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The Role That Emotion Plays In Forgetting

It is undeniable that emotion plays a massive part in the memories that we possess, both short and long term. However the way in which our personal feelings and biases shape our recollections is an issue of much contention.

Sigmund Freud offered a questionable viewpoint when he proposed repression as the cause of inaccuracy, whereas the flash bulb memory theory relates the vividness of an issue to its emotional and social impact.

The validity of these arguments is often dubious as there can be difficulties in proving that studies have sufficient credibility.

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Although there is indubitably a link between the strength of a memory and the emotion that the event evoked, experiments designed to prove these theories struggle to provide tangible evidence that their hypothesis is correct.

Another debateable area is whether or not memory would be enhanced if people were incapable of emotion. Would this lead to robotic accuracy in recalling a situation, or would a lack of sentiment eliminate the idea of a flash bulb memory and hinder memory as a whole?

It is fair to say that the majority of people will have a photographic, still frame, memory of certain moments.

This is what we call a flash bulb memory and the idea that this method of recognition, particularly of highly emotive events seems to be a fairly accurate assumption.

The flash bulb memory is a supremely detailed and vivid recollection, usually of great personal, social and/or cultural relevance. People often report that they have a specific image in their mind that epitomises their emotion at the time. The process supposedly occurs entirely naturally in reaction to tragedies such as September 11th or bereavement as well as celebratory events, winning the world cup or passing an exam for example.

In 14 Conway et al conducted an experiment concerning the existence of a type of photographic memory. They concentrated on the hypothesis that the closer an issue is to your heart, the more likely a person is to develop a flash bulb memory. Conway et al used the 10 resignation of Margaret Thatcher as their emotive stimulant and supposed that Britons had a higher likelihood of formulating a snapshot in their minds than other nationalities.

The predictions proved to be emphatically correct, 86 percent of Britons had a vivid recollection compared to only percent of non- British citizens.

First impressions indicate that the study is fairly bland therefore does not risk morality or deceive in any way. Conway et al were able to accumulate the set of results that they anticipated and so from that point of view they had succeeded.

However the methodology does seem to have one major detractor. It is difficult to see how they could possibly have distinguished accurately and consistently between a flash bulb memory and a regular memory. With only the description of the participant to work with, the line that separates the two types will inevitably blur.

Having said this the study does seem to support the relation of memory to social and cultural relevance because there is a significant difference in the percentages of British and non- British. It also backs up the flash bulb memory as a function of emotion in memory although this remains dependant on interpretation. (Flash bulb or regular memory).

Conway's study however does not appear to have the accuracy and validity to ultimately be convincing.

The experiment falls victim to basic frailties, the main one of which being that it is far too vague. It identifies only two groups of people- British and non- British and fails to make any other distinctions such as age or political views e.g. the party they support.

To criticise further, none of the British people are likely to have known Margaret Thatcher personally and so have no reason to have any more of an affiliation with her than foreigners. Surely their main concern would be her policies and the way she affected society, even non- British people living in the UK would share these concerns. This argument severely tarnishes the relevance of the study.

As for questions to whether a flash bulb memory exists or not, how vivid, short and precise does a memory have to be in order to be considered flash bulb?

Most people will be able to recall several events of varying importance and it would not be unusual to remember a small amount of anything remotely emotive. For example a football fan will generally recall a specific moment in each result, does this constitute a flash bulb memory?

To compound the invalidity there does seem to be a simple alternative to the study of Conway et al. why did they not distinguish between men and women? As the first female British prime minister it is blatant that women would have a greater affiliation with her and this may have provided greater credibility.

Is it possible that certain people had simply created a fictional memory that they believed to be flash bulb because they felt that, as Britons, they had a responsibility to recall such monumental event accurately?

Overall although the study does seem to support the notion that flash bulb memories exist, it appears to be far too general and sloppily thought out to gain the utmost credibility. There are several outstanding variables left uncontrolled and the issue of whether flash bulb memories exist is surely more scientific than Conway et al would have us believe.

The study fails to provide sufficient evidence that it distinguishes accurately between types of memory and this is another reason why it lacks validity.

Although it seems perfectly acceptable that instant photographic memory exists, Conway et al made a substandard attempt at proving it.

The idea of repression into the unconscious was first proposed by Sigmund Freud and it focuses on the theory that memories too damaging to enter the conscious are repressed in order to free the mind of a troublesome past. Although Freud suggested the process was totally uncontrollable others have labelled it controlled forgetting to enhance self-esteem and confidence. This can be related to the everyday example of selective memory which concentrates more on the exaggeration of positive events rather than the repression of negative ones.

Whichever form of repression occurs it seems the central idea is that memory is warped by a fear of previous happenings and the willingness to distance oneself from traumatism.

Myers and Brewin set out to prove that someone with a repressive personality would take longer to recall an aspect of their past. They took twenty-seven students and declared them either repressors or non- repressors. They did this by questioning them on their youth, evaluating levels of anxiety and defensiveness and making a judgement based particularly on relationships with parents.

They found that those earlier labelled repressors took longer to recall experiences.

Myers and Brewin employed astounding methodology that came under heavy criticism, not least because the study was massively unethical. The repercussions of delving into a traumatic youth could have caused a lifetime of damage to the participants and any amount of debriefing would be insufficient. The experiment also lacked ecological validity as the participants were taken away from their environment and asked to answer questions concerning entirely different circumstances.

To continue, as well as being unscientific, the study also fails to address additional variables such as the mood of the participants.

However, does the end justify the means? It is undeniable that Myers and Brewin achieved the anticipated results. This suggests that repression does exist- why else would so-called repressors find difficulties in locating memories? There appear to be gaps in their youth. In retrospect it seems that the repressors were taking time to delve deeper into themselves to find the area in concern.

However it is also possible to find points disputing Freud's hypothesis. One way of contending the theory is to argue that repressors should be quicker to give an answer because they will have considered their past before and if they were in denial they are likely to have a replacement memory for the disturbing one that they could call upon almost instantly. As a non-repressor would have looked less analytically back at their past perhaps they should take longer.

Also as well as being highly unethical to label someone a repressor, it is unlikely that they will have been completely accurate with their assumptions, hence compromising the validity of findings. As well as this they show no evidence that confounding variables have been considered. For instance differences in personalities will lead to questions triggering different emotions and responses.

Overall Myers and Brewin seem to have arrived at the results they had previously anticipated but their methodology and results seem questionable, and as well as lacking ecological and ethical validity they make a plethora of possibly inaccurate assumptions.

Although they put forward a strong argument for repression, they fail to convince that a memory, however traumatic, can be totally forgotten. Instead they suggest that over time an unwanted memory may become distorted to form a more socially acceptable thought and those memories are simply made over rather than repressed.

To evaluate it is apparent that emotion plays a massive role in the accuracy and vividness of a memory. As Conway et al suggested it seems to trigger a photographic frame of an event. However rather than trying to prove that flash bulb memory does exist, it may be more reasonable to accept that distinguishing between flash bulb memory and regular memory is near impossible and recognise that emotion is conducive to vivid snapshots that are part of overall memory rather than the two being mutually exclusive.

In stark contrast to Conway's bland and morally correct study, Myers and Brewin pushed the boundaries in an attempt to prove repression. However, whereas Conway et al were let down by being so overly ethical in their study that the results were altogether uninteresting, Myers and Brewin compromised their findings with an unethical, ecologically invalid study based on assumptions and questioning that unbending in response to differing personalities.

