the Seneca Falls Convention, they continue to fight today, and will keep fighting in the future for the rights they deserve.

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For generations women have been the victims of sexual harassment in the workplace. One form of discrimination that women have been victims of is pregnancy discrimination. Pregnancy discrimination is when the employer refuses to hire a woman because she is pregnant. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 178, Title VII of the 164 Civil Rights Act, and the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1 specifically prohibits discrimination because of pregnancy. Employers cannot refuse to employ or fire a woman based on her pregnant condition (USA Today, Wren). Also, state maternity and parental leave laws provide for a specific number of weeks that a parent may take off for the birth or the adoption of a child (USA Today).

There have also been cases where women have been denied promotions because their bosses could not rely on a pregnant assistant (Elmer). Actions toward pregnant women such as this result from outdated beliefs that pregnant women are unproductive, sickly, and delicate. Yet these mistakes have cost employers millions of dollars because pregnancy discrimination violates federal laws (Elmer). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission reported that pregnancy discrimination complaints nationwide have increased 40 percent in the first half of the 10's, from ,000 in 11 to 4,11 in 15 (Wren 61).

There are reported cases of pregnancy discrimination from all states. One case in particular involves a Louisiana bank teller (Wren 61). The president of the bank was very impressed with the work of one of his employees (Wren 61). Two months into the woman's pregnancy he had decide to promote her to his personal assistant, a position that was sought by many of the bank's employees (Wren 6). In her excitement, she had told him that the promotion was the second most exciting thing that happen to her that week (Wren 6). When her boss asked about the first exciting event, she told him that she just had discovered she was going to have a baby. The president was not happy and told her that he could not rely on a pregnant assistant (Wren 6). He withdrew the promotion and the lady left the office and returned to her position as a teller (Wren 6).

Another form of discrimination that women face in the workforce is pay discrimination. Equal pay has been the law since 16. But today, women still are paid less than men even when they do similar work and have similar education, skills and experience. In 18, the AFL-CIO reported that women were paid 7 cents for every dollar men received. After breaking it down even further that come to $7 less to spend on groceries, housing, childcare, or other expenses for every $100 worth of work that women do (AFL-CIO).

Jobs that are usually held by women pay less than jobs traditionally held by men even if they require the same education, skills, and responsibilities (Barko 61). For example, stock and inventory clerks, who are mostly men, earn about $470 a week, while general office clerks who are mostly women and earn only $61 a week (Barko 61). Women also dont have equal job opportunities. A newly hired woman may get a lower paying assignment than a man starting work at the same time for the same employer. That first job starts her career path and can lead to a lifetime of lower pay (Barko 6). Women also dont have an equal chance at promotions, training and apprenticeships because all these opportunities affect pay, women dont move up the earnings ladder like men do (Barko 6).

An employer who pays women less than men just because they are women is guilty of sex discrimination. Two federal laws, an executive order and state and local laws prohibit pay discrimination against women (ALF-CIO, Barko, U.S. Department of Labor). The first federal law is called the Equal Pay Act. Under the Equal Pay Act it is unlawful to pay women less than men for work that is substantially equal, unless the pay difference is based on seniority, experience or other legitimate factors (Barko 61). The next federal law is Title VII. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 164, covers employers with 15 or more workers prohibits a range of discrimination including paying women less than men even when their jobs are different if the reason for the pay difference is gender (AFL-CIO). Title VII also bars discrimination against women in hiring, promotion, training, discipline and other job aspects and makes sexual harassment against women workers illegal (AFL-CIO, U.S. Department of Labor ). There is also one Executive Order that was approved by President Lyndon Johnson to protect women from wage discrimination. Executive Order 1146, which is described by the U.S. Department of Labor as a directive that applies the protections of the Equal Pay Act and Title VII to companies that receive federal contracts.

The third form of sexual harassment that women face is called hostile work environment. A hostile work environment is created when an employee is made to feel uncomfortable because of his or her sex (Wallis 18). This can include using obscene gestures or explicit language, posting lewd pictures, sharing adult magazines, making unwelcome sexual advances, or talking about sex in an offensive manner (Sharf, Wallis). Men would treat women in the shop like they would treat their wives or sisters (Sharf). All these behaviors could be very disturbing for an employee.

It was this kind of a situation that got Ford Motor Company into trouble. Some employees consistently made derogatory remarks to female employees, displayed pornographic pictures in common work areas, and wrote sexual graffiti on factory walls (Wallis 18). The environment was so hostile to female employees that it made it difficult for them to do their jobs effectively (Wallis 18-). Another form of sexual harassment is called quid pro quo harassment. Quid pro quo harassment is when a supervisor is threatening to fire, not promote, or deny preferential duty to an employee if she doesnt have sex with him (Wenk). Quid pro quo is a Latin term meaning "this for that," as in negotiating a trade (Wenk). For example, "Sleep with me, and Ill make sure you get that promotion;" "sleep with me or youre fired." When an employees position, advancement, or salary depends on agreeing to an unwelcome sexual advance from a boss or higher ranking employee, thats quid pro quo (Wenk).

These are just three of the many forms of discrimination and harassment that some women go through at the workplace. Now that there has been a preview of some of the horrific abuses that women face at work lets look into some the procedures that women can if they encounter harassment or discrimination in the workplace.

If a woman is subjected to any form of sexual harassment the most important thing to remember is that its not her fault. Sexual harassment is not really about sex at all. It is about power, and sex is merely the means to exert control (Wallis 1). Dont be quiet. If a woman is being brushed up against in an inappropriate manner, she should state loud enough for anyone nearby to hear, "Please dont touch me. It makes me very uncomfortable." Her actions will make the offender back off because every eye in the office will on him (Wallis 1). Dont be nice. Sometimes you just have to be firm. Dont make excuses for saying no. If you offer justifications, harassers will always have a comeback (Wallis 1). Dont be afraid to speak up. A staff meeting is a good place to bring up the subject. Without naming names, but with the offender in the room, sketch the nature of the harassment and ask the group if you were right to feel troubled (Wallis 1). Next, say you expect the harassment to stop or youll file an official complaint (Wallis 1). There are several routes that a woman can take if she experiences civil right violations such as equal pay discrimination, pregnancy discrimination, or if a woman feels that she has been unfairly overlooked for promotion opportunities. Some state laws are sometimes harsher than federal laws, you can contact your state department of labor or human and civil rights agencies if you experience a problem, or you may file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (USA Today).

It has been 154 years since the start of the women's movement and since then women have come a long way from that fateful day in 1848, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her four friends got together for a cup of tea. Those brave ladies set the standards by putting the ball in motion to what we know as the women's movement of today. As you can see from this paper this battle is a slow one, but the women are winning. Though there are many different kinds of harassment and discrimination, women continue to fight for the right's they have always deserved. There is no reason why women cannot go and work side by side with men and have to wonder if they are getting paid less for the same job. There is no reason why women cannot have a career and a family without suffering from consequences of being fired or not being promoted. Women should be able to go and work along side male coworkers. They should feel like they are part of the team and not like a burden or sex object. There is no reason why women have to go through all this torture. The women of yesterday fought for the women of today. The women of today are fighting for the women for tomorrow, so that the women of tomorrow will not have to.

AFL-CIO. "Working Women, Equal Pay." 6 December 00 http//www.aflcio.org/women/f_eqpay.htm.

Barko, Naomi. "The Other Gender Gap." American Prospect. v. 11 no15 (June 1-July 000) p. 61-

Elmer, Vickie. "Pregnancy Discrimination." Parents. v. 7 (July 17) p. 11-.

Freeman, Jo. "From Suffrage to Women's Liberation Feminism in Twentieth Century America." Women A feminist perspective. 5th edition. (15) p. 50-8.

Sharf, Stephen. "Who's to Blame?" Wards Auto World. v. 6 (Mar. 000) p. 1.

Wallis, T.J. "Sexual Harassment on the Job." Career World. v. 8 no5 (Feb./Mar. 000) p. 16-1.

Wenk, Steven A. "Investigating Sexual Harassment." Modern Casting. v. 88 no6 (June 18) p. 84

What Women Can Do About Workplace Violations. (Aug. 16). USA Today, p. 16.

Wren, Amy Oakes.; Kidwell, Roland E. Kidwell, Linda Achey. "Managing Pregnancy." Business Horizons. v. (Nov./Dec. 16) p. 61-7.

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There has been much debate over the last few decades about prostitution law reform. In the course of discussion, several terms are used to indicate current or preferred situations, alternatives and legal strategies. To understand the definitions of legalized, decriminalized, regulated prostitution, etc., we need to understand the context in which these terms are used.

Defining terms for contemporary discussion

Although there have always been reformist efforts and movements concerning prostitution, the prostitutes rights movement, as we know it today, began in the late 60s and early 70s. The difference between the contemporary prostitutes movement and previous efforts is that the current movement has been defined in a large part by prostitutes themselves. Prostitute activists have defined prostitutes legal status in specific ways since the beginning of the prostitutes rights movement. The current movement includes a recognition of the rights of prostitutes to autonomy and self-regulation.

