College Research Papers

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Electroconvulsive therapy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Electroconvulsive therapy paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Electroconvulsive therapy, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Electroconvulsive therapy paper at affordable prices cheap custom writing service!

Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT as it commonly referred to is defined as a "medical procedure in which a brief stimulant is used to induce a cerebral seizure under controlled conditions."(Webster's, 146.) This type of therapy has evolved over many, many years. It was actually first noticed by Hippocrates, that malaria-induced convulsions seemed to calm insane patients and give them a little relief. In A.D. 47 Scribonius Largus treated the headaches of the Roman Emperor with electric eels; this is the first known case of using any form of electric therapy to treat an ailment. Even though it didn't cause convulsions it's still important to the finding that electrical current is a useful treatment. In the sixteenth century a Jesuit missionary found that the people of Ethiopia believed that using an electric catfish was good to expel devils out of the human body, they found that it tormented the spirits as well as the subjects that these acts were performed on. This is relevant because people in those times believed that you were being occupied by demons or evil spirits, they didn't believe that there was something medically wrong with the person. Also during the middle ages physicians in Europe noted that high fevers that resulted from epidemics, occurring in patients in asylums, seemed to cause them to have a reduction in the psychological symptoms.

The first form of modern convulsive therapy was used by Dr. Manfred Sakel in 17. He introduced the insulin-induced coma, which produced convulsions. This was used to treat schizophrenic clients. There were several things wrong with Sakel's therapy. First and foremost, for the maximum effect of the therapy, at least thirty to fifty hours of coma had to be produced. This required these patients to have to have continuous nursing care as well as physicians very knowledgeable in administration of insulin in order to avoid irreversible coma, respiratory failure, and then finally circulatory failure; all of which cause death. Secondly, if and when the patient comes out of the coma they are said to have psychologically regressed as well as physically regressed. They are dependent on nurses for their nourishment, which they receive from feeding tubes that go directly to their stomachs. Finally, there was no antidote to stop bring the patient out of the coma once the treatments began. So this therapy was deemed too uncontrollable for this and the other major reasons that have been mentioned.

The next form of therapy that became popular was the use of Metrazol. This therapy was developed by Dr. Ladislaus von Meduna. He was the head of the Royal state mental hospital in Budapest Hungry. He observed that glial tissue which connects the cells of the cerebral cortex had thickened in patients with epilepsy. He then examined the brain of a person who had had schizophrenia and noticed that they had no glial structure. He then concluded that these conditions must be totally unrelated, and that the patient with epilepsy could not get schizophrenia. We now know that is false. He also concluded that if schizophrenic patients experienced convulsions they would be cured. He tested out his theory with the drug Metrazol, which is a synthetic form of camphor, but much less toxic. The drug two main faults; there was an extended period of time between the injection and the beginning of the convulsion and these convulsions once they begun were so severe that they often caused bone fractures. So this treatment eventually disappeared just as its predecessor had.

We finally come to Ugo Cerletti, who is the founder of Modern ECT. He noticed when autopsying patients who had died from epilepsy that there was a hardening of Ammons horn. He decided to find out if this was because of the epilepsy or the drugs that the patient was taking to control their symptoms. He unlike the other two doctors took that into consideration, which makes his theory even more reliable. He collaborated with another doctor Lucio Bini; they learned that hogs that were killed in the slaughter houses of Rome received a small amount of electrical shock before being slaughtered. They used a variety of animals to establish safe dosages of electricity that they would later use on patients. And on April 15, 18 the first electroshock therapy was performed on a schizophrenic client. It was seen as being very simplistic as well as less dangerous than the two previously mentioned therapies.

Custom writing service can write essays on Electroconvulsive therapy

L. B. Kalinowski was a young German doctor that had collaborated with Cerletti and Bini on developing ECT. In 1 he began to travel all over the world promoting and advertising "shock therapy". The researchers that adopted the methods saw that it had more of an effect on affective disorders. They saw that 0% of the patients they used the ECT on experienced very minimal or no more symptoms. Soon doctors who had adopted the treatment found that giving light anesthetics and muscle relaxants decreased the incidence of convulsion related injuries such as bone fractures.