Both studies have analysed the role that emotion plays and have achieved very dubious results. For this reason it appears that emotion plays a relatively negative role in memory and a very active role in forgetting.

Although it is a hindrance to memory emotion shapes the way that we live our lives and the decisions we make. As Freud proposed, it would have a negative affect on our self-esteem if we could remember everything that happens but as things stand it seems that humans are able to strike a good balance.

The majority of us are enthused by good memories, therefore moral is kept high. This is brought into perspective by negative memories that create a balance and keep our feet on the ground.

In conclusion although emotion hinders the accuracy of memory, it surely enhances the effects that memory has on our lives.

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The novel "The time machine" was written to give the reader a vision into the author's view of the future; although bleak, this vision is presented realistically, whilst being profoundly farfetched. The use of this presentation leaves the reader wondering if all this could actually happen.

It is clear from reading the novel that H.G. Wells message or vision for mankind, is entirely bleak. This is simply because there is nothing positive in the book. Whilst there are individual events that provoke an optimistic feeling in the reader, these are always challenged by a more prominent pessimistic occurrence on the same subject. When the time traveller rescued "weakly-crying" Weena from the shallow, and she presented him with a "big garland of flowers," anyone reading would think the novel has taken a positive turn. However, when the time traveller committed the "atrocious folly" of lighting a fire in the woods, then leaving Weena unguarded while she lay unconscious, leading to her presumed death; the novel is once again on its bleak and pessimistic trail.

The story starts with the Time Traveller entertaining a group of associates. They are all middle class people being entertained in a realistic settings; "the fire burnt brightly," "and there was that luxurious after dinner atmosphere." This "introduction" is crucial, for the whole basis of the novel is around the idea that time travel is possible, this shows it is a science fiction novel, as opposed to a fantasy. The idea of science fiction books was being developed just as H.G. Wells was writing "The time machine," so he was very much I pioneer of the genre. Brian Aldiiss has since defined science fiction as "hubris clobbered by nemesis," and I believe this is just the idea that Wells is following; the pride and arrogance of the human race being clobbered by its own apparent suicide. In my opinion this is what the author's message or warning is based upon.

When the time traveller takes his leap into the future, he arrives in a totally alien environment, "my sensations would be hard to describe." He doesn't know what to think at first, then "as the columns of hail grew thinner," he sees the sphinx. The time traveller's first view of this world is "an unpleasant suggestion of disease." His thoughts are to question; had "cruelty grown into a common passion? What if in this interval the race had lost its manliness?" Before he actually saw the Eloi, or Morlocks, and had time to think about what they might be he was "seized with a panic of fear." This tells us that the Time Traveller, like Wells has a pessimistic view of mans future; this suggesting that Wells uses the Time Traveller significantly as a tool for himself in the novel. His first impressions of the Eloi are that they are "very beautiful and graceful creatures, but indescribably frail that hetic beauty we used to hear so much." Already he links back to his own time, perceiving the Eloi as the beautiful upper class.

H.G. Wells had his own strong personal beliefs, these included Marxism and Darwinism. These two themes can be traced throughout the entire novel, set behind the clear-cut science fiction theme. Darwinism is the theory of evolution, the survival of the fittest. This is an idea that was just getting to its peak in Well's time, being a scientific man himself, he couldn't help but use this in portraying his bleak message to the audience. Marxism is a political idea, derived by Carl Marx. Well's was a Marxist, which also meant he was a communist. The concept behind Marxism is that there is a social divide in society. There are the upper and middle classes, and the lower class. The lower class is treated infinitely worse that the others, given the worst jobs, they are beaten in the work place, most lower class children would have been working from a very young age to try and support the struggling family. What Well's seems to point to in his writing is the miners of his time.

His theory of Darwinism; when the novel gets underway the time traveller is transported to an almost alien environment, there is little to nothing of what he remembers about his own time. There are "Exquisite creatures," beautiful creatures, who are inhabiting the surface of this world; these seem to be the direct descendants of man, living within themselves in a utopia. They seem to have no purpose, and lead a pointless, yet happy life. Following the theory of Darwinism, these creatures have almost de-evolved after not having to defend themselves, or fend for themselves; they have everything they need, and so any sign of high intelligence has totally vanished; the "intellectual level of 5-year-old-children". Also there are no signs of death among these people "there were no crematorium" or any other signs of graveyards or the sort. However this feeling of Utopia is short lived.

The time traveller stumbles upon the Morlocks. This is when the theory's of Marxism and Darwinism combine, along with the realistic rather than fantastical presentation of the novel. The time traveller discovers the Morlocks; they are shown to us as weird mechanical sorts of beasts; the first inkling of their world is "the throb and hum of machinery". The Morlocks themselves are "Stooping white creatures," as they live in this subterranean world we naturally presume them to be the more primitive and at the same time more evil of the two species.

The Eloi are the upper/middle classes. The Morlocks are the lower. This is Wells's belief in the Marxist theory taken to the limit. "Then I remembered that strange fear of the dark." The lower class people of Wells's time lived in the most awful and barbaric conditions. In particular people were sent down mines, they left early in the morning in the darkness, spent their entire day in the dark, and returned home late, after the sun had set. Now there was a totally new species to represent the lower class, the Morlocks who spend all their time in the dark, in fact they can't be in the light. This is because after spending so much time in the darkness the evolved to become accustomed to it. "Upon the hillside were some thirty or forty Morlocks, dazzled by the light and heat, blundering hither and thither against each other in their bewilderment. These lower class Morlocks as true to Marxist theory seem to have overthrown the Upper class Eloi, who "like the Carlovignan kings, had decayed to a mere beautiful futility. They are show to be futile especially when they don't help Weena "It will give you an idea of the strange deficiency of these creatures when I tell you that none made the slightest attempt to rescue" her. Also the fact that they all huddle away from the Morlocks "these people gather into great houses after dark, and slept in droves." The "lesson of that fear" was obviously that the Morlocks prayed on the weak, defenceless, and in some ways pathetic Eloi, showing the reversal of the class system, and more of Wells's Marxism.

With this pessimistic view of mankind looming in the storyline, Wells still wasn't convinced his warning was powerful enough. When the time traveller rediscovers the machine, he stumbles into an ambush of Morlocks, and instead of travelling back into his own time, he goes forward. He reaches the last "twilight" left of the world. The only life survivng on this world appears to be water based. "A really monstrous crab-like creature" and a black thing with the apparent shape of a jellyfish "tentacles trailed down from it, it was black against the blood-red water." This is very ironic and brings back his Darwinist theory but a distorted parody of it. According to Darwin all life came out the sea, and now in the dying days of the Earth, the descendants of man were crawling back into the sea to accept their fate. To finally add to the warning the time traveller is nearly left to die in this cold lonely place. "Then I felt I was fainting, but a terrible dread of lying helpless in that remote and awful twilight sustained me, I clambered upon the saddle.

This is where the presentation is of great import. It is clear now from the statements above that H.G Wells wrote "The time machine" as a warning to mankind. I believe this warning is for the aristocracy of his time to step back and look at how they are treating the lower class. For them to take any such warning seriously, they had to surely believe that somehow it could be possible. Wells uses a number of tools in his writing to make this possible. For one the book is not written from the time traveller's point of view. It is written from the point of view of the reader, the audience, who are listening to this unbelievable story. The first statement in the "Introduction" is the time traveller "was expounding a recondite matter to us." So Wells makes it clear from early on that this is not a sure thing, he is asking the reader to make a decision, to believe the time traveller or not. He doesn't throw the story at them; he adds a twist of uncertainty even within the novel, this is whether any of it actually happens. In my opinion this has a great effect that makes the reader feel part of the novel, and therefore makes them more likely to accept the warning. He develops this by adding yet more uncertainty about the truth behind the journey of the time traveller. "There I object" "It's against reason." Wells addresses the men of reason of his time, which by my reckoning was a very large number of people. The industrial revolution was in its midst and everything revolved around mechanical reason. Now Wells had to turn away from reason to make his warning, without creating a fantastical novel. This is why Wells has characters in his own book questioning its very basis.