Common definitions of legalization

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There is no official definition of legalized or decriminalized prostitution. Those who are not familiar with the contemporary discussion about prostitution law reform usually use the term legalization to mean any alternative to absolute criminalization, ranging from licensing of brothels to the lack of any laws about prostitution. Most references to law reform in the media and in other contemporary contexts use the term legalization to refer to any system that allows some prostitution. These common definitions of legalization are extremely broad. Conflicting interpretations of this term often cause confusion in a discussion of reform.

Many (or most) societies that allow prostitution do so by giving the state control over the lives and businesses of those who work as prostitutes. Legalization often includes special taxes for prostitutes, restricting prostitutes to working in brothels or in certain zones, licenses, registration of prostitutes and government records of individual prostitutes, and health checks which often means punitive quarantine. The term legalization does not necessarily have to refer to the above sorts of regulations. In fact, in one commonly accepted definition of legalization, legal can simply mean that prostitution is not against the law.

Legalization

From sociological perspective, the term legalization usually refers to a system of criminal regulation and government control of prostitutes, wherein certain prostitutes are given licenses which permit them to work in specific and usually limited ways. Although legalization can also imply a decriminalized, autonomous system of prostitution, in reality, in most legalized systems the police are relegated the job of prostitution control through criminal codes. Laws regulate prostitutes businesses and lives, prescribing health checks and registration of health status (enforced by police and, often corrupt, medical agencies), telling prostitutes where they may or may not reside, prescribing full time employment for their lovers, etc. Prostitute activists use the term legalization to refer to systems of state control, which defines the term by the realities of the current situation, rather than by the broad implications of the term itself.

Because of the range of definitions of legalization, it is difficult to use the term in a discussion of reform. When the general public concerned with civil rights, privacy, etc., call for legalization, they may not be aware implications of that term, or of the problems inherent in many legalized systems.

Decriminalization

Prostitutes rights organizations (ie, COYOTE, National Task Force on Prostitution) use the term decriminalization to mean the removal of laws against prostitution. Decriminalization is usually used to refer to total decriminalization, that is, the repeal of laws against consensual adult sexual activity, in commercial and non-commercial contexts. (Prostitutes rights organizations such as US PROS, English Collective of Prostitutes prefer to refer to the abolition of laws against prostitutes). Prostitutes rights advocates call for decriminalization of all aspects of prostitution resulting from individual decision. Asserting the right to work as a prostitutes, many claim their right to freedom of choice of management. They claim that laws against pimping (living off the earnings) are often used against domestic partners and children, and these laws serve to to prevent prostitutes from organizing their businesses and working together for mutual protection. They call for the repeal of current laws that interfere with their rights of freedom of travel and freedom of association. Civil rights and human rights advocates from a variety of perspectives call for enforcement of laws against fraud, abuse, violence and coercion to protect prostitutes from abusive, exploitative partners and management.

Regulation

The regulation of prostitution usually refers to the criminal regulation of prostitution, but prostitutes rights activists also refer to regulation in terms of both civil regulation and self-regulation. They call for prostitute regulation of prostitute businesses, and civil codes regulating prostitute businesses with regard to the conditions and rights of workers. Those who call for autonomy support solo and collective work arrangements, and prostitutes control of their own lives and businesses. The discussion of regulation is primitive and it is difficult to invoke concepts of self-regulation in a context that presumes police control over prostitutes.

Abolitionism

The attitudes of prostitutes rights activists contrast with attitudes about prostitution by anti-prostitution or abolitionist organizations. Abolitionist movements define prostitution and other categories of sex work as inherently exploitative. Currently abolitionists define prostitution as violence, per se, emphasizing involvement in prostitution as a response to childhood sexual abuse. As a reaction to the exploitation fostered by imperialism and military occupations, international anti-prostitution activists oppose prostitution per say, as well as sex tourism and trafficking (international pimping). Historically, abolitionists have dedicated themselves to rescuing women from prostitution, and training women to find alternative careers or security in marriage. Abolitionist groups want to end the institution of prostitution, envisioning a world where no one sells sexual services for any reason. Organizations such as WHISPER (Women Hurt In Systems of Prostitution Engaged in Revolt) oppose the legitimization of prostitution. These organizations do not self- define as prostitutes rights organizations. They work to reduce or abolish the sex business, advocating against pornography, strip clubs, etc.

Summary

Obviously there is much work to be done as we create the framework for a broad discussion of prostitutes rights. Each of the linguistic approaches can be problematic The term legalization is overbroad. The term decriminalization has not worked its way into a contemporary discussion and can elicit confusion and misinterpretation. Obviously, all the above terms will be evoked in thorough discussion of the issues. Consensus regarding definitions should be established early on. As the discourse develops, it is essential that terms be developed from the perspective of those who will be effected by the legislation.

Prostitution in The United States - The Statistics--

The figures quoted here are based on studies compiled through the 180s and reflect current trends.

-- It is difficult to estimate the number of persons who currently work, or have ever worked as prostitutes for many reasons including the various definitions of prostitution. Arrest figure range are over 100,000. The National Task Force on Prostitution suggests that over one million people in the US have worked as prostitutes in the United States, or about 1% of American women.1

-- Average prostitution arrests include 70% females, 0% percent male prostitutes and 10% customers. A disproportionate number of prostitutes arrested are women of color, and although a minority of prostitutes are women of color, a large majority of those sentenced to jail are women of color. 85-0% of those arrested work on the street though street work accounts for approximately 0% of prostitutes. (Figures vary from city to city.)

-- The ratio of on-street prostitution to off-street (sauna, massage parlor, in call-outcall escort) varies in cities depending on local law, policy and custom. Whereas street prostitution accounts for between 10 to 0% of the prostitution in larger cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York, in some smaller cities with limited indoor venues (or when indoor venues are closed down) street prostitution may account for approximately 50%.4

-- Percentages of male and female prostitutes varies from city to city. Estimates in some larger cities suggest 0-0% of prostitutes are male. In San Francisco, it has been estimated that 5% of the female prostitutes are transgender.5

-- Incidence of substance use and addiction varies widely. Studies in the United States found prevalence of substance use and addiction ranging from 0% to 84%, depending on the population being studied, with substance addiction relatively common among street prostitutes (c. 50%)6 but rare among women who work off the street. One study showed that nearly 50% of one population of women who used drugs did so before becoming prostitutes.7

-- The U.S. Department of Health consistently reports that only -5% of the sexually transmitted disease in this country is related to prostitution (compared with 0-5% among teenagers). There is no statistical indication in the U.S. that prostitutes are vectors of HIV. Although a small percentage of prostitutes may be HIV positive, William Darrow, CDC AIDS epidemiology official, cites no proven cases of HIV transmission from prostitutes to clients.8

-- Violence is one of the major problems for women and prostitutes. Figures vary, one report citing 60% of the abuse against street prostitutes perpetrated by clients, 0% by police and 0% in domestic relationships. According to one massage parlor owner, over 0% of abuse against some prostitutes takes place within domestic relationships.10 Between 5 and 85% of prostitutes are survivors of incest or early sexual abuse. (Figures vary widely for different populations.)11 A study of 10 street workers (primarily homeless) who engaged in prostitution or survival sex found that 80% had been physically assaulted.1 Some prostitutes are raped between 8 and 10 times a year or more. 7% seek help (e.g.., from a rape crisis center), and only 4% report the rape to the police.1 A recent study showed that, in cases of (non-domestic) rape and abuse, 5% of the perpetrators identified themselves as police officers, often producing badges and police identification. (This does not include actual cases of police misconduct and rape.)14 Although violence and the threat of violence is a serious problem, some populations of prostitutes show no higher incidence of violence and abuse than women in general.

--Some researchers suggest that prostitutes, in general, suffer from negative identities or lack of self esteem. A 186 study by Diane Prince, however, found call girls and brothel workers had higher self esteem than before they became prostitutes. 7% of call girls liked themselves more than before. (This study also examines suicide rates, and is often misquoted, referring to a statistic regarding call-girls. In the context of pathologizing prostitutes, some mistakenly report that 75% percent of call girls have attempted suicide, however, according to this study 76% of call girls considered (not attempted) suicide, along with 61% of non-prostitutes, and only 4% of brothel workers.)15

-- Although little research has been done regarding client profiles., anecdotal reports and arrest statistic indicate that clients also vary widely in terms of race and class. In a study in London, England 50% of clients were married, or cohabiting According to Kinseys report, 70% of adult men have engaged in prostitution at least once. Male prostitutes sometimes report that their clients include married men who identify as heterosexual. Customers are rarely arrested more than once for prostitution and are infrequently jailed.

-- Police officers arrest prostitutes for public nuisance or loitering violations or by disguising themselves as customers. They will approach someone they suspect of prostitution, and solicit16 their services until this person is deceived into agreeing to perform sex for money.17 The individual is then arrested for offering or agreeing to an act of prostitution. Arrests of prostitutes necessarily include the use of entrapment, an invasion of privacy, and/or the use of discriminatory laws or tactics.

-- Average arrest, court and incarceration costs amount to nearly $ ,000.00 per arrest. Cities spend an average of 7.5 million dollars on prostitution control every year, ranging from 1 million dollars (Memphis) to million dollars (New York).18

--In 14, the United Nations adopted a resolution in favor of the decriminalization of prostitution, which has been ratified by fifty countries (not by the United States). Many countries complied with decriminalization by decriminalizing prostitution per se, leaving all related activities criminal such as soliciting, advertising, etc. In 17 the National Organization for Women passed a resolution supporting the decriminalization of prostitution.