Sadly during the 160's and 170's the use of ECT decreased. It was primarily due to pharmacologic advancements in the psychiatry world, as well as reports that it was being misused by healthcare professionals. Ken Kesey wrote a very controversial book on the treatment of patients who were committed in Psychiatric hospitals. The book was called "One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest". It was later made into a movie starring Jack Nicholson. He depicts the brutality and ignorance in asylums during a very dark period of psychiatric medicine. The main reference to Shock Therapy comes when the patients broke quite a few major rules one night. They broke into the nurses' station, took cigarettes, smuggled in two women, and were out of their rooms when they were not supposed to be. They were punished with the administration of shock therapy. This is the major reason that the use of shock therapy decreased. The people we trusted to take care of our loved ones were abusing a very dangerous and sometimes fatal treatment. This movie opened up people's eyes and people began to come out and say that they had experienced the same thing as the characters in the book, punishment by shock therapy. There were a series of legal actions involving the abuses of shock therapy in the years following the release of the movie.

There are several psychological theories to why electricity works well as a treatment for some mental illnesses; one theory states that the patient is so fearful of the treatment that he/she "escapes into health" rather than face another treatment. Another proposes that the treatment satisfies the patients need for punishment. But if this were true, the beatings and torture that those in the Middle Ages endured would have cured their illnesses. Finally the last major theory states that the patient releases all of his/her pent up aggression and hostility through the violent muscular convulsions; but if this were true than exercising to the point of exhaustion would have the same effect.

There are also several other recent theories that attempt to explain how ECT works. The Neurotransmitter theory suggests that ECT works like anti-depressant medication that changes the way receptors receive mood related chemicals like serotonin. The Anti-convulsant theory proposes that the induced seizures teach the brain to resist seizures. This effort to inhibit seizures dampens abnormally active brain circuits, stabilizing mood. The Neuroendocrine theory hypothesizes that the seizure causes the hypothalamus, part of the brain that regulates water balance and body temperature, to release chemicals that cause changes throughout the body. Brain scans have shown that ECT affects the brain by increasing metabolism and blood flow to certain parts of the brain; however, it is not known how this increased blood flow alleviates depression. Another theory suggests that this therapy damages the brain, causing memory loss and disorientation that creates a temporary illusion that problems are gone. (Electroconvulsive therapy, 156.)

The modern day procedure is usually performed in an operating room in a hospital. The patient is sedated and given muscle relaxants to reduce the risk of injuries from the convulsions. The actual treatment consists of passing seventy to one hundred and thirty volts through electrodes attached to the patients head. This is done for a very short period of time, only one tenth to five tenths of a second. The usually treatment regime consists of three treatments a week; and anywhere from five treatments to thirty five treatments is considered adequate. The production of bilaterally generalized seizures that lasts a minimum of twenty five seconds is the goal for one treatment session. And even if the patient has a seizure for the minimum amount of time, it does not guarantee a good response.

There is a degree of amnesia for each patient that undergoes the treatment. This is good because they do not remember the treatment, so therefore they do not fear it, but this is also bad because some patients develop anxiety from the loss of memory. Immediately following the procedure there is a period of confusion. It can take up to ten minutes for the patient to remember who he or she is and what day it is. After the initial confusion, there is a period of retrograde amnesia, or forgetting events that happened days, weeks, or months before the treatment. This memory loss can last for up to several weeks after the last treatment. For this reason doctors advise patients to avoid driving or doing any form of business during this "convalescence time". There is also a period of anterograde amnesia, or forgetting post seizure events. Less than one percent of patients experience severe memory loss. Studies show that ECT does not permanently affect the Whatever brain changes do occur is reversible, and everlasting brain damage is very rare.

It needs to be understood that ECT is not a cure for depressive disorders, but a treatment that has the means to control the symptoms to where they are almost unseen. The benefits of the treatment are clearly beneficial; they outweigh the potential risk of permanent brain damage as well as the amnesia that follows. ECT is the only somatic therapy from the 10's that is still around today.

Works Cited

Abrams, Richard. Electroconvulsive Therapy. Oakland New Harbinger Press, 00.

Alexander, Franz G. and Sheldon T. Selesnick, M.D.. The History of Psychiatry. New York Harper & Row Publishers, 166. 7-85.

Hamburg, David A. and H. Keith H. Brodie. American Handbook of Modern Psychiatry, nd Edition, New York Basic Books, Inc., 175. 514-516.

Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. New York Viking Press, 16.

Sullivan, Henry Stack. Concepts of Modern Psychiatry. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 15. 1-0.

Webster's College Dictionary. Springfield, MA Merriam Webster, 000.146.

