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Spanish American War

The cause of the Spanish American War was the fact that Spain mistreated its subjects in Cuba. Demands by Cuban patriots for independence from Spanish rule made U.S. intervention in Cuba a paramount issue in the relations between the United States and Spain from the 1870s to 188. Sympathy for the Cubans ran high in America. The Spanish military commander instituted the concentration camp system in 186; Cubas rural population was forcibly confined to centrally located garrison towns, where thousands died from disease, starvation, and exposure.

Although the majority of Americans, including President McKinley, wished to avert war and hoped to settle the Cuban question by peaceful means, a series of incidents early in 188 intensified U.S. feelings against Spain. The first of these was the publication by Hearst of a stolen letter that had been written by the Spanish minister at Washington, in which that incautious diplomat expressed contempt for McKinley. This was followed by the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana harbor on Feb. 15, 188, with a loss of 60 men. Although Spanish complicity was not proved, U.S. public opinion was aroused and war sentiment rose. The cause of the advocates of war was given further impetus as a result of eyewitness reports by members of the U.S. Congress on the effect of the concentration camps in Cuba.

Under Spanish rule in Cuba had become progressively harsh and revolution broke out in 185. President William McKinley was under tremendous public pressure to defend U.S. interests on the island. The media, at this point in history represented by the newspaper chains of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, had a field day stirring up outrage against the Spanish colonial governments many atrocities. As rebel forces gained popular support, the military resorted to moving entire villages into concentration camps and erecting massive cleared and fenced demilitarized zones.

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In Cuba the war's only significant land engagement took place on July 1 when American troops seized two strongly defended Spanish garrisons on El Caney Hill and San Juan Hill overlooking the Spanish military stronghold of Santiago de Cuba. Another main event of the war happened on July when the Spanish fleet, which had been blockaded by the Americans at Santiago de Cuba, made a break for the open sea. American ships sank the seven vessels, killing 474 Spaniards and ending four hundred years of Spanish Empire in America. One of the main consequences of the war was the casualties. 5,000 American men died in the war with Cuba.

Peace was arranged by the Treaty of Paris signed Dec. 10, 188 ratified by the U.S. Senate, Feb. 6, 18. The Spanish Empire was practically dissolved. Cuba was freed, but under U.S. tutelage by terms of the Platt Amendment, with Spain assuming the Cuban debt. Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to the United States as indemnity, and the Philippines were surrendered to the United States for a payment of $0 million. The United States emerged from the war with new international power. In both Latin America and East Asia it had established an imperial foothold. The war tied the United States more closely to the course of events in those areas.

The administrations of both President Grover Cleveland and President William McKinley opposed going to war. I think they opposed the war because the Americans had problems of their own. The Americans were in a depression and all they needed was to spend money that they didn't have to fight a war that to some people was really none of the Americans concern. Some people believed that we needed to take care of our problems here in our homeland before worrying about some another person's homeland.

Boyer, Paul; Clark Jr., Clifford; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph; Salisbury, Neal; Sitkoff, Harvard; and Woloch, Nancy; The Enduring Vision.

Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 00.

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