On the other hand someone reading the book may well question this. Subduing to the easier concept of the book not containing any great message or warning, and that it was more of a fantasy that even a science fiction novel. It is my belief though that there is far too much evidence within the novel to oppose this as I have stated throughout the essay. In my eyes the only answer to what H.G Wells's message is, is that it was a warning to the world. For them to acknowledge their fellow humans that they ran into the ground, and also to regard themselves as lucky, to remind them that the world they live on is a beautiful place, they should enjoy it while they can.

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Caerleon Visit

How do the types of material imported and produced locally differ in terms of their quality, quantity and workmanship?

There was a vast amount of material on display at the museum that came from a variety of different locations, whether produced locally, from other parts of Britain (large amounts from Scotland) or imported from other areas of Europe (noticeably Gaul). This was due to the nature of the Second Augustan legions involvement with the spread of the Roman Empire throughout this period, they were not simply a stationary garrison, they originated from Spain, then were marched from Strasbourg, Germany to help with the capture of Britain. The men knew how to make use of the natural resources they were surrounded by, this was reflected in the practicality of the objects produced from their locality. The fort of Isca was positioned strategically on the periphery of the river Usk, this provided alluvial clay, this was used to produce basic everyday items that the legionary required. There were many examples of this on display at the museum such as; field flasks, water jugs and a mould made for an oil lamp, they are simple in style and are clearly for practical use, as opposed to decorative. The legionary probably had their kilns based by the river, demonstrating a continuous need for this cheap, easy to produce material. The legion also had their own tilery, these too were produced originally by the men, then civilians took over the role. There was an ornamental tile for a gable with a Gorgens head, showing us the superstitious side of the legionary, it is supposed to attract evil spirits, therefor diverting them away from the people. It is a rather crude carving with no obvious formality of shape (this is excusable, it is after all a roof tile, in a position of poor visibility). There was also evidence that they imported from the rest of England, there is cooking equipment made from black burnished ware from Dorset, this too is very basic in style, but has more of a finished look than the clay pottery, it is of better quality and looks considerably sturdier than the clay- ware. The imported materials were of a more luxurious nature than the previous two, the Samian pottery comes from Gaul, it is a shiny deep red colour, depicting a hunting scene, this would not have been used everyday. Other imported materials ranged to basic amphoras filled with wine, to elaborately carved gemstones of a very high quality.

What sort of quality of life did the soldiers have?

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Their life, on a superficial level was basic, but a satisfactory existence. There are of course obvious differences between ranked men and the average legionary, but in theory they were fed, clothed, housed and entertained. This is not as generous as it seems, ad average soldier would be paid 00 denarii, and only be left with about 1, after he had deductions for; food, equipment, bedding, compulsory savings and his burial club contributions removed. They were superstitious, there is a leaden curse invoking the goddess Nemesis to punish someone for stealing a cloak and pair of boots, after all this would have been a serious crime considering the soldiers pay for their own equipment. The men ate well, we know the legion imported luxury foodstuffs from Spain and Italy including olive oil, figs, wine and dates. They ate fruits, meat (from legions own pastureland), vegetables and bread, even stamped with the centuries name (stamp bearing Century of Quintinius Aquila found). Personal hygiene was of importance, five thousand men living in such a small space (with up to 8 sharing a room) germs spread easily, they were aware of this and owned tweezers, earscoops, body scrapers made from shells and a bronze razor was found (also indicating regimented look in regards to facial hair). The amphitheatre (just outside the fortress walls) was a means of entertainment for the men, they would go there to watch blood sports and socialise. The men were not allowed to get married whilst in military service, but it was common for them to be in relationships with civilian women who lived outside the walls and have children to carry on the military tradition.

What role did local resources (material, labour) play in the construction and maintenance of the fort?

The original construction of the fort (c. AD 74/5) was built in timber, and not suprisingly there is very little evidence of its original form, before the end of the first century this began to rot away. The replacement buildings were built by the second Augustan Legion accompanied by skilled men. There is a piece of wooden tablet inscribed in ink, found in a officers house, regarding the collection of timber. Vast amounts of timber were needed (some thought to have been floated down the river from Us). Old Red Sandstone was used for general building work, and there are examples of Bath Stone, finer in quality than the former and used for decorative purposes. They used lead from the mines on the outskirts of Cardiff. Legionary blacksmiths made hinges, horse buckles and armour, remains of their workshops were found within the fortress. Throughout the forts life (spanning over 00 years) there was the necessity for ongoing maintenance work, and over a period of about thirty years it saw the replacement of timber with stone buildings, identifiable by the inscriptions they held (there is an Italian marble inscription in honour of the Emperor Trajan 100 AD placed on the south gate that had been strengthened during this period). Local materials were essential for the developments, this imported marble was very rare, there is a local sanstone inscription that records the rebuilding of the seventh cohorts barracks in 5. It was common for the soldiers to participate in the renovation of the fort, especially after they had been away for long periods. However in the third century there were inscriptions found recording work, yet during this time the legion played a large role in the Scotland expedition of 07/11. This is not substantial evidence to show the civilians participated heavily in the upkeep of the fort, because by 0 it was deemed wasteful to heat the fortress baths, maintenance work began to die down.

How integrated does the fort seem to be in short and long distance trade routes?

Short distance trading was essential for the upkeep of the men and the fort, this was more for everyday items. The fortress boosted the economy of the civilian settlement that surrounded it., what little money the soldiers had left they were encouraged to spend on crafts and food made by them. They also traded in leather with Welsh farmers, leather was used for tents, bags, and shield covers. Stone came from Dorset and Bath. These are essential items, their strong trade connections with the rest of the empire become apparent when looking at luxury items. They boosted the economy by persuading the men to want to eat nice foods and wine, buy gemstones and grafted glassware from Gaul.

Which type of artefacts seem to be most common in the archaeological record (judging by the material in the museum)?

It seems to be everyday items that have survived, the buildings w ere demolished, leaving foundations. Items that were of any real value would have been taken with them when they left, armour and fighting equipment are rare. However there is an abundance of cookware that would have been mass produced. Building stone is commonly found, it would be pointless transporting to the next settlement, unless it was particularly symbolic. There are gravestones that were from the cemeteries outside the walls, yet they had been turned over and re- used as paving slabs. Items that were of value had presumably been lost, 88 engraved gemstones were found in the fortress baths under a large drain, this is a very rare find, we only normally see discarded vases and lost coins.

What factors might have affected the survival and archaeological visibility of the material, e.g.. Pottery, foodstuffs, personal ornaments, we see today?

Firstly, being in Wales, one of the biggest factors affecting the survival of materials has to be the weather, primarily rain! This particularly affects perishable items such wood (as we have seen from the rotting of the original buildings), clothing, food and papers. Yet the pottery has survived rather well, as have the metal pieces such as silver coins, and small brooches, pins and other decorative items. A reason for the survival of the engravings was likely to be from the lack of respect they had been given after the Romans had left, turning them into the ground preserved their inscriptions. Much of the stone had been stolen during the medieval period, taking the buildings to below ground level.