Please note that this sample paper on Electroconvulsive therapy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Electroconvulsive therapy, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Electroconvulsive therapy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment cheap custom writing service and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study). What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study) paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study), therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study) paper at affordable prices!

"To what extent do Martin's negative experiences of love, push him into a state of mental and physical ill-health?"

The novel, "A Severed Head" by Iris Murdoch, is heavily laden with upsetting incidents concerning love. Most of these revolve around the main character Martin, and proceed through the course of the novel to further disintegrate his mental and physical state. Martin's sturdy marriage to his beautiful wife is torn into pieces, his secret affair is exposed and he falls madly in love with someone ever unlikely. This Specialist Study attempts to asses the main factors which eventually push the main character into a state of depression and poor well-being.

Martin, a forty-one year old Businessman, sits alone in his study one night, contemplating the perfect situation he is in. A beautiful, understanding wife was his as was his adoring Mistress, Georgie. Unbeknown to Martin however, his wonderful life was about to come crashing down all around him. His wife, Antonia, out of the blue asks for a divorce. Thus, the first tremendous blow to his world of perfection. His wife, he was about to realise, had not been as perfect, nor as faithful as she had him believe… For Antonia was also having an affair. And to add to matters, the chosen man that was to steal dear Antonia was in fact Martin's good friend Palmer. These facts to begin with were hard for Martin to understand. His first feelings started to directly mimic those of Antonia's, as his "angel" was "so shaken, and this in itself was dreadful". As she continued to speak, and convince Martin her feelings for Palmer were true, and that she did indeed desire a divorce, it started to sink in to Martins perhaps pushed by Antonia's own sadness and fear as he felt the "first light touch of a nightmarish terror". Martins feelings here are foreshadowed of his feelings in the rest of the novel also, as they tend to mirror Antonia's. This perhaps emphasises the closeness of their relationship, as she continually tries to be there for Martin.

To help himself deal with this blow, Martins takes Antonia's advice and turns to his good friend and psycho analysist who perhaps ironically, is Palmer. Martin half thinks that Palmer will be able to sort out his thoughts, being the man behind this ghastly scenario… although that is not entirely how things turn out. Palmer greets and treats Martin in a civilised way and with respect, thinking Martin is not annoyed or bitter in any way. However Martin does feel resentful to both his wife for leaving him, and his good friend for taking her away from him. These feelings he is experiencing

Buy cheap "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study) term paper

Cannot be overwritten and will not go away, yet he cannot express them as he wishes as Antonia and Palmer try to "coax [him] along to accept an unpleasant truth in a civilised and rational way". They think this procedure healthy and normal, but inside Martin's head next to the "infernal headache", there are feelings that should have been vented and bottling them up could perhaps add to the mounting pressure he is under leading up to his nervous breakdown.

Christmas in London comes and goes for Martin. He spends it with his brother, Alexander and his wife, Rosemary in their large country house trying to sort out what he is feeling. At the end of the time away, he scribes a letter to his Mistress, Georgie. He tries to tell her his feelings, although his thoughts are uncertain. He "is suffering from shock… [He] feels scarcely sane and nothing seems solid any longer" to him. Martin convinces himself that Georgie will react horribly, yet later reflects on himself "I must have been in some irrational state of fear to have been so nervous about Georgie's reactions."

As Martin tries to deal with facts as they stand, he is also "tormented by physical desire for [Antonia]". In a moment of sadness, some realisation shone upon him. He understands that now, Antonia and him are "two new and different people". Through the short time of unpleasant happenings, they have learned a lot about each other and seen their differences in a new light. A huge weight is dropped onto Martin's shoulders as the glimmer of hope was holding onto is stomped out as he realises his marriage cannot be reconciled. "The scene with Antonia had left [him] stiff and weary, as if [he] had been beaten."