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Women play an important role in any society. In many cultures, a woman looks after the family while the man works to support them. Not all women look after the family, as many have full time careers. Women's education is encouraged almost everywhere, allowing women to better themselves. Education allows for better career opportunities. In most societies, the role a woman chooses to take for herself is often a choice rather than a restriction. In Islamic societies, however, women seem to be forced into certain roles and responsibilities. These restrictions often seem to elevate a man's status and importance in society while degrading a woman's status. While the Koran and Islamic society state that the two sexes are equal in religious and legal aspects, the two sexes have very different roles within the society. These roles and responsibilities push women down, and create an unjust standard of living between the sexes.

The Koran is meant to be the everlasting word of God, and is the text that guides Islamic society. According to Tove Dahl, "women received through the Koran a religious status equal to that of men as believers, and in addition legal status as an independent subject." In pre-Islamic society, women were often considered the property of their men, and did not enjoy much freedom. Men would control the women's actions, often dictating their lives. As Islam and the word of Allah spread, a society was formed on religious beliefs, and based on the literal text of the Koran women were to be treated as equals. Given that the word of the Koran is the word of God, then women in Islamic society should be treated as equal with men. If women were granted equal religious matters and given independent legal status, then in a society which revolves around religion, women should have the same rights as men, and given freedoms to make their own decisions pertaining to most issues.

However, women in Islamic society are often not treated as equals with men. Although the Koran allows women the same religious and legal status as men, the same text also allows men to remain in a dominant position over women. Many times women are not allowed to be independent and free, as they are forced to raise a family, be obedient to their husband, and follow certain laws which favor men, and at the same time push women down. The text of the Koran often times limits the actions and decisions of women, despite granting them the same religious and legal status as men. These variances in the Koran continue to put men on a hierarchy compared to women.

One of the more amazing aspects of Islamic society is that the oppression of women by men revolves around one central verse of the Koran. Verse 44, according to traditional understanding, has been used as a weapon to subjugate women in the name of Islam. The verse has four parts 1) Men are guardians of women and hence their rulers; ) Women must obey their husbands if they are to consider themselves good Muslim women; ) After due admonition and punitive separation, the husband has a right to beat his wife if he fears willfulness; and 4) If the woman refuses to accept this form of subjugation, the husband can divorce her. The common interpretation of this verse makes women out to be second class citizens in their own homes. There is no similar verse in the Koran granting women any such powers over their husbands. Despite the fact that the Koran grants women equal religious and legal status as men, it also puts men on a hierarchy above women, giving them some control over their wives.

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Marriage also faces sexual discrimination in Islamic societies. Most all women in Islamic society, and in the world, hope to marry in their lifetime. In pre-Islamic society, women were often sold by their fathers to another man, and the woman was given very little choice in the decision of whom she was marrying. Upon the rise of Islamic society, women's rights pertaining to marriage were expanded. Now, only if a girl was considered a minor (pre-pubescent) was she allowed to be married off against her will. At puberty, she became an independent legal person and therefore had a choice in her marriage decision. If a contract was arranged before she reached puberty, that contract was to still be honored even after she reached puberty. Even though the Koran preaches that women are to be given the same religious and legal status as men, we can see here that still women were not treated as equal, still being restricted compared to a man as far as marriage contracts were concerned. Pertaining to marriage, Islamic society limits the decisions that women face by allowing men to determine much of their married life.

The inequality does not end upon being married. Even when married, men are allowed to have other wives. The Koran states in Verse 4, "Marry of the women, who seem good to you, two, three, or four." The Koran legally gives men the right to marry up to four wives, as long as he treats them equally. No such powers are granted to women. The results of these polygamous relationships include conspiracies between women, quarrels, and sometimes beating, death threats, even poisoning and infanticide. Women living in polygamous situations are often humiliated, looked upon as slave girls, or even looked at as items rather than human beings. Jealousy is also a large factor in a polygamous relationship. As one woman states, "How can a man treat them equally, as a man often likes the one who is new and younger best. A wife would rather see her husband dead in his grave than in the arms of another woman." If a woman were to commit adultery with another man there she would most likely be divorced. Here again the Koran elevates a man's status above a woman's by granting a man benefits from which a woman would never gain.

Family is a big concept in Islamic culture. Just as most women desire marriage in their lifetime, they also desire a family. A family is the cooperation of the man and woman. As Rahman states, "Both of them together form one body, enabling the tree of humanity to grow and eventually bear fruit." This mutual cooperation, however, seems to favor a man's power role once the family has children. Often times the woman is forced to remain at home and take care of the children. As Subbamma states, "Women were intended only for housekeeping and reproduction." This limited role of women almost designates that women remain home with the children while the man goes off to work, giving women little option to work and become financially independent. Being the sole provider for the family gives the man undeniable power over the woman in the relationship, as he provides for the family financially.

Given that women were brought up with the intentions of raising a family and staying at home, their level of education suffers. Many times the extent to which a woman is allowed to continue her education is limited by outside forces. The education lacks in full because they are not being prepared to enter the working force, rather to just stay home with the children. Although in recent years there has been a push towards further education of Muslim women, historically as a result of child marriages, the schooling of the girl nearing the age of maturity was discontinued. What little education the girl had attained to that period was mainly religious, focusing learning around the word of the Koran. Given that the education was centered around religion for these women, there left a very slim window for employment opportunities, as they were not highly educated in any other areas. Around puberty, the child's education was ceased, and they were sent to the home to learn to be a good housewife. As Subbamma states, "There were no opportunities for continuing studying at home. The girl could not acquire worldly knowledge as she did not go out of the house." Lack of education, both parties' desires for a family, and the woman's historical responsibility for being a house wife all lead to women being suppressed by men, as they are not as able to have careers and become financially independent.

Aside form raising the family, the wife has a large responsibility to be obedient. In exchange for support, protection, and a certain degree of care, the husband receives his wife's obedience. According to Dahl, "The Prophet established obedience as one of the fundamental principles of Islam, and in appraising a woman's worth her obedience to her husband is such a central factor that it opens the way to paradise." Obedience includes respecting the man's decision, following orders to an extent, and keeping the man happy. Dahl further argues, "Control by the husband of his wife's freedom of movement is a prerequisite for complete fulfillment of the duty of obedience." Not only is the wife required to be obedient, but obedience includes the husband's control over her actions. Even though the Koran grants religious and legal rights to women, here is another example of how Islamic culture further limits the freedom of women.

Examples of unequal freedom can further be seen in situations of divorce. Should a married couple wish to divorce, the rights and options each individual is offered is different for the two sexes. According to Islamic law, when a man wishes to divorce his wife, all he has to do is say "You are dismissed," or "You are divorced." In some instances, women can be divorced simply by the man pointing at the door. According to the Koran and Islamic law, a man can terminate his marriage whenever and wherever he pleases. This type of divorce requires no reason, no court, nothing but the man's words. However, a woman may only file for divorce in court. If she should choose to divorce, in Islamic court she must have specific grounds for divorce, such as impotency of her husband, nonpayment of maintenance, or his insanity. Women must show in a court of law good reason for her to leave her husband, yet a man may leave any one of his four wives, if he has that many, simply is telling them that they are no longer wanted. This injustice causes much suffering for Muslim women, as they are again restrained in their actions by Muslim law, despite the fact that the Koran grants them equal religious and legal status as men. As Asghar Ali states, "The law of divorce that was evolved by the Muslims has become the principle source of suffering for Muslim women. An unbridled right to the male to dispose of his spouse without any reason or aforethought creates at times most pitiable conditions for the divorcees and the children. The readily available divorce option for men compared with the lengthy legal process required for women further supports the argument that women are suppressed in a male dominated society.

Upon the divorce, the woman is even further restricted in her actions. A woman released from marriage by her husband may not remarry for at least three months; she must observe a waiting period of three menstrual cycles. The wait is to ensure that the woman is not pregnant with her former husband. During the waiting period, called the idda, the husband can revoke the divorce as easily as he performed it, simply by calling his wife back to live with him as his lawful mate. There is no marriage ceremony required for this type of rejoining, as long as the three months had not expired. The privilege of the man to call back his former wife is a power not bestowed upon the woman. If she desires her man back, she may make an attempt to win him back, but unlike the man she cannot dictate that they are to be married again. This example further illustrates the fact that women can be considered as second class citizens compared to men in Islamic culture and the Muslim society.

Divorce does not necessarily free the woman, however, as she is most likely unable to support her or her children financially. If the woman is divorced, she has very little option but try to find a husband. In most cases, as we discussed earlier, women are pulled from schooling around puberty, in preparation for becoming good housewives. Given that there is very little opportunity for women to gain education in the home, what little education they have is from the first few years of their lives, which is mainly religious education. This means that a divorced woman has very little skill that she can offer the business world, and finding work can be difficult and limiting. Divorced women with very little skill and education are often forced to take any job they can find, which often times includes prostitution. Divorced women are often put into undesirable conditions that become very financially difficult due to a lack of education or training. Divorced women, therefore, are much worse off than the man in the relationship, as he is financially responsible for one less woman. For these reasons, many women desire to get remarried, again putting themselves in control of a man. The method, of which the female is raised, in an environment without much education and targeted towards being a housewife, immediately makes hard times for her upon being divorced. Islamic society, again through customs and tradition, puts men in a more favorable position than women.