How might the subsequent history of the fort have affected the archaeological record?

The fort became obsolete, Saxon pirates and Irish invaders had become a very real threat to the Romans, far greater than the Silures. The legion shrunk in size dramatically, some staying in Scotland, going to Gaul or moving to Cardiff to protect the Welsh waters. The fortress fell into a state of disrepair; buildings were left to crumble, what was left of them the medieval inhabitants scavenged; peoples personal possessions that had been forgotten or lost simply abandoned. So there is not a balanced, cross- section view of life there. If completely reliant on archaeological record, we would believe the fort to have been rather peaceful, when in reality there were ongoing struggles with the Silures. The only remains we are left with are small fragmentary pieces from everyday life- painting, for the most part, a rather rosy picture.

What other aspects of army life besides the economy can we discuss using the archaeological record?

Social aspects can be discussed, simply by looking at the physical layout of the fortress, the Roman Army made such an effort to isolate themselves, obviously this was a defensive must, but the notion of community seems to be a strong idea. The Vicus (civil settlement) surrounding the fort provides a different side of life for the men. It was here that they could meet women and raise families, gamble and socialise with traders and legionaries alike. Military pride and pride of Rome seem evident from our archaeological record, pride had to be take in the mens equipment, they had to look smart (when juxtaposed to the Welsh tribesmen, they certainly did) and the men had to replace damaged equipment, if not their pay would be stopped. There is evidence of attempts to incorporate religion into their lives, in the civic areas there were temples and religious festivals held. There is an alter to the goddess Salus (health); a small copper ram, a sign of fertility; gem engraved with the god Mercury.

To what extent can we build up a representative picture of the life and history of the fort?

Caerleon and its archaeology are a rare example of a Roman site, although it is not a completely clear picture of life (if we rely upon archaeology alone, without the use of literary sources) it presents a well rounded view of what life was like on a social and practical level like the food they ate , what they ate it from and the way their life was organised by the legion. Yet what archaeology does not make clear is the way the fort operated on a military basis, the nature of their campaigns.

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Name of Industry The U.S. Automobile Industry

(a) Industry Profile

Size- The automobile industry consists of many sections, from production of automobiles to production of parts and components to even the retail aspect of automobiles. Given the nature of the products and the quantity and quality demanded, it should come as no surprise that this industry is one of the largest in the U.S. and world economies. The large number of people the industry employs has made it a key determinant of economic growth (Encarta.com). This industry has a spiral effect on the economy as the finished products are often used as factors of production in other industries. At the same time, in order to produce these vast amounts of automobiles, there is a heavy investment in the steel industry and other industrial products (Klepper, 11).

In recent years (15-001) the number of companies in the industry, including all sections, has reduced from about 4100 to around 100 but yet sales have risen from B$ 11 to B$41716 over the same time period (table 1). Post World War II, the Big General Motors (GM), Ford and Chrysler have been near the top of the list of industrial firms with the most sales revenue. Given that these three giants account for 66% of the production of cars sold in America, the size of the entire industry is immense (autoindustry.com).

Table 1 Sales in Billions of Dollars

15 16 17 18 1 000 001

Vehicles and Engines SIC 4.1 715 71 85 8607 580 84 77

Bodies SIC 4. 60 55 68 511 468 40 57

Parts SIC 4. 7046 75 805 107 8658 8887 05

Tires SIC 5.11 1647 177 161 1441 158

Vehicle electrical SIC 1.61 110 105 1066 111 1014

Components sub total 406 607 1100 11618 1116 1177 14444

TOTAL 11 6806 4187 4056 48 444 41716

Office of National Statistics Annual Business Inquiry, published December, 1 months in arrears

Structure- The automobile industry as we know it today, an oligopoly, was not always structured this way. At the beginning of the 0th century there were more than 00 producers but shortly after 10, the number of firms in the industry fell considerably and by 11 the industry was clearly showing signs of its present state with the three dominant firms being GM, Ford and Chrysler (Klepper, 4).

The concentration of prosperous firms around the same region, Detroit, Michigan was unusual and quite fascinating. Initially, because of the region's location, flocks of new firms entered the industry through the eastern seaboard and the Midwest. However, the forces of the market pushed the smaller, weaker firms out as the larger firms with great amounts of Research & Development (R&D) productivity returned higher profits and expanded (Klepper, 14).

Table

TOTAL 11 6806 4187 4056 48 444 41716

Office of National Statistics Annual Business Inquiry, published December,

Dominant Companies within the Industry

The three major companies in the industry from 10 to present are Chrysler, Ford and GM. While Chrysler may not have the portfolio of vehicles that GM and Ford possess and is the smallest of the three in terms of market share. GM seems to have mastered the production process while Ford is not far behind. The other firms in the market are mostly foreign based, located in Asia and Europe.

Financial Performance of the Industry over time

The outlook for the future seems fuzzy despite the zero-percent interest financing launched by GM in an attempt to boost sales post September 11, 001. Consumers seem uncertain and under confident about making any investments. This coupled by the ever increasing erosion of market share by the Asian and European brands, who seem to be more quickly responsive to changes in demand, seem to indicate that profits may have to come from another venture. According to national industry director of KPMG, Brian Ambrose, "Right now North American manufacturers are in a transition phase and, over the next few years; plan to roll out dozens of models with exciting styling and new technology. They are banking that these new vehicles will recapture the eye of the consumer, returning them to profitability and making zero-percent financing a thing of the past."(The Washington Times).

Starting from 100 with sales of 4100 sales grew to 85,00 in 115. Over the next 10 years it grew to .7 million, but it dropped to 1.1 million in 1 and after which the occurrence of World War II forced saw factories convert to wartime production (Nelson & Winter, 67). The post-war industry has been profitable ever since an experienced fastest growth with the advancement of technology, but suffered a setback when /11 occurred.

(b) Representative Competitive Strategies within the Industry

One of the most crucial issues of the auto industry most recently is competitiveness in cost, quality, and product offering. Companies cannot exist in the present market without paying close attention to these factors. The emergence of highly efficient foreign firms has forced the Big to respond with strategies to counter their competitors and maintain their share of the market. Other considerations for the main representatives of the industry are the changing tastes of consumers, and the move from capital-intensive operations to information-intensive operations to effectively meet demands.

Since the publication of the Machine That Changed the World, in 10 by the International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP), which documented significant differences in efficiency and quality between U.S. operations and Japanese operations, the gap between the two has shrunk considerably (Fine & Clair, 6-8). They were able to bridge the gap via manufacturing plant performance adjustments and product development performance enhancements. The most critical adjustment made was employing manufacturing flexibility, i.e. the ability to assemble multiple product lines in a single plant.

Looking more specifically, Chrysler emphasizes lean domestic product development with high integration with suppliers and an increasing focus on exports to address its limited foreign production. They operate via five platforms teams that cover all U.S. sourced products and utilize its Mitsubishi alliance to fill the gaps of its limited portfolio. They rely very heavily on outsourcing components (70%) and attempt to cut costs by reusing components (Fine & Clair, 1).

Ford is very proficient at low-cost, high-quality manufacturing and they have a more globally integrated strategy. This is so because they are capitalizing on their strength in alliances, of which they have a wide variety. They also use segment management dividing each market by vehicle size and drive type (four-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive). Ford is hoping to capitalize from economies of scale by uniting North American Automotive Operations and Ford of Europe (Fine & Clair, 6).