Martin decides it is time to come to terms with things how they are, and thinks the best way to do this is to introduce Georgie to a place he has lived his life away from her. Antonia and Martin's house. He feels it will be best to break down at least one secrecy barrier and let Georgie try to deal with Martin's other life while not with her. This plan backfires horrifically. While the couple are standing in the hallway, the door goes and in walks who they think is Antonia. Martin immediately reacts on instinct and pushes Georgie out into the back garden. Georgie feels abandoned and makes sure she is un-contactable for the next full day. Martin feels more hurt and cross with her that anxious at her whereabouts. The next Martin hears of what Georgie has been doing during this period is when he is sitting in Palmer and Antonia's living room. He receives a cold stare from one direction and a blank expression from the other. At once it is obvious that Palmer shatters the silence with the line, "Martin, we have found out about Georgie Hands". This statement makes Martin feel sick with worry and anxiousness. Georgie had spoken to Honor Klein, the half sister of Palmer. Everything was now out in the open. What once had been a treasured secret, part of what made the relations with his Mistress have a spark and charm, was now exposed prematurely to the harsh light. Martin "chiefly felt… overwhelming annihilating guilt" for his deceitfulness to Antonia over the years. Antonia and Palmer, again try to deal with things in a rational civilised manner, telling Martin they are there for him, and constantly trying to understand. This feels slightly crowding to Martin as he was also "shivering all over and [finding] it very difficult to breathe" as the situation he finds himself in begins to take a physical toll on his body, already racked with severe asthma. His feelings on Georgie though this period are also rocky as, "the blow of discovery had at least crippled if not killed [his] love for her".

One thing after another seem to keep falling on Martin as Georgie once described him as "a sort of vacuum into with interference falls". With one of Martin's loves forced to be reduced and the other forcibly broken, it seems only natural that love would find another way to get to him, and indeed it would, however un-intended by Martin himself. Honor Klein, Palmer's half-sister is the victim which Martin's subconscious chooses for his undoubted zealous love for her. At the Palmer residence, apart from disturbance in the cellar, is where Honor and Martin first encounter each other with remembrance. It is here, while Martin does not even himself realise his new love, that he drunkenly attacks Honor. He pounces on her and she falls to the floor, repeatedly being punched by Martin. After the third punch, he realises his drunken slandering, and cannot even remember her name when she runs off to call her back. The next day, Martin writes letter, the three drafts of which, he tries to choose the best one to send her. He explains to her his obscene drunkenness and tries incandescently to apologise for the disgusting state he was in. He explains that "[He] is feeling thoroughly persecuted at present… I was particularly strained." As Martin meagrely tries to justify his insane actions, his ill health is taking many turns for the worst. Martin's "continual tension and expectancy affected [him] positively with a physical ache. In addition [he] felt sick, unable to eat." His physical state was driven mainly by his mental attitude, as is apparent when he finds his "temperature exasperatingly normal". He cannot lie comfortably nor find anything to do when he was up. He found it impossible to read and a trip to the cinema almost reduced him to tears. His well-being was seriously starting to disintegrate.

After careful consideration on Martin's part, he decides to confront Honor with his feelings. A trip to her house is required and so is executed. On knocking the door and receiving no answer he proceeds to transcend the stairs, and up to her bedroom where again, he receives no answer to his knock. Martin, perhaps un-thoughtfully, opens the bedroom door, and is greeted by a sight that is to further eat away at his remaining healthy mental state. Palmer and Honor are in bed together. This view of incest shocks and disturbs Martin deeply, as he is also faced now with the knowledge that his wife has been a victim of incestual adultery. Martin at this point feels, "dazed and in great pain". A shiver of "violent amazement not distinguishable from horror; and [he] felt as though in physical pain" as he contemplates the view he just unintentionally interrupted. Martin's health is surely and steadily disintegrating before his eyes.

Palmer decides to come clean with Antonia and thus leaving her in as much emotional turmoil as Martin himself. During this period of total mental exhaustion while their experiences and feelings again directly mirror each other, they seek a sort of comfort in each others company. For a brief period, things almost reverted back to normal for this bizarre husband and wife as neither Palmer nor Georgie's name was mentioned during the time they spent living together again. This state does not console the couple forever though, as Martin has unquestioned feelings for Honor Klein. He is in fact, utterly and desperately in love with her.

Alexander, Martin's dear brother, the brother that stole all Martin's girlfriends in the past, lives true to form. Antonia winds up with him, claiming that their feelings for each other have stretched back to before her marriage to Martin. Martin, now distraught, has to deal with another blow. Georgie has fallen in love with Palmer, and the pair run away to the U.S. Martin, at this point, one would feel he should be in a state of utter, consuming depression, but however he reacts quite the opposite. With his previous lovers tied up in love, Martin can now with a clear conscious, confront Honor with his feelings. All the ill health Martin suffered and endured, he starts to believe was because of the new found deep love for Honor. And now, with all his problems behind him, or leaving the country Martin can concentrate on the one he really wants. The book comes to a dramatic end, Martin shaking out of happiness as he realises there might just be a glimmer hope for Honor and him.