The word of the Koran states that the two sexes are to work in unison to make each other happy, while raising a family. The Koran also states that women are to be given the same religious and legal status as men. However, the Koran and Islamic society, despite making women equal in some regards, also downplays women in the society, making them virtual second class citizens. This is evident through the marriage and divorce laws, emphasis on education and work, and the traditional responsibilities of women. The Koran, despite being the ever-upholding word of God, sends mixed messages about the importance and worth of women in Islamic society. It is through these interpretations that women are pushed down below men, and an unjust standard of living is created between the sexes.

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The contents of the following essay shall encompass some of the nameless authors of early colonial times, who with the help of explorers documented their travels and experiences in the Gulf of St. Laurence to the cost of Newfoundland. These experiences are not always experienced by them first hand but cover a wide variety of crewmembers experiences, which the author notes. The documentation of these experiences have been systematically recorded so that other explorers can utilize them as tools in their respected fields. Occasionally discoveries will be made as to the first original documentation of specific buildings plants and animals but a conclusion as to their names or significance cannot always be found readily. Due to the fact that the natives did not share the same methods of enlightenment and because some Europeans did not have access to the actual names of these objects.

Jean Alphonse de Saintonge was a relatively unknown French sea captain originally hailing from the village of Saintonge. He sailed to Canada in 154 as Roberval's navigator and pilot. Later, he engaged in an act of piracy against the Spanish-an act which would prove fatal. At his death he left two manuscripts of substantial historical interest. His accounts refer to the geographical facts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton. Jean's comments on the acts and beliefs of the natives of those areas in very interesting. La Terre-nerve has the best ports and harbors of the entire sea, and great rivers, abundant fisheries. It is all covered with trees, pines, and others such. The coast runs North and South to Cap de Ras. The people here are large, and somewhat dark. They have no more God than beasts, and are evil folk. On this coast are many islands and little islets. The people are named Tabios. They live on fish, flesh, and fruits of trees…(Ganong,14, pp.74-6)

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This account contains the description of the native people in Newfoundland in the 1540's. It is common knowledge that the people of the island were the Beothuk, a race of people that were wiped out of existence because colonialism reached Newfoundland first. This statement by Jean Alphonse contains the sole record for the Beothuk term for themselves. Also Jean describes their religious practices comparing them to beasts because they have no God and they must be evil people. Truly a uneducated speculation derived from the fear of a foreign race.

Beyond the Cap de Ras the coast turns to the West as far as the gouffe de S. Iehan. Before you approach this gulf is another which makes Terre-neufe an island, and merges with another of which we have already spoken. All these lands are high mountains…At the gulf of S. Iehan is an island which is named S. Iehan which has a good 0 to 40 leagues of coastline about 15 or 0 leagues of widlth, and is in the midst of a strait. It is inhabited by people who are like those of Terre-neufve. This island is of good soil, fine rivers and trees are there, as in Spain. The land is about the same latitude.(Ganong,14, pp.74-6)

Jean Alphonse has a impeccable approach to describing the peaks of Cape Breton Island and the rich soil and fertility of Prince Edward Island in comparison to the soils of Spain. His cartography paints a picture of what is out there, however he did not include any maps to pinpoint exactly. The addition of latitude should confirm which area is being discussed. However the Jean Alphonse doesn't seem too sure by saying "about" instead of a direct number of latitude. Also if he was speaking about Spain in one sentence, then the same latitude the next, one would think it was the same latitude as Spain. Nevertheless the only coastline in the same latitude as Spain at 40 degrees is in the New York area. St. Johns Newfoundland sits at 47 degrees latitude roughly the same as England.

A comparison of the narrative is offered by Pierre Crignon of Dieppe who accompanied Jean et Raoul Parmentier on all their voyages. He describes Newfoundland in 15 as follows

… The new land of which the part now being considered is called Cape Ras, is situated to the west of our diametrical line or meridian… and is in 40 degrees West longitude and 47 degrees North latitude… The New land extends toward the Arctic pole from the 40th to the 60th degree of latitude… From the said Cape Ras to Cape de Brettoni, the coast stretches east and west for 100 leagues… Between Cape Ras and Cape Brettoni live a cruel and austere people, with whom it is impossible to deal or to converse. They are large in stature, dressed in seal skins and skins of other animals bound together. They are marked by certain lines made by applying fire to their faces, and are as if striped with a color between black and brown. In much regarding their face and neck they are like the inhabitants of Barbary. Their hair is long, like that of a woman, and is gathered on the top of their heads like the tail of a horse. Their weapons consist of bows which they know how to shoot very well, and their arrows are tipped with black stones or fish bones. (Crignon, 1565, p.4)

In this report Crignon gives a very in depth report as to the location in which he is speaking with great accuracy. He does not confirm the name of the people of Newfoundland or ventures into the saint Lawrence. Instead he concentrates on how ruthless the natives of the area appear to be. He also describes the difference in physical features much like Jean Alphonse. Crignon gives the natives a little to much credit as to the durability of their skin when he describes the manner that they apply face paint. One can only imagine the fear that he struck in his readers. He also compares how their hair is all long like that of a woman without trying to conclude as to why? He compares their hair to that of a horse. Jean Alphonse also compared them to animals without a god. So one begins to see what the first impressions of the Europeans were towards to natives.

Apparently the Natives in other areas were more receptive to the newcomers in ways of trade and were seemingly treated better by the Europeans.

On the coast running north and south after the Cape Ras, and up to the Baye des Chateaux, there are great gulfs and great rivers and a large number of very large islands.

This land is more sparsely inhabited than the coast mentioned above, and the inhabitants are more human and more friendly than the others. And here no one has seen any houses, villages, or castles, except for a large wooden enclosure which was seen in the Baye de Chasteaux. The inhabitants live in small huts and houses which are covered with tree bark, which they build to live in during the fishing season, which begins in the spring and last through the summer… When fishing season ends with the approach of winter, they return with their catch in boats made of bark of certain trees called Buil, and go to warmer countries-we know not where…(Crignon, 1565, p.4)

Obviously Crignon or somebody else from his party was on speaking terms to accumulate such a wealth of knowledge about the natives hunting, fishing and emigrational practices. Also they noticed that nonexistence of castles or houses. Instead is mentioned small huts (most likely tee pees) and a large wooden enclosure. This may be explained to be a long house where the peoples of a tribe came to celebrate their religious rituals such as pow wows and dances. This may be the first documented discovery of these long houses. Overall Crignon's observations were very defined and offered a wealth of geographical knowledge. His collective information from the natives was insightful but he leaves one curious as to the sources of his information.

Andre Thevet was a French cosmographer who Cartier knew and had worked with. Thevet went under intense scrutiny when a few of his historical documents were found to be works of fiction. The reasoning behind these was thought to be greed in order to sell more books by interesting people with extreme stories. Although Thevet's work received a black eye, one can overlook that to view the following description of the Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence region.This country is inhabited by barbarians dressed in the skins of wild beasts(who are) extremely inhuman and intractable according to the experience of those who have gone there to fish for cod…In the sea around Terres Neuues is found another species of fish, which the natives call HEHEC, having a beak like a parrot, as well as other scaled fish… The maritime people nourish themselves on fish, as we have said above. The others, a long distance from the sea, are content with the fruits of the land, which they get without cultivating it or working it. (Thevet,1878,pp. 48-44)

Here Thevet sees a people who are barbarians who don't act in any way different from the animals, which they wear. Not a far cry from the other opinions. He claims that it is the testimony from the fishermen who fish that area. He also states a strange and or new type of fish that has a beak, which was unable to be found. Then a condescending approach is taken to the style of native nourishment. Claiming them to be a strain on the land by not cultivating food. Whereas the style in which the natives used to obtain food had been working more efficiently then any other because the respected the land and only took what they needed. The author continues to describe the Natives at times of war.These people are little prone to engage in warfare with their enemies do not search them out. Then they defend themselves completely in the fashion and manner of the Canadians. Their instruments for urging themselves to battle are made of the skins of animals stretched in the shape of a circle, with "fleustes" of the bones of deers, as are those of the Canadians. Having observed their enemy from a distance, they gird themselves for combat with their weapons, which are bows and arrows and before the battle is joined, their principal guide, whom they consider as a king, being always first, dressed with beautiful furs and feathers, sits on the shoulders of two powerful savages, so that all will recognize him, and will be prompt in obeying him in all that he commands. And after the victory is theirs, God knows how they caress him. And thus they return joyously to their huts, displaying their trophy banners-decorated with the feathers of swans fluttering in the air, and carrying the skin of the faces of their enemies, stretched in little circles, as signs of victory…(Thevet, 1878, pp.48-44)

Thevet covers a very wide spectrum of events and some very important views and information regarding the native tactics and rituals in acts of war. Thevet's material shows a embarrassing situation in the natives social structural hierarchy. He is left to compare the chief as he were a king and his two great savages must carry him on their shoulders for lack of a thrown or a horse. The comparison to a king is false however because the Europeans do not share any reverence for any particular savage. These accounts only back up Thevet's earlier thesis of how barbaric these people were. He also tries to encompass the whole of the people as being the same rather than Crignon who stated there were good and bad native people who acted hospitable and hostile. Keeping in mind that these reports were made for royalty as probes into what the new world and what its inhabitants were like, these stories must have frightened anyone who was planning to seek out the Promised Land. After all the people of Europe were becoming more enlightened and these people seemed to be heathens who were merciless and dreadful. Anyone who would scalp their opponent and bring it home to their hut as a trophy would frighten the most seasoned military troop.