GM has a multifold strategy which entails maintaining a coherent product portfolio, "Voice of the Customer" research, a standardized four-phase development process, strategic links between its North American and international operations, and organizational revitalization(GM.com). Their main focus and effort has been made in an attempt to move to an information-intensive operation, so that they could satisfy consumers.

(c) Porter Model of Industry Forces

The most influential force of the Porter's model as concerns the automobile industry is the Degree of rivalry. The machinery used in production of automobiles is very expensive and would imply high switching costs if the venture does not work. Competitors are constantly trying to differentiate their products as the industry growth slows. Barriers to entry serve as the next most influential force in the industry. There is a high start up cost associated with manufacturing. The firms in the industry have already developed their brand and gained customer loyalty. The government protection or backing of the existing firms serves as an effective barrier as well. Last, but not least the existing firms would most likely individually retaliate to new entrants.

Supplier power is also important in the auto industry as a lot of merging and joint ventures are resulting due to the tense conditions. Suppliers are relatively

concentrated due to this fact and high volumes are of utmost importance to suppliers. There are not really any threats of integration as most suppliers have long standing relationships with manufacturers. Buyer power is more prevalent in business to business transaction. Buyer information is readily available with the use of Information Technology. Buyers are price sensitive, but also have a level of brand identity.

Porter's Five Forces

Threats of substitutes are the least influential on the industry. There is the use automobile industry which provides a lower cost, but there is less warranty if any at all. Buyers are more likely to rely on the dependable models they know. If prices of mass transit relative to automobiles reduce then there may be some substitution, but this does not apply nationwide.

(d) Importance of Information Technology within the Industry

Given the complexity and sophistication of the automobile, technology is a major influence on the industry. As previously mentioned, the drive towards information-intensive operations makes Information Technology (IT) a priceless component of manufacturing automobiles. It all starts with heavy investments in R & D as firms try to stay abreast with the advances in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools (MIT.edu). Last August GM announced the selection of IBM UNIX servers for vehicle design applications. It was projected to increase GM's supercomputing muscle by a factor of four, helping them to further improve vehicle development processes (IBM.com).

Another reason why IT is essential to the industry is due to the constant effort to develop environmentally friendly vehicles that can achieve a high level of fuel efficiency. The use of electronic components is inevitably increasing and this implies

an increase in electronic technology development and more use of computer based monitoring of products performance.

It is of utmost importance when it comes to linking the entire industry, i.e. the whole supply chain (Naples Daily News). They all have to be on the same page technologically so that information could be made readily available in a timely manner so that the best decisions and strategies could be chosen. Product development will become more efficient and reliable if the internet is used in collaboration with the software packages that exist (MIT.edu). In terms of logistics, as companies seek more outsourcing, IT is critical in the co-ordination of production as in-sequence delivery of parts and just-in-time inventory systems by suppliers helps reduce complication and confusion at assembly plants.

Although the automobile industry is an old industry it has evolved over the years and it has a close co-relation with changes in technology. However, it is up to the company's top management to determine the degree of technology it s willing to incorporate. Some are more receptive than others to technological advancements and IT is no different, so therefore on a firm to firm basis the importance may vary but it is essential for all firms to survive.

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In recent years the public has been made aware of a syndrome called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The syndrome has received publicity for many reasons including the fact that it is a completely preventable syndrome based on the pregnant mother's behaviors. The syndrome causes disabilities for the children. The mother that drink during their pregnancy have been getting charged. It is a life long syndrome that cannot be reversed once it is achieved. In a report, Substance Abuse and the American Woman, sent out by the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, at least one of every five pregnant women uses alcohol and/or other drugs during pregnancy (NOFAS).

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is A Preventable Birth Defect If women didn't drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect. It is a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant (Shea). That is 1 to per 1,000 live births. Many of these cases go undiagnosed. The higher the mothers blood alcohol is the greater the damage is to the developing fetus. It is also the number one cause of mental retardation in the United States, and one of the three leading causes of birth defects

(Shea) . Alcohol produces more significant effects in the fetus than other drug including cocaine, heroin and marijuana. What I don't understand is that why would a mother drink during pregnancy, knowing that there is a chance that her baby might have problems.

The best way to prevent FAS is by not using alcohol products. This sounds so simple, but for many women it is not. Usually infants born to mothers who are alcoholics have little to no prenatal care. With no prenatal care a mother who consumes alcohol is not warned or told of the dangers of drinking. Many of these children end up in foster care being thrown back and forth between families, due to the behavioral and physical problems FAS and Fetal alcohol effects does not discriminate against race, creed or color. Studies have shown, In the United states one in five hundred children is diagnosed with FAS and one in three hundred children is diagnosed with Fetal alcohol effects (ACBR).

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The Native American people have even more staggering numbers. There is one child with fetal alcohol syndrome out of every ninety nine children born. FAS is 0 times more commonly reported in Native Americans than it is in whites, and six times more common in blacks. It is estimated that nearly 40% of all Native American women meet the criteria for alcohol dependence (ACBR). If something is not done immediately there might be an explosion of FAS or FAE children in the Native American community. The reported rates of FAS are higher among Native Americans and African Americans. These differences may be due to actual differences in the occurrence, or may in part reflect under-diagnosis among some racial/ethnic groups, and over-diagnosis among others. I think that we must help all women to realize the dangers associated with fetal exposure to alcohol.

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) is implementing many prevention methods in combating FAS and FAE some of them include Collaborative partnerships with states, universities, and other organizations to develop state and locally based systems for surveillance of FAS and other alcohol-related birth defects. For example, the CDC has worked with state and local health departments in Washington to develop a population-based model for FAS surveillance among first grade students in two counties in the state. They identified previously unknown cases of FAS and referred the children for therapeutic and special education services. Their mothers were referred to local health care providers. Another prevention method the CDC has implemented is Disseminate information, in collaboration with other agencies, from the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of FAS data. State and local programs can use this information to modify their activities so that they are using the most cost-effective strategies to combat FAS and other alcohol-related birth defects. The CDC can only implement these programs, but it is up to the states to utilize these programs to help inform woman of the dangers of alcohol. There are several agencies, organizations, states and universities affiliated in implementing the CDC's programs.

Noticeable behavioral problems were found to be with comprehension, judgment, and attention skills, causing these adults born with FAS to experience major psychological and adjustment problems for the rest of their lives. Numerous studies with animals, of experimental alcoholism, where nutritional status has been well controlled, have shown that the damage to the developing fetus, such as low birth rate CNS impairment, and others are caused by the direct consequence of the effects of alcohol. Even though the direct connection between alcohol intake and birth defects is now indisputable, there are other factors associated with maternal drinking that must also be considered as contributing factors in an adverse pregnancy outcome. The most important of these secondary factors is alcohol related malnutrition, as nutritional deficiencies occur frequently with alcohol intake due to reduced appetite

People with fetal alcohol syndrome have a range of problems as severe as being mentally retarded too less visible problems like difficulty paying attention. Some other problems associated with the syndrome may be learning problems, with low IQ's, developmental delays both physical and mental, difference in facial features, being hyperactive, small for their age or a variety of health problems. We have known the effects of alcohol on the fetus since 168. A French scientist by the name of Lemoine recognized the multiple effects that alcohol can have on a developing fetus.

Lemoine came up with five categories to characterize the syndrome. The first category is growth which includes pre and postnatal onset growth deficiencies. The second category is performance, which included such things as low IQ's. The average IQ for someone that has fetal alcohol syndrome is sixty three. Other factors that are in the performance category are weak grasp, poor hand eye coordination, and hyperactivity in childhood. The third category is called cranial facial abnormalities. Some of these abnormal circumstances are small heads, eye slits, and short noses. The fourth category is skeletal abnormalities, which includes joint abnormalities, abnormal position and function. The fifth and final category is cardiac abnormalities, that included such things as heart murmurs. In some cases of FAS renal problems have been also diagnosed. "A spectrum of anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract has been observed among children with moderate or extensive signs of FAS" (Rossett and Weiner 6).