Please note that this sample paper on "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study), we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on "A Severed Head" - By Iris Murdoch (Scottish Higher, Personal Study) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on emotion in forgetting. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality emotion in forgetting paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in emotion in forgetting, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your emotion in forgetting paper at affordable prices!

The Role That Emotion Plays In Forgetting

It is undeniable that emotion plays a massive part in the memories that we possess, both short and long term. However the way in which our personal feelings and biases shape our recollections is an issue of much contention.

Sigmund Freud offered a questionable viewpoint when he proposed repression as the cause of inaccuracy, whereas the flash bulb memory theory relates the vividness of an issue to its emotional and social impact.

The validity of these arguments is often dubious as there can be difficulties in proving that studies have sufficient credibility.

Custom Essays on emotion in forgetting

Although there is indubitably a link between the strength of a memory and the emotion that the event evoked, experiments designed to prove these theories struggle to provide tangible evidence that their hypothesis is correct.

Another debateable area is whether or not memory would be enhanced if people were incapable of emotion. Would this lead to robotic accuracy in recalling a situation, or would a lack of sentiment eliminate the idea of a flash bulb memory and hinder memory as a whole?

It is fair to say that the majority of people will have a photographic, still frame, memory of certain moments.

This is what we call a flash bulb memory and the idea that this method of recognition, particularly of highly emotive events seems to be a fairly accurate assumption.

The flash bulb memory is a supremely detailed and vivid recollection, usually of great personal, social and/or cultural relevance. People often report that they have a specific image in their mind that epitomises their emotion at the time. The process supposedly occurs entirely naturally in reaction to tragedies such as September 11th or bereavement as well as celebratory events, winning the world cup or passing an exam for example.

In 14 Conway et al conducted an experiment concerning the existence of a type of photographic memory. They concentrated on the hypothesis that the closer an issue is to your heart, the more likely a person is to develop a flash bulb memory. Conway et al used the 10 resignation of Margaret Thatcher as their emotive stimulant and supposed that Britons had a higher likelihood of formulating a snapshot in their minds than other nationalities.

The predictions proved to be emphatically correct, 86 percent of Britons had a vivid recollection compared to only percent of non- British citizens.

First impressions indicate that the study is fairly bland therefore does not risk morality or deceive in any way. Conway et al were able to accumulate the set of results that they anticipated and so from that point of view they had succeeded.

However the methodology does seem to have one major detractor. It is difficult to see how they could possibly have distinguished accurately and consistently between a flash bulb memory and a regular memory. With only the description of the participant to work with, the line that separates the two types will inevitably blur.

Having said this the study does seem to support the relation of memory to social and cultural relevance because there is a significant difference in the percentages of British and non- British. It also backs up the flash bulb memory as a function of emotion in memory although this remains dependant on interpretation. (Flash bulb or regular memory).

Conway's study however does not appear to have the accuracy and validity to ultimately be convincing.

The experiment falls victim to basic frailties, the main one of which being that it is far too vague. It identifies only two groups of people- British and non- British and fails to make any other distinctions such as age or political views e.g. the party they support.

To criticise further, none of the British people are likely to have known Margaret Thatcher personally and so have no reason to have any more of an affiliation with her than foreigners. Surely their main concern would be her policies and the way she affected society, even non- British people living in the UK would share these concerns. This argument severely tarnishes the relevance of the study.

As for questions to whether a flash bulb memory exists or not, how vivid, short and precise does a memory have to be in order to be considered flash bulb?

Most people will be able to recall several events of varying importance and it would not be unusual to remember a small amount of anything remotely emotive. For example a football fan will generally recall a specific moment in each result, does this constitute a flash bulb memory?

To compound the invalidity there does seem to be a simple alternative to the study of Conway et al. why did they not distinguish between men and women? As the first female British prime minister it is blatant that women would have a greater affiliation with her and this may have provided greater credibility.

Is it possible that certain people had simply created a fictional memory that they believed to be flash bulb because they felt that, as Britons, they had a responsibility to recall such monumental event accurately?

Overall although the study does seem to support the notion that flash bulb memories exist, it appears to be far too general and sloppily thought out to gain the utmost credibility. There are several outstanding variables left uncontrolled and the issue of whether flash bulb memories exist is surely more scientific than Conway et al would have us believe.