So why does these three authors showing three similar bias views about their culture and ways of living. Each takes the time to point out natives impeccable skills as bowmen and their seemingly obvious difference in skin tone. With that they began to create preconceived attitudes or opinions about these other people. This prejudice was passed along with the Enlightenment of the European people. They were systematically sharing information and prejudices. The same system that pinpointed latitude so that they could recognize where they were, helped to developed negative attitudes held toward natives based solely on their membership in a specific group. The only one to show that good natives were out there was Crignon who saw a kindness while in trade.

The fur trade appeared to be the best thing for the Natives to do to be at piece with the whites. Further down south the peoples fought to keep the invaders out whereas Cortez and other European conquerors massacred, exploited and enslaved millions. Whereas the economy of New France revolved around the fur trade, thanks to the voyages of French explorers like Jacques Cartier in the 150s 40s etc. The French were more likely to develop trade relations with Native Americans than to settle permanently on their lands, and European settlement of indigenous lands in Canada occurred more gradually. "To commanded legitimacy, choices have to appear rational."(Lincoln, 18) The most rational way to permanently settle in North America was not to fight there way in but to offer natives into the stream of sharing but with a price that they were not ready for.

Each author measured what was important for their objective. Crignon measures geographical space efficiently while showing an interest in the inhabitants, while Thevet gives a sample of the living world of the natives while dipping into their warfare. Jean Alphonse made some observations of the land and peoples, however none of which were crucial to the Enlightenment of Europe but nonetheless hold some bearing. Each author had relevant comments but held a unenlightened bias contributing to the general occupation of lands already spoken for.

Bibliography

(Crignon, 1565, p.4)

(Ganong,14, pp.74-6)

(Lincoln, 18)

(Thevet, 1878, pp.48-44)

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CASE FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENT

ANALYSIS

REPORT 001

HELLENIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS ORGANIZATION S.A.

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Contents

I) General Information about OTE page

II) SWOT Analysis page 6

III) Balance sheet analysis page 7

IV) Cash flow analysis page 10

V) Income statement analysis page 1

VI) Stock price decrease in 00 (reasons) page 14

General Information about O.T.E

The Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. was incorporated as a societe anonyme under the laws of the Hellenic Republic in 14, pursuant to the provisions of Law No. 104/104. The company is now operating as a societe anonyme subject to the provisions of Law No. 10/10 on the operation of societe anonymes and Law N. 7/001. The Company was the exclusive provider of public switched voice telephony in Greece and have provided local, long distance and international communication services to Greek and foreign businesses, consumers and governmental agencies. With effect from January 1, 001, the period of exclusivity in the provision of public switched voice telephony services expired and the market is now open to competition. Within the framework of the competition regulations and the European Union policy objectives, OTE' s effort is to maintain its position as the dominant provider in the Greek telecommunications market, by exploiting the enhanced capabilities of its network and restructuring its tariffs, as well as expanding the range of its services and remaining actively involved in high - growth business areas.

In December 15, OTE was granted the right to provide mobile telephony services throughout Greece using DCS 1800 technology. In October 16, COSMOTE was established, to provide mobile telephony services and the DCS 1800 licence was transferred to COSMOTE in April 17. In May 17, following an international tender, a 0% interest in COSMOTE was sold to a subsidiary of TELENOR A.S., the leading Norwegian telecommunications company, for an aggregate purchase price of Drs. 6 billion. COSMOTE began commercial operation in April 18. In October 000, COSMOTE completed an initial public offering pursuant to which its shares were listed in the Athens Stock Exchange and its Global Depositary Shares were listed in the London Stock Exchange. Following the offering, OTE' s interest in COSMOTE is 58.8% and TELENOR's interest is 18%.

Through OTEnet, OTE' s 80.% - owned subsidiary which is the leading Internet Service Provider in Greece, the Company has expanded its offerings to include Internet Protocol (IP) based products, services and applications. OTEnet offers Internet access to residential and business customers, IP telecommunication services as well as e-business and content services.

OTE has also made certain equity investments in public telephony operators in countries with cultural, economic or historical ties to Greece. In June 17, OTE purchased a 0% stake in Telekom Srbija, the public telephony operator in Serbia, for a total of DM 675 million (approximately Drs. 106 billion or US$ 87 million). In March 18, OTE invested US$ 14.5 million for a 0% equity stake in ArmenTel, the Armenian public telephony operator, and in December 18, OTE purchased a 5% interest in Romtelecom, the Romanian public telephony operator, for US$ 675 million (approximately Drs. 18 billion). In August 000, a consortium of COMSOTE and TELENOR acquired an interest of 85% in the share capital of Albanian Mobile Communications (AMC), the state-owned Albanian mobile telephony company for a purchase price of US$ 85.6 million. In January 001, OTE acquired a GSM-00 license in Bulgaria for a price of US$ 15 million and established Cosmo Bulgaria Mobile under the trade name Globul. In November 001, OTE acquired the second mobile telephony license in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), for a price of US$ 5 million, and established Mobile Telecommunication Services AD (MTS).

Following OTE' s initial public offering in 16, its shares were listed and began trading on the Athens Stock Exchange in April 16. In June 17, together its second offering of shares in the Athens Stock Exchange, OTE proceeded to an international offering of its Global Depository Shares, following which the shares were listed and began trading on the London Stock Exchange. As a result of this offering, the Greek State's interest in the Company's issued share capital was reduced to approximately 75.1%. In November 18, following the third offering of shares in the Athens Stock Exchange, the Company's American Depository Shares (ADS) were listed and began trading in the New York Stock Exchange. The American Depository Receipts (ADR) constitute the certificates for the American Depository Shares (ADS). The American Depository Shares (ADS) represent OTE shares held by the Depository Bank (Bank of New York), which issues American Depository Receipts, pursuant to the Depository Agreement between the Company, the Depository Bank and the relevant ADR holders. Each American Depository Receipt (ADR) represents the number of American Depository Shares stated on it, while each ADS is equal to ½ of OTE share or the option for the same number of shares. The American Depository Shares are negotiated in US Dollars. The American Depository Shares have been included in the official list at the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and can be traded through the Automated International Securities and Exchange System (SEAQ International) at the London Stock Exchange. They are also traded at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). As a result of this offering, the Greek State's interest in OTE' s issued capital share was reduced to approximately 65.1%. In June 1, OTE proceeded to a fourth offering of shares in the Athens Stock Exchange and the second registered global offering of American Depository Shares at the New York Stock Exchange, which resulted to a further reduction in the Greek State's ownership interest in the Company's issued share capital to approximately 51%. In Summer 001, in order to reduce its interest in the OTE' s issued capital share, the Greek State opted to issue a Bond Loan for Euro 1 billion, exchangeable to OTE shares. As a result, in August 001, the Greek State's interest in the Company's issued share capital was reduced to approximately 4%.

On June 5, 001, OTE' s general assembly of shareholders approved the dual currency denomination of the share capital, namely that of the Greek Drachma and of the Euro, in accordance with the provisions of Law 84/000. The nominal value of OTE's shares was set at Drs. 750 (rounded) and Euro .0 and accordingly, our share capital decreased by Drs. 176 million with an equal increase in paid-in surplus.

On September 4, 001, the extraordinary general assembly of shareholders decided upon the amendment or abolition. These amendments mainly refer to the participation of the Greek State in OTE and its Board of Directors, and was considered necessary, following the ratification of Law 84/000 which granted to the Greek State the option to transfer more than 51% of OTE 's issued share capital. Furthermore, following the completion of the issue of bonds convertible to OTE shares, the Greek State is no longer the single owner of the majority of OTE' s issued share capital.

Before evaluating the financial statements let's make a S.W.O.T analysis.

Strengths Strong domestic operations. Management is overall well respected, but some investors may question the government's influence on management.(see below under threats)

Weaknesses Greek Internet penetration is still low at 1 %(source IDC) although this would also represent an opportunity. The next lowest penetration in the EU is Italy at 4 %. The ITU estimates that Greece had 0.64 million personal computers in 1; only 6 % of the population. This compares with an EU average of over 5 %. If these statistics do not improve, then OTE is likely to stay slightly behind the curve in terms of data applications.

- Government influence has been shown to be significant at the latest EGM. A clear example of the exerting power over management was the replacement of CEO Nikos Manassis. Although the new CEO, Eleftherios Antonacopoulos is also well respected in the business community, he has no telecommunications background, and investors will probably wonder about the reason of replacement.