The brain is one of the most effected organs in the babies body's. The brain is most sensitive to the damage of alcohol during a period called synaptogenesis, when the brain is rapidly developing, which begins during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues throughout early childhood. Researchers have found that alcohol affects two brain chemicals, glutamate and GABA, which aid in communication between different parts of the brain. Alarmingly researchers found that just one episode of drunkenness during the third trimester is enough to damage the fetus's brain (NOFAS).

While there is no cure for FAS or FAE there have been some treatments developed. Treatment programs need to include special education and vocational training components that emphasize skills leading to the patient functioning in society in the least restrictive, but safest possible environment. Prevention of FAS is the most effective treatment. The cost is astonishing for the long term care of children who have FAS or FAE. In Alaska Senator John Binkly estimated the cost at over 1.4 million dollars over the life span of the individual. Multiple this estimated cost by about 40,000 children a year born with FAS or FAE and the cost is huge. The only possible option for prevention of FAS and FAE is to abstain from alcohol. If only woman didn't drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Effect.

Many studies have been performed on FAS. The University of Washington School of Medicine is the leader in scientific research of FAS. The school/students have done many controlled research study's. The Study on Alcohol and Pregnancy, Neuropsychological Analyses of FAS/FAE Deficits, Parent-Child Assistance Program , and the FAS Follow-up Program. One of the many problems of misdiagnosis, and is shown in this study is that, the birth rate of FAS children is nearly 1 per 100 births (ACBR). The problem is this, alcohol-affected children and adults are often denied services when they lack the characteristic FAS face and or mental retardation as defined by a standardized IQ score of less then 6. It is essential that these diagnosis' become more accurate so that the consequences can be understood and that the markers of clinically affected individuals be identified to support appropriate diagnosis and intervention.

Working with children affected by Fetal Alcohol syndrome can be difficult and tiring but with the right knowledge of the disease and how it effects the child, interaction can be much easier. There are five key to working with these children structure, consistency, variety, brevity and persistence. Caregivers should provide external structure for these children because they lack internal structure. It is also important to be consistent because the child needs to know the world is predictable. Brevity in explanations and directions is important because they have serious problems with attentiveness. Use a variety of different ways to keep the child's attention. Lastly one must repeat over and over again what is being taught. A few effective strategies a parent or caregiver can use are foster independence in self-help and play, encourage decision making, teach daily living skills, encourage use of positive self talk, establish a few simple rules for the child to abide by, establish routines, give advance warning about upcoming activities and break things down into small parts so it is not so overwhelming (Rosett and Wiener 70).

In conclusion, FAS is a growing concern as research shows that, in recent years, regular alcohol consumption has increased alarmingly among the female population; particularly among younger women and teenage girls. This is also happening in our community and there needs to be an end put to it. Due to this rise in alcohol consumption the public has to put forth evidence and proof about the dangers of alcohol consumption among women during their child-bearing years. I know that they write it on cigarette packages so why not alcohol? The biggest point that can be made about alcohol induced fetal damage is that it is 100% totally preventable, we can only hope that education of this subject, on the part of both prospective parents, will control the increasing problem. I cannot believe that this information has been readily available for such a long time and no one seems to worry about it. If we could effectively help that the simple fact that "mothering from conception is direct mothering", and therefore everything that the mother consumes during pregnancy the fetus consumes as well, some of these tragedies could be more easily be avoided.

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Write About the ways in which Harper Lee creates tension, drama and humour in chapter 15 of To Kill A Mockingbird.

The atmosphere created in chapter 15 is tense and dramatic from the first paragraph. The introductory paragraph to chapter 15 ends with "A nightmare was upon us." This obviously tells us that an event of an unpleasant nature is yet to occur. The second paragraph starts with "It began one evening." This tells us that the nightmare is beginning, and builds us up for the chapter. Harper Lee uses various methods to create drama, tension and humour in chapter 15, many of which are discussed below.

The chapter begins by setting a normal scene. Harper Lee perhaps does this to contrast the abnormalities of the days following. Harper Lee has knows that the week may have been normal to Scout, but to the reader it is not, so the setting is described in much detail in order to bring the scene alive and present a vivid contrast. This builds us up for the drama to come, and also encourages us to connect with the characters of the book, and their habits. Harper Lee does this by presenting us with the children's familiarities, showing us that they were average children who occupied their time with typical activities such as building a ladder for the tree house. She donates humour to the paragraph by describing to us Dill's idea of placing a trail of lemon drops outside Boo Radley's house, causing him to emerge and follow the trail like an ant. Scout describes this as a 'foolproof plan' which may be sincere through Scout's eyes, but we know that Harper Lee is being ironic, and using the children's innocent and naïve perspectives of the world to bring humour. The children's lack of understanding often adds humour in To Kill A Mockingbird, but their observations and understandings of Maycomb society present a strong contrast to this.

There follows a knock at the door which shatters the normality of the evening, and life, and things never really return to the placid state described at the start of the chapter. Scout's understanding of Maycomb society is then presented with "In Maycomb, grown men stood outside in the front yard for two reasons death and politics." This observation is both humorous and extraordinary, for she is only young. What is humorous is about Scout's comment is not the observation itself, but Maycomb's ritualistic behaviour. This also tells us about the simple way of life in Maycomb and the bizarre formalities of Maycomb society. The arrival of the men in Scout's front yard informs us that we are at the start of the 'nightmare.' It also creates tension as we are told the men could only be there for two bad reasons as it would seem that politics doesn't mean they are there to discuss political parties, but to debate and argue, both of which are naturally very dramatic. Even Aunt Alexander with her formal ideas on the way the family should behave doesn't maintain her protest at Jem being hunched up at the window straining to hear. She is also inquisitive, she's a natural born gossip and wants in on the drama. Naturally, with life being so simplistic, and basically, boring in Maycomb, it is no wonder the community choose to cling so strongly to every ounce of drama.

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Tension is built up as the men describe what another group of men is planning to do after Tom Robinson's transfer to Maycomb County Jail. Atticus's dangerous question, "Do you really think so?" puts the adult situation into the child's perspective as Scout familiarises the comment, drawing it into her own world. This is yet another example of Scout's observation skills, and also her understanding of her father. The phrase 'dangerous' is used to creates tension, but then Scout connects it with chess and suddenly the word looses its power.

On departure the men jump when Jem yells which shows they are tense, and this feeling is passed through to the reader. They laugh it off, which is yet another sign of tension. Tense reactions create tension within the scene. Jem is also clearly nervous because he reacts so dramatically to the phone ringing. Later Jem says he is scared, which contradicts his attempts at being manly and mature describer earlier in the book "Jem in his old age had taken to his room with a stack of football magazines." Perhaps he also feels he is questioning his masculinity by saying he is scared, which is why he is not prepared to comment on his emotion. He also is clearly worried about Atticus who has remained calm throughout the drama of the evening. This reduces tension in the scene but also tells us about Atticus's character.

On page 15 tension builds up as Scout describes the odd behaviour of the locals of Maycomb, and their reaction to the latest drama "Something must have been up to haul Mr Underwood out." Scout goes on to describe the 'fake peace' of Sunday afternoon as everyone pretends to be normal. The adults attempts to behave normal and cover the tension simply add to it.

On page 154, Scout, so used to the rigid daily routines of life in Maycomb, comments on the many abnormalities in Atticus's behaviour. Many would seem quite normal to the reader were it not for the fact that Scout conveys how surprised she is by Atticus's actions by describing the norm. These abnormalities include Atticus taking the car, and a light bulb. Tension rises as we begin to wonder what he could do with such objects. Scout's observation and sense of routine is also shown when she comments on Jem's abnormal behaviour; "his go-to-bed noises were so familiar to me that I knocked on his door." The peculiar behaviour described to use builds up both anticipation and curiosity.

As the children go out in search of Atticus Jem says he's "just got this feeling (that something may be wrong)." 'Gut feelings' in books are usually based on an event yet to come, and a typical way of telling us something is about to happen. This adds tension. The vivid description of Maycomb Jail (page 156) adds drama as we picture it in our imagination. The children make another peculiarly observant discovery; "That's funny jail doesn't have an outside light," again, adding to the tension by suggesting that all is not as it should be. The image created by the description of the men arriving in cars and getting out is also very dramatic, as gangs are naturally threatening and we know that Atticus is in a particularly vulnerable situation. He is obviously expecting them though, and this time we do not need to be told that this is abnormal behaviour for a Sunday night.

Scout sees the comic aspect of the men's attempts to speak in whisper so as not to wake up the man they intend to harm. It is not left to the reader to spot this for themselves, so Harper Lee obviously wants attention to be drawn towards this factor. She has a deep understanding of the way of life in the South, and is commenting on how their morals sometimes ironically clash with one another; they see nothing wrong with lynching Tom Robinson, but a man should never be woken from his sleep. Either that or they just quieten down as a sign of respect for Atticus.

In the situation the chapter has been building up for, Atticus is relying on Heck Tate's presence but the gang tell him that Tate won't be out of the woods till morning. This builds up tension, although we are by now so familiar with Atticus's character that we know he would not be externally reacting to this sensation; "My father's voice was the same." We know that inside he would be starting to panic. We connect with this panic, and feel for his safety, as Atticus is a character we have grown to appreciate through the eyes of Scout. Heck Tate's absence 'changes things' which tells us that the gang are planning to act out of the law, which provides Atticus with another chance to use his slightly patronising 'dangerous question.' We are tense as we are feeling Atticus's fear. He is in a particularly vulnerable situation with gang of aggressive men. This dramatic and tense scene worries the reader as, although assured that Atticus is respected and clearly a lot more intelligent than the gang of men, we are not sure how he is going to escape the confrontation for we know he will not leave Tom Robinson.

As Scout bursts into the circle, Atticus makes his first obvious external display of fear; "a flash of plain fear went though Atticus's eyes." Even Atticus, the most calm and reasonable man in Maycomb, is beginning to crumble. He is described as trembling, but continues to act calmly. We know he is worried but using his confidence and sense of reason to cover it. As we sense the characters we identify with becoming more and more scared, we too feel their fear and grow more tense. Harper Lee's skills as a writer are shown in her ability to make us feel her characters' emotions.

On page 158, the way Scout protects her brother is simply delightful. She has such a pure view of right and wrong, it can be both amusing and heart warming. These 'burly' men are all described as being not local and here simply for trouble. They seem aggressive as they say to Jem (influencing Scout's attack) "'I'll send you home,' the burly man said, and grabbed Jem roughly by the collar." This first act of violence adds to the drama and tension exerted throughout the chapter.

Scout is clearly a character who acts upon what feels right. This is obvious when she says "I was getting a bit tired of (Jem and Atticus arguing) that." She puts things into perspective as how they relate to her. Her self-centred comment reminds us that's he is a child, but is also quite amusing. In a bout of boredom she looks round the crowd who are wearing their clothes as if to let people know they were meaning business (they had their shirt collars up and their cuffs done up). She interprets the way they are dressed as relating to the fact that "they must be cold-natured." This obviously adds humour, which again is brought about by Scout's naïve and innocent beliefs.

In the midst of this highly tense and dramatic situation in which everyone is on edge, Scout pipes up with "Hey Mr Cunningham, how's your entailment going?" This comment seems so totally out of place it is quite humorous, though perfectly displays Scout's lack of understanding of the situation she is the centre of. Scout not disheartened by Mr Cunningham's attempt to ignore her, though made nervous by the silence (silence sometimes representing a nervous or tense atmosphere) persists making idle chit-chat. What follows is again both humorous and heart warming as she gradually draws him out of the group, turning him back into a responsive individual. She effectively rolls up his shirtsleeves. Though Scout is ashamed of what she has done, and embarrassed, Atticus and Jem are amazed for she, a 10 year old girl, has turned a group of aggressive thugs into the individual members of the community who live and work amongst Atticus and his family. She reminds Mr Cunningham of what Atticus has done for him in the past, and I think Mr Cunningham is ashamed of his ungrateful behaviour.

Chapter 15 is full of tension, drama, and humour, largely provided by the unique child's perspective of the world. Harper Lee gets into the mind of Scout to the extent of which every description feels authentic, yet she still manages to reach the reader on a more mature level through the words of Scout. This becomes clear when we begin to read between the lines of Scout's words. Sometimes it is hard to differentiate between what is being said by Scout, and what is being said by Harper Lee, but that just adds to the depth of the book. Scout's perspective of Maycomb is refreshing, entertaining and heart felt, providing the reader with a truly beautifully written chapter, and book.

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Literature's Affects on Love

Literature has a profound affect on societal views. Throughout history women have been susceptible to the influence of written word. Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac and Flaubert's Madame Bovary illustrate how literature has shaped women's views of how love should exist. "Flaubert depicts the trivial but persuasive ways in which a powerful style of being comes to affect the expectations which the most unremarkable people have of life" (Bersani xiii). Emma's illusions of love are attributed to the novels and fashion magazines she thrives upon. Roxanne's love for Christian is fueled by Cyrano's love letters. Without these mediums, their love is weakened. Each character is dependent on a romantic view of love rather than the truth of reality until it is too late. Roxanne's reality is that her poetic lover is not Christian, and she has inadvertently fallen for Cyrano. Emma's reality is that Charles's love is pure and real but not satisfactory enough for her idealistic needs. Love is a complicated emotion when literature becomes the central underlying force.

"Literature is judged by its success; and the simplified forms in which it effectively penetrates ordinary social life finally provide even the standards it has to live up to" (Bersani xiv). In both literary examples, society is influenced by the arts and literature. Throughout the seventeenth century excessive romanticism affects ordinary life. France is at the height of culture and eloquence is highly regarded. It is more fashionable to express emotions poetically rather than bluntly. Cyrano de Bergerac takes place during this refined time period. Roxanne's views of love are dependent on this element of romance. Her love is strengthened and weakened by it alone. During Emma's lifetime literature is also extremely influential. Fairytale romances and thrilling novels captivate its victims. These storylines become norms of society, and Emma's happiness in life depends on them. Literature corrupts the hearts and minds of its followers and causes disillusioned happiness with fatal disappointment.

Emma has an extreme problem with reality. She lives in the imaginative future rather than the dreary present. "I hate commonplace heroes and lukewarm emotions, the kind you find in real life" (Flaubert 7). She is always looking for something that is not there while dreaming of how things ought to be. Emma bases her ideas of love on Parisian fashion the center of French thought. She indulges in fashion magazines, gossip columns, romance novels, and luxury keepsakes. She often confuses elegance and luxury with love and refined feelings. "Love, she felt, ought to come all at once, with great thunderclaps and flashes of lightening; it was like a storm bursting upon life from the sky, uprooting it, overwhelming the will and sweeping the heart into the abyss" (Flaubert 87). These ideas are rooted in literature and the novels she reads constantly. To Emma, women are successful from love affairs, and her attraction lay upon men famous for their numerous mistresses rather than her faithful and loving husband, Charles.