Opportunities - Developing the broadband opportunities in the Greek market. This is particulary attractive as there is no competition from cable companies.

- Developing the foreign businesses. Most of OTE' s foreign subsidiaries and associates operate in emerging markets with significant growth potential. Fixed and mobile penetration levels in Armenia, Albania, Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria are far below the Greek level.

Threats - Government attempts to influence OTE's investment strategy. It is discussed in the Greek press that the government is thought to be pushing for the acquisition of a majority stake in BTC for other than pure business reasons.

- OTE' s foreign assets operate in emerging economies, often ex-communist countries with higher level of political risk, economic and currency risk.. The currency risk is very serious, as OTE experienced the devaluation of several currencies in countries it has invested (Romania, Serbia, Armenia).

Balance sheet analysis

As we can see in the balance sheet there is an over 50% decrease in cash and cash equivalents. As a result total current assets decline about 5 %. On the other hand they have managed to show an increase in Total assets. Other assets helped to achieve this!!! As you can see there is an increase of about 1600 % on advances to EDEKT OTE, TAP OTE and auxiliary funds. Also there is a 700 % increase in Telecommunication licenses. As you see it was very easy for OTE's management to show an increase of about 10 % in total assets. Concerning liabilities its obvious that there is an increase of all components and as a result we have an 5 % increase inand an 7.5 % increase of TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY. The current ratio of OTE is 0.5. The acid test ratio equals 0.6. Both of these ratios suggest a tight liquidity situation at OTE. We also found a total debt to equity ratio of about 1.8 which is a very good result as the sector's average for 001 was about .5. This is the strong part of OTE's balance sheet as there are no out of the ordinary changes in its liabilities and shareholders equity. On the other hand the great changes of assets (that are previously mentioned) should make as little suspicious about the accuracy of this balance sheet.

CASH FLOW ANALYSIS

The statement of cash flows reports cash receipts and cash payments by operating , financing , and investing activities-the primary business activities of a company.

OTE has a strong cash flow position. Strong free cash flow. Free cash flow , defined as EBITDA-capex, reached a trough in 000, although was still a respectable 41 million euros. We expect it to increase until 00. However , it is worth pointing out that the net change in cash was negative in 001 (-771million). We expect this to turn positive again in the future (00) , although acquisitions would significantly alter this picture. In 00 this is likely to remain negative due to the cash outflow , with a likely 450million euro investment in RomTelecom (00million of equity , 50million of debt).

OTE's strengths are clearly its cash flow characteristics, which we seem to be undervalued. The free cash flow is currently mainly generated by the domestic fixed-line business, while mobile cash flow has turned positive in 001 and is expected to continue to show strong growth. We predict positive free cash flow from 00 onwards. However , this does not include the 40 million euros payment in RomTelecom. (investing activity).

Summary Cash Flow Statement (in m.euros)

1 000 001

Net cash provided by O.Activ. 884 886

Cash used in Inv.Activ. -57 -80 -1,14

Cash provided by Fin. Activ. -64 750 -44

Effect of exchange rate changes 1 1

Net increase(decrease)in cash equivalents -80 744 -771

We assume that the Net debt will decrease again in the future, probably in 00.

INCOME STATEMENT ANALYSIS

After all this we should think what caused the diving of OTE's stock price in 00.At December of 001 the price was 18.60 EUROS and on the 6th of December 00 its value is 10.50 EUROS. There are many reasons for this diving. The analysis that we have made previously gives some of the main reasons. Another reason is the economic situation worldwide. Stock markets were affected very much by the bankruptcy of large corporations such as ENRON and WorldCom. Also the events of the 11th of December 001 caused instability worldwide and people felt insecure. All these affected the worldwide economy which is in a period of recession. At last the foreign investors don't feel confidence about the results of OTE's investment in Rumania. The investors were afraid about the reactions of the Rumanian people to the firings of personel as well as to the increase in prices that OTE's management has decided. Also Cosmorom (daughter company of RomTelecom) needs millions of dollars to cover its debts. As a result of all this negative climate about OTE' s investment in Rumania OTE said that its long-sought deal to raise its stake in the Romanian fixed-line operator was on hold due to unspecified regulatory complications. OTE did not provide further details. All these factors contribute to OTE's stock price diving. On the other hand we believe that in the near future OTE's stock price will be increased.. The present value reflects the bad management decisions (RomTelecom) and the general situation in global economy. As a result OTE is undervalued. The facts that OTE is a monopoly in cable networks, that fixed-line interconnection rates are only slightly above the European average (not huge cuts in prices are foreseen) and that fixed line telecommunication is almost inexistent (government helps, only leased lines) make us believe that OTE will be trusted by investors and its price will go up in 00. After all 10.50 EUROS for a stock is a great opportunity for future profits.

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George Washington was the most celebrated person in American history. George was commander in chief of the Continental army during the American Revolution and first president of the United States of America (178-177).

He was born in Westmoreland County, Va., on February , 17, George Washington was the oldest son of Augustine Washington and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington, who were Prosperous Virginia gentry of English descent. George spent his early years on the family estate along the Potomac River. His early education included the study of such subject's as mathematics, surveying, the class classics, and "rules of activity." His father died in 174, and soon thereafter George went to live with his half brother Lawrence, who became something of a substitute father for his brother, had married into the Fairfax family, prominent and influential Virginians who helped launch George's career.

An early ambition to go to sea had been effectively discouraged by Georges's mother; instead he turned to surveying, securing, (1748) and an appointment to survey Lord Fairfax's lands in the Shenandoah Valley. He helped lay out the Virginia town of Belhaven (now Alexandria) in 174 and was appointed surveyor for Culpeper County. George accompanied his brother Lawrence to Barbados in an effort to cure Lawrence of tuberculosis, but Lawrence died in 175. soon after the brothers returned. George ultimately inherited the Mount Vernon estate.

By the 175 the growing rivalry between the British and French over control of the Ohio Valley, soon to erupt into the French and Indian War (1754-176), created new opportunities for the ambitious young Washington. He first gained public notice when, as adjutant of one of Virginia's four military districts, he was dispatched (October 175) by Governor Robert Dinwiddie on a fruitless mission to warn the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf against further encroachment on territory claimed by Britain. Washington's dairy account of the dangers and difficulties of his journey, Published at Williamburg's on his return, may have helped win him his ensuing promotion to lieutenant colonel. Although only years of age and lacking experience, he learned quickly, meeting the problems of recruitment, supply, and desertions with a combination of branches and Native ability that earned him the respect of this superiors.

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In April 1754, on his way to establish a post at the Forks of the Ohio (the current site of Pittsburgh), Washington learned that the French had already erected a fort there. Warned that the French were advancing, he quickly threw up fortifications at Great Meadows, Pa., aptly naming the entrenchment Fort Necessity, and marched to intercept advancing French troops. In the resulting skirmish the French commander the Sieur De Jumnoville was killed and most of his men were captured. George Washington pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed (July ) by the French in an all day battle fought in drenching rain. Surrounded by enemy troops, with his food supply almost exhausted and his dampened ammunition useless, Washington capitulated. Under the terms of the surrender signed that day, he was permitted to march his troops back to Williamsburg.

Discouraged by his defeat and angered by discrimination between British and colonial officers in rank and pay, he resigned his commission near the end of 1754. The next year however, he volunteered to joined British general Edward Braddock's expedition against the French. When the French and their Indian allies ambushed Braddock on the Monongahela River, Washington although seriously ill, tried to rally the Virginia troops. Whatever public criticism attended the debacle, Washington's own military reputation was enhanced, and in 1755, at the age of . he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander in chief of the Virginia militia, with responsibility for defending the frontier. In 1758 he took an active part in General John Forbes's successful campaign against Fort Duuquesne. From his correspondence during these years, Washington can be seen evolving from a brash, vain and opinionated young officer, impatient with restraints and given to writing admonitory letters to his superiors, to a mature solider with a grasp of administration and a firm understanding of how to deal effectively with civil authority.

George Washington was assured that the Virginia frontier was safe from French attack, Washington left the army in 1758 and returned to Mount Vernon, directing his attention toward restoring his neglected estate. He erected new buildings, refurnished the house, experimented with new crops. With the support of an ever-growing circle of influential friends, he entered politics, serving (175-1774) in Virginia House of Burgesses. In January 175 he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy and attractive young widow with two small children. It was to be a happy and satisfying marriage. After 175 Washington became a leader in Virginia's opposition to Great Britain's colonial policies. At first he hoped for reconciliation with Britain, although some British policies had touched him personally.

Discrimination against colonial military officers had ranked deeply, and British land policies and restrictions on western land speculation. In addition, he shared the usual planter's dilemma in being continually in debt to his London agents. As a delegate (1774-1775) to the First and Second Continental Congress, Washington did not participate actively in the deliberations, but his presence was undoubtedly a stabilizing influence. In June 1775 Congress's unanimous choice as commander in chief of the Continental forces.

George Washington took command of the troops surrounding British occupied Boston on July , devoting the next few months to training the undisciplined 14,000 man army and trying to secure urgently needed power and other supplies. Early in March 1776, using cannon brought down from Ticonderoga by Henry Knox, Washington occupied Dorchester Heights, effectively commanding the city and forcing the British to evacuate on March 17. He moved to defeat New York City against the combined land and seas forces of Sir William Howe. In New York he committed military blunder by occupying an untenable position in Brooklyn, although he saved his army by skillful retreating from Manhattan into Westchester County and through New Jersey into Pennsylvania. In the last months of 1776, desperately short of men and supplies, Washington almost despaired. He had lost New York City to the British; enlistment was almost up for a number of the troops, and others were deserting in droves; civilian morale was failing rapidly; and Congress, faced with the possibility of a British attack on Philadelphia. Had withdrawn from the city.

Colonial morale was briefly received by the capture of Trenton, N.J., a brilliantly conceived attack in which Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night 1776 and surprised the predominantly Hessian Garrison. Advancing to Princeton, N.J., he routed the British there on January , 1777, but in September and October 1777 he suffered serious reverses in Pennsylvania, at Brandywine and Germantown. The major success of that year, the defeat (October 1777) of the British at Saratoga, N.Y., had belonged not to Washington to Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates. The contrast between Washington's record and Gate's brilliant victory was one factor that led to the so called Conway Cabal, an intrigue by some members of Congress and army officers to replace Washington with more successful commander, probably Gates.

Washington acted quickly, and the plan eventually collapsed due to lack of public support as well as to Washington overall superiority to his rivals. After holding his bedraggled and dispirited army together during the difficult winter at Valley Forge, Washington learned that France had recognized American Independence. With the aid of the army into a viable fighting force, and by spring he was ready to take the field again. In June 1778 he attacked the British near Monmouth Courthouse, N.J., on their withdrawal from Philadelphia to New York. Although American General Charles Lee's lack of enterprise ruined Washington's plan to strike a major blow at Sir Henry Clinton's army at Monmouth, the commander in chief's quick action on the field prevented an American defeat.

In 1780 the main theater of the war shifted to the south. Although other generals, including Nathaniel Greene and Daniel Morgan, conducted the campaigns in Virginia and the Carolinas Washington was still responsible for the overall direction of the war. After the arrival of the French army in 1780 he concentrated on coordinating allied efforts in the 1781 launched, in cooperation with the Comte De Rochambeau and the Comte d'Estaing, the brilliantly planned and executed Yorktown campaign against Charles Cornwallis securing the American victory.

Washington had grown enormously in the stature during the war. A man of unquestioned integrity, he began by accepting the advice of more experience officers such as Gates and Charles Lee, but quickly learned to trust his own judgment. He sometimes railed at Congress for its failure to supply troops and for the bungling fiscal measures that frustrated his efforts to secure adequate material. Gradually however he developed what was perhaps his greatest strength in s society suspicious of the military, his ability to deal effectively with the civil authority. Whatever his private opinions his relations with Congress and with he state government were exemplary, despite the fact that wartime powers sometimes amounted to dictatorial authority. On the battlefield Washington relied on a policy of trail and error, eventually becoming a master of improvisation. Often accused of being overly cautious he could be bold when success seemed possible. He learned to use the short-term militia skillfully and to combine green troops with veterans to produce an efficient fighting force.

After the war Washington returned to Mount Vernon which had declined in his absence. Although he became president of the Society of an organization of former Revolutionary war officer, he avoided involvement in Virginia politics. Preferring to concentrate on restoring Mount Vernon, he added a greenhouse, a mill, an icehouse, and horses, investigated the development of Potomac River navigation, and undertook various commercial ventures, traveled west to examine his land holdings near the Ohio River. His dairy notes steady stream of visitors, native and foreign; Mount Vernon, like its owner had already become a national institution.

In May 1787, Washington headed the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and was unanimously elected presiding officer. His presence lent prestige to the proceedings, and although he made few direct contributions he generally supported the advocates of a strong central government. After the Constitution was submitted to the states for ratification and became legally operative, he was unanimously elected president (178).

Taking office April 0, 178 in New York City, George Washington acted carefully and deliberately, aware of the need to build an executive structure that could accommodate future presidents. Hoping to prevent sectionalism from diving the new nation, he toured the New England states and the South. An able administrator he never failed to heal the widening breach factions led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Because he supported many of Hamilton's controversial fiscal policies the assumption of state debts, the Bank of the United State, and the excise tax, Washington became the target of attacks by Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans.

George Washington was re-elected president in 17, and the following year the most divisive crisis arising out of the personal and political conflicts with his cabinet occurred, over the issue of American neutrality angered the pro-French Jeffersonian, was horrified by the excesses of the French Revolution and enraged by the tactics Edmond Genet, the French minister in the United States, which amounted to foreign interference in American politics. Further with an eye toward developing closer commercial ties with the British, the president agreed with the Hamiltonians on the need for peace with Great Britain. His acceptance of the 174's Jay Treaty which settled outstanding differences between the United States and Britain but which Democratic-Republicans viewed as an abject surrender to British demands, revived vituperation against the president, as did his vigorous upholding of the excise law during the Whiskey Rebellion in the western Pennsylvania.

By march 177, when Washington left office the country's financial system was well established, the Indian threat east of the Mississippi had been largely eliminated, and Jay's Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty (175) with Spain had enlarged U. s. territory and removed serious diplomatic difficulties. In spite of the animosities and conflicting opinions between Democratic Republicans and members of the Hamiltonian Federalist party, the two groups were at least united in acceptance of the federal government. Washington refused to run for a third term and after a mastery Farewell Address in which he warned the United States against permanent alliances abroad, he went home to Mount Vernon. His vice-president Federalist John Adams succeeded him.

Although Washington reluctantly accepted command of the army in 178 when he had with France seemed immanent he did not assume as active role. He preferred to spend his last years in a happy retirement at Mount Vernon. In mid December George Washington contracted what was probably quinsy or acute laryngitis; he declined rapidly and died at his estate on December 14, 17.

George Washington had one of a kind life. He was very strong willed man and the people loved him for that mentally and physically. George's life he had to fight in what he believed in and that was the American people. He stood by his country side by side and never gave up a single chance. I was deeply moved by his honor and trust. Now, in our world he is on every dollar bill and if he could of known how much his country felt about him. I am pretty sure that he did know how much he was cared for. George Washington had a great life and ruled a great country of the United States.

Bibliography

1. The First Of Men, By John E. Ferling

. http//sc4,amesab.gov/TOUR/gwash.html

. http//www.earlyamerica.com/lives/gwlife/chapt/index.html

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The poetry of T.S. Eliot reveals certain beliefs that continue to develop in reaction to the European world of the 0th century. In Eliot's The Waste Land, Western culture is depicted as a female whose ability to reproduce has been vanquished. The image of culture is a barren woman, hollowed out by the empty fruits of mass culture. She is Marie, the hyacinth girl, Madam Sosostris, an upper- class woman, a working-class woman, a typist, and a gliding hooded figure which is neither male nor female. The male bodies are all but removed from The Waste Land, they are either dead or dismembered. With this feminizing of culture Eliot is able to ground his poetry in terms of the most powerful of creative forces, birth.

In The Waste Land, Eliot explores the now bankrupt culture of Europe and its failure to inspire the next generation of poets. Throughout the poem culture is depicted in the bodily form of a woman. In the first section "The Burial of the Dead", culture is depicted through Marie, the hyacinth-girl, (it is interesting that Eliot chose hyacinths to represent Marie instead of the lilacs he opens the poem with. Hyacinths are symbolized by a male, based on the Greek god Hyacinthus) who has rendered the speaker speechless. The speakers states "Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not/Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither/ Living nor dead, and I knew nothing/Looking into the heart of light, the silence" (8-41). Marie, the hyacinth-girl has had such an effect on the speaker that she has made him unreservedly worthless. He is neither existing nor deceased, he cannot converse, and his vision is gone. Even in her disheveled position, her hair sodden and arms full, she has the control to utterly close down the speaker. The speaker then looks to the heart of light, but is met only with stillness. There is nothing left for him to do. The very next line "Oed' und leer das Meer." (4) (as explained in a note of Eliot's. In act of Tristan und Isolde, Tristan lies dying. He's waiting for Isolde but is simply told "Waste and empty is the sea".)

Speech and vision fail him, and he ends the passage by borrowing the articulation of another poem, a ventriloquized voice that is not his own, that reveals him at a loss for words. Eliot closes the stanza of the hyacinth girl by letting us know that there is nothing left-waste and emptiness is the sea- the once full and fertile sea is no more.

In "The Burial of the Dead", Eliot continues his belief of a bankrupt culture by introducing Madame Sosostris, a famous clairvoyant. Madame Sosostris, is a mock name made up by Eliot, perhaps based on "Sesostris, the Sorceress of Ecbatana", the name of a character of Aldus Huxely who dresses up as a gypsy to tell fortunes at a fair. It is interesting that Eliot changed the name to Sosostris. The first image the name brings us is SOS, a distress call. Madame Sosostris may well be in distress. She is proficient at reading the Tarot cards. She speaks of the drowned Phoenician sailor who appears later in the poem. She speaks of poisonous belladonnas and foreshadows the coming of the lady of limitation in section two. "Here is Belladonna, the lady of the Rocks, / The lady of situations." (4-50). When she arrives at the last card her expertise is called into query "Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find/ the Hanged Man. Fear death by water."(54-55) Madame Sosostris, the wisest woman in Europe cannot unearth the Hanged Man, who symbolizes the self-sacrifice of the fertility god. The Hanged Man is killed so that fertility can once again return to the soil and people. Without him there is no fertility. The line instantly following that is "Fear death by water." As with the hyacinth-girl we are given another allusion to the sea/body of water. It is feared it again equals death.