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Emma is convinced that had she not married Charles, her life would be full of passion, rapture, and bliss. These three characteristics are continuous underlying themes found in literary works. "Why did I ever get married?" she exclaims (Flaubert 8). Had she not married Charles, "her husband might have been handsome, witty, distinguished and attractive" like the men in her novels and magazines (Flaubert 8). Charles is considered an uncultured, mediocre, but loving husband. Emma, his second wife, is his first happiness and he claims that although he loves her deeply, he could never love her enough. Emma, on the other hand, desires more than ordinary love and is annoyed by Charles's dullness. Emma often wonders how she could have "imagined that such a man could amount to something, as though she hadn't clearly seen his mediocrity twenty times before" (Flaubert 15). She feels that Charles is a poor, weak man. She looks for Charles only when she is "eager to have something more solid than love to lean on" (Flaubert 150). Emma believes a man should know all the mysteries of life, but nothing is "extraordinary" about Charles's love or education (Flaubert 7). "Before her marriage she had believed herself to be in love…she tried to find out exactly what was meant in love by the words 'bliss', 'passion', and 'rapture', which had seemed so beautiful to her in books" (Flaubert -0). Emma's love could have looked towards Charles had it not been corrupted by fairytale Parisian stories of love.

Emma is described as being "the amorous heroine of all novels and plays" (Flaubert ). She searches for love in all the wrong places, and believes she has found real love in each disillusioned relationship. She dreams of luxury and love that she experienced at the ball. "Some of the details vanished, but her longing remained" (Flaubert 48). This longing causes her to seek out lovers. Emma's first love interest, Leon, has the same illusions as Emma. He is poetic and imaginative. He believes "it is so dull to spend your life rooted to one spot" and talks of places he has read about but never seen (Flaubert 67). Emma regards such ideas as thrilling. "You have the feeling that you are living in their costumes" (Flaubert 7). Emma's second love interest is Rodolphe. Emma felt "she was entering a marvelous realm in which everything would be passion, ecstasy and rapture…at last she was going to possess the joys of love" (Flaubert 140). Emma is again incorrect. Each of her love affairs excite her because they are models of society discussed in books and popular gossip columns. But such ideas never allow her happiness for an extended period of time because neither relationship can withstand the high expectations devised by literature. Neither of her lovers can continue the poetic and vibrant love letters nor afford the constant luxurious lifestyle. When these elements of her romantic love die away, so does her love, and she finds herself once again unhappy. Even Rodolphe claims "the most exaggerated speeches usually hid the weakest feelings" (Flaubert 165). Literature has created an unobtainable image of love, and Emma dreams the impossible dream based on such ideas.

Roxanne, unlike Emma, may have had both feet on the ground, but her head is not always out of the clouds. Roxanne is a frivolous, intellectual beauty. All men want her, but Roxanne's heart falls for Christian, whose only attribute is that he is handsome. He even admits, "I'm one of those men who don't know how to speak of love" (Rostand 6). Although it is his physical features that capture Roxanne's glance, it demands a poetic voice to keep her interest. This is ultimately why Christian agrees to cooperate with Cyrano. Cyrano exclaims, "Lend me your conquering physical charm, and together we'll form a romantic hero!" (Rostand 6). Christian needs a voice to speak of love and Cyrano needs someone to express his soul with a handsome physique. If society had not have been influenced by the poetic and soulful verse of the times, Christian would not need an expert poet to express his love. His handsome physique and a simple 'I love you' could have sufficed.

Roxanne is completely dependent on eloquent, figurative language, both spoken and written. Christian confesses his love, but that is not enough to please Roxanne. His lack of poetic verse turns her heart away from him. She exclaims, "You're giving me water when I expected cream!" (Rostand 114). She thinks he is becoming a fool. "It displeases me! As it would displease me if you became ugly" (Rostand 115). Roxanne uses physical appearance and language as an indicator of a person's character. Roxanne believes that because Christian does not talk eloquently, but rather bluntly about his feelings for her, that he does not love her anymore. Only when Cyrano speaks for Christian does she regain interest. This absurd notion is a reference to the importance of literature at the time.

Cyrano's daily love letters to Roxanne ultimately drive her to the battlefields of the war. She tells Christian, "It's your fault if I'm in danger your letters made me lose my reason!" (Rostand 171). Cyrano has warned Roxanne that elegant language has no place in true love but to keep her loving Christian, he has had to continue the vibrant love letters. "It's only a game, and those who love will suffer if they play too long…there comes a time…when they feel a noble love inside themselves that's saddened by every grandiloquent word they say" (Rostand 1). Roxanne has adored Christian ever since she heard his 'different' voice beneath her window and through the letters that express this 'different' voice. Unbeknownst to her, this voice is Cyrano's, and at the time of Christian's death she has shed her frivolous views and confesses, "I now love you for your soul alone" (Rostand 17). Christian's physical attributes no longer appease her heart. Only the refined voice and poetic nature of his letters keep her loving him. The romantic love letters have caused her to change. Christian and Roxanne's relationship is tragically bounded by Cyrano's soul.

Literature has distorted the image of love in everyday ordinary life. It has characterized love by mystery, thrill, extraordinary emotions, and vivid refined language. Emma and Roxanne have been fooled by love letters. Emma is further demised by romance novels. Each character envisions a fantasy love where she will be serenaded by her lover, and when reality interrupts, disappointment results. Both Emma and Roxanne learn truth at the fatal end, having spent years shadowed by societal romance. On Emma's dying breaths she realizes that Charles's love is pure and faithful unlike her disappointing lovers. "In his eyes she saw a love such as she had never seen before" (Flaubert 74). But it is too late to reverse events and reclaim lost moments. For Charles, "he felt his whole being collapsing in despair at the thought of having to lose her just when she was confessing more love for him than ever before" (Flaubert 75). Roxanne also came to a similar realization of truth. Cyrano finds her still mourning and faithful to Christian years after his death. She carries the last letter like a holy relic over her heart. Roxanne recalls, "Sometimes it seems to me that he's not really dead" (Rostand 18). The letter has Christian's blood, but Cyrano's tear as well. Roxanne realizes all too late that Cyrano is the one whose words she fell in love with. Her beliefs have fooled her and she quickly says that she loves Cyrano as he is at death's door. Her love fluctuates depending on whom she believes has written and spoken such eloquent romance. Roxanne and Emma learn truth too late, corrupted by literature's plot.

Literature is a powerful force with the ability to influence who and how ordinary people love. Society has been shaped by poets and creators of thrilling romantic tales. Ordinary people, especially women, are easily influenced and persuaded to adapt views of love from fashion articles and love letters. Roxanne and Emma, women from different societal eras, both become victimized by this false love and suffer when love's truth reveals itself during life's final hour. Literature corrupts society, corrupts weak hearts, and in turn, inevitably and brutally claims victims.

Bersani, Leo. Introduction. Madame Bovary. By Flaubert, Gustave. Trans. Lowell Bair. New York Bantam, 181.

Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary. Trans. Lowell Bair. New York Bantam, 181.

Rostand, Edmond. Cyrano de Bergerac. Trans. Lowell Bair. New York Penguin, 17.

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