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In "A Game of Chess", the second section of The Waste Land, Eliot juxtaposes an upper class woman with a working class woman. The end result is unchanged nonetheless. We do not have a lucid bodily representation of either lady. The only thing we know about the upper-class woman is that she has "fiery hair" and we know that Lil, the working class woman's husband cannot bear to look at her.

"A Game of Chess", begins with a long, rambling account of the upper-class woman's room. This detailed account encompasses lines 77-110. This is by far the longest expressive account in The Waste Land. This majestic like woman sits in furniture that suits her glorious but vacant reality. Her private space is elaborately decorated with rich, lavish designs, lighted by a "sevenbranched candelabra" and coated with her "strange synthetic perfumes/ Unguent, powdered, or liquid-troubled, confused/ And drowned the sense in odours stirred by the air" (8, 87-8). This sterile atmosphere offers her no stimulation. She is far removed from the natural world with its artificial environment and heavy oppressive air that stifles and inhibits the senses. The decorations are now mere "withered stumps of time", artificial tools of seduction and devices which promote nothing but empty pleasures (104).

Inside this barren environment, we meet the mistress of this world seated on her "burnished throne" (77) (which is a direct comparison to Antony and Cleopatra. In the opening scene Cleopatra is described as sitting on a barge like a burnish'd throne.) Concentrating the whole of her image by focusing on her hair, which is "spread out in fiery points," Eliot concisely conjures up the image of a woman becoming undone (10). Her art of illusion is fading, and the potency of her potions is diminishing. She is going to pieces and can no longer conceal her breakdown through superficial means.

Like her disheveled, fiery hair, she converses in the same tangled fashion. The breakdown she is undergoing is "glowed into words" as she tries to articulate what she is experiencing to an unnamed man in her life. A hysterical outburst follows in which she begs this silent man to voice his thoughts, to console her in her loss. From the placement of the quotations in the poem, the reader realizes that her lover or husband's mouth remains "savagely still" (110). Like Marie's man he is rendered speechless. Cleary communication has become impossible. Neither can articulate what they wish to say. Unlike the muses, who inspire and allow for the creative flow of thought, this woman makes the man verbally impotent. The desperation conveyed in her questions and her fractured speech mirrors their shared shattered lives.

In the last round of questions she addresses herself. It too turns out to a fruitless exercise. Escape is imaged as simply rushing out the door and onto the street, as if a simple stroll around the neighborhood could cure her ailments. Unfortunately this is no longer possible as the fear of being found out redirects her attention to her unkempt hair and the importance of image. She remembers the need to keep up appearances above all else. Out of this bleak present moment she looks to the future, to tomorrow, but even that offers no respite.

Both the man and woman in the first part of "A Game of Chess" are suffering but Eliot has opted to focus more so on the female. We are privileged only to the man's thoughts and they are cryptic at best.

The second part of "A Game of Chess" begins with an account of a working-class woman's dilemma. While her story is not nearly as detailed as the upper-class woman's tale there is still sufficient evidence to bring about a comparison of the two women as representatives of the expanding downward spiral of European culture. Lil is a weathered, trodden woman. Her life is hollow, her husband and friend cannot bear to look at her, and she is not worth mentioning at the age of 1. She's wasting away; she is the end of fertility. "It's them pills I took, to bring it off, she said./(She's had five already, and nearly died of young George.)/ The chemist said it would be all right, but I've never been the same" (15-161). She was once productive and supplied many offspring to this world. Now she is nothing but a burnt out shell of a woman. She terminated her last baby, perhaps to save herself.

The woman's speech in the first part of "A Game of Chess" is disjunctive and serves to mirror her inner collapse. As a representation of culture, this woman with her bad nerves embodies the shell of Western tradition. Lil's life is as disconnected as the woman's in part one. Lil's past fertility, then lack of also exemplifies the shell of Western tradition. All that is left are the empty images. Both she and Lil are barren, their fertility spent of the proliferation of mass culture.

The third section "The Fire Sermon" is narrated by Tiresias a male/female persona. Tiresias is an "Old man with wrinkled female breast" (1). We are unsure of his role and not quite sure of his sexual identity but assume he's a female because he "too awaited the expected guest" (0). Again we go into another semi-detailed account of a woman's private room. Although with this woman we have a bit more of a description. Her room is "typical" not lavishly decorated. She survives with just the basics. Her life is routine. She has no name. She is just a typist, a machine. An unnamed man is once again her mate. While he does not speak his actions more then make up for his lack of voice. He tries to "engage her in caresses" (7) which are "unreproved, if undesired" (8) and then "Flushed and decided, he assaults at once" (). Throughout all of this "His vanity requires no response" (41). When all is ended the typist remarks "Well now that's done and I'm glad it's over" (5).

What has passed between these two individuals is devoid of love and emotion. The typist symbolizes the representation of culture in 0th century Europe. She is incapable of feelings and lives in a vast, meaningless society where people are viewed as merely machinery. There is no creativity, they are all barren. Human beings are isolated and sexual relations are sterile and meaningless. Their world is filled with isolation, and barrenness.

The fifth section "What the Thunder Said", introduces us to a gliding figure. "There is always another one walking besides you/ Gliding wrapped in a brown mantle, hooded/ I do not know whether a man or a woman" (6-6). Like Tiresias, this figure is neither man nor woman. However, Eliot had previously associated the hooded figure with Madame Sosostris in the card that she could not see. We have been privileged to this information and can easily associate the hooded figure with the Hanged God of Frazer whom Eliot mentions. Elliot associates the Hanged Man with the Hanged God of Frazer (Eliot 48). This Hanged God is named Marsyas, and he is either a satyr or a shepherd, skilled in playing the flute. He challenges Apollo to a music contest. After losing, Marsyas is tied to a pine tree and flayed. The skin of the flayed god was hung in a cave from which the river Marsyas rushed with an impetuous and noisy tide to join the Maender The flaying and hanging of his skin is said to reflect a ritual by which will effect his resurrection, and also that of the vegetation in spring. Madame Sosostris missed this. She could not see this card; she could not find the hanged man, therefore abandoning expectation of a fruitful environment.

Just as we are certain that all hope is abandoned we see that "A woman drew her long black hair out tight/ And fiddled whisper music on those strings" (78-7). This makes us think of the woman with "fiery hair". Their only identifying mark is their hair. This is where their similarities end. The woman in "A Game of Chess" was disjunctive and hollow. The woman with the black hair in "What the Thunder Said" is composed and complete. As she is drawing out her long black hair ""bats with baby faces in the violet light/whistled, and beat their wings/ And crawled head downward down a blackened wall" (80-8). In an obvious sign where the bats are impersonating the progression of birth, Eliot inserts a rare form of life into the poem. While the images of black hair and a blackened wall tend to bring negative thoughts, the opposite is true. As the bats make their way downward we are shown "Tolling reminiscent bells, that kept the hours/ And voices singing out of empty cisterns and exhausted wells." (84-85). There is hope, life is returning.

Eliot attempts to instill some hope as the poem is ending. Women are once again associated with birth. They are fertile. The bats have symbolized this and in the next stanza we are given another image the return of sexual potency "In this decayed hole among the mountains" (86) and "In a flash of lightening. Then a damp gust/ Bringing rain" (4-5). By shifting to a poetic mode that expresses emotion through landscape rather than through character, Eliot can achieve sexual potency in purely symbolic terms, as, in the decayed hole and the damp gust comes, bringing rain. Water has returned and it is no longer feared.

From Marie, the hyacinth-girl to the unnamed woman with the black hair, Eliot has portrayed an assortment of women who fit nicely in his view of modern culture, that of a womanly body. Women had been portrayed as empty, hollowed symbols, unable to procreate. They were shallow and machine like. These women were representatives of the descending turn of European culture until Eliot can transfer their forthcoming return of fertility onto the poet.

From the sweeping changes that engulfed 0th century Europe, Eliot found source for poetic inspiration. He experienced an age of political turmoil, modernization, and unprecedented growth. It was a time of enormous change which transformed societies. Of the many changes that were ushered in, it was the rise of mass culture that Eliot came to view as a serious threat to his poetic ideas. In The Waste Land Eliot has portrayed Western civilization as a female whose ability to replicate has been defeated. The image of culture as a barren woman, hollowed out by the empty fruits of mass culture, fits nicely with Eliot's longing to create a new style of poetry. Eliot's use of the female as a representative of culture allowed him to view his poetry in the most important, force a woman has, birth. Eliot marks out a new age, one which claimed that the impoverished culture could only yield defected fruits. Culture could no longer inspire and be trusted to reproduce faithfully. It is only the fertile mind of the poet, pen in hand, who can continue to reproduce an untainted lineage. The poet usurps the feminine ability to procreate and relocates this generative power to his own mind. The cure for cultural sterility then rests squarely with the poetic mind.

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