The study fails to provide sufficient evidence that it distinguishes accurately between types of memory and this is another reason why it lacks validity.

Although it seems perfectly acceptable that instant photographic memory exists, Conway et al made a substandard attempt at proving it.

The idea of repression into the unconscious was first proposed by Sigmund Freud and it focuses on the theory that memories too damaging to enter the conscious are repressed in order to free the mind of a troublesome past. Although Freud suggested the process was totally uncontrollable others have labelled it controlled forgetting to enhance self-esteem and confidence. This can be related to the everyday example of selective memory which concentrates more on the exaggeration of positive events rather than the repression of negative ones.

Whichever form of repression occurs it seems the central idea is that memory is warped by a fear of previous happenings and the willingness to distance oneself from traumatism.

Myers and Brewin set out to prove that someone with a repressive personality would take longer to recall an aspect of their past. They took twenty-seven students and declared them either repressors or non- repressors. They did this by questioning them on their youth, evaluating levels of anxiety and defensiveness and making a judgement based particularly on relationships with parents.

They found that those earlier labelled repressors took longer to recall experiences.

Myers and Brewin employed astounding methodology that came under heavy criticism, not least because the study was massively unethical. The repercussions of delving into a traumatic youth could have caused a lifetime of damage to the participants and any amount of debriefing would be insufficient. The experiment also lacked ecological validity as the participants were taken away from their environment and asked to answer questions concerning entirely different circumstances.

To continue, as well as being unscientific, the study also fails to address additional variables such as the mood of the participants.

However, does the end justify the means? It is undeniable that Myers and Brewin achieved the anticipated results. This suggests that repression does exist- why else would so-called repressors find difficulties in locating memories? There appear to be gaps in their youth. In retrospect it seems that the repressors were taking time to delve deeper into themselves to find the area in concern.

However it is also possible to find points disputing Freud's hypothesis. One way of contending the theory is to argue that repressors should be quicker to give an answer because they will have considered their past before and if they were in denial they are likely to have a replacement memory for the disturbing one that they could call upon almost instantly. As a non-repressor would have looked less analytically back at their past perhaps they should take longer.

Also as well as being highly unethical to label someone a repressor, it is unlikely that they will have been completely accurate with their assumptions, hence compromising the validity of findings. As well as this they show no evidence that confounding variables have been considered. For instance differences in personalities will lead to questions triggering different emotions and responses.

Overall Myers and Brewin seem to have arrived at the results they had previously anticipated but their methodology and results seem questionable, and as well as lacking ecological and ethical validity they make a plethora of possibly inaccurate assumptions.

Although they put forward a strong argument for repression, they fail to convince that a memory, however traumatic, can be totally forgotten. Instead they suggest that over time an unwanted memory may become distorted to form a more socially acceptable thought and those memories are simply made over rather than repressed.

To evaluate it is apparent that emotion plays a massive role in the accuracy and vividness of a memory. As Conway et al suggested it seems to trigger a photographic frame of an event. However rather than trying to prove that flash bulb memory does exist, it may be more reasonable to accept that distinguishing between flash bulb memory and regular memory is near impossible and recognise that emotion is conducive to vivid snapshots that are part of overall memory rather than the two being mutually exclusive.

In stark contrast to Conway's bland and morally correct study, Myers and Brewin pushed the boundaries in an attempt to prove repression. However, whereas Conway et al were let down by being so overly ethical in their study that the results were altogether uninteresting, Myers and Brewin compromised their findings with an unethical, ecologically invalid study based on assumptions and questioning that unbending in response to differing personalities.

Both studies have analysed the role that emotion plays and have achieved very dubious results. For this reason it appears that emotion plays a relatively negative role in memory and a very active role in forgetting.

Although it is a hindrance to memory emotion shapes the way that we live our lives and the decisions we make. As Freud proposed, it would have a negative affect on our self-esteem if we could remember everything that happens but as things stand it seems that humans are able to strike a good balance.

The majority of us are enthused by good memories, therefore moral is kept high. This is brought into perspective by negative memories that create a balance and keep our feet on the ground.

In conclusion although emotion hinders the accuracy of memory, it surely enhances the effects that memory has on our lives.

Please note that this sample paper on emotion in forgetting is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on emotion in forgetting, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on emotion in forgetting will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader? paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader? paper at affordable!

The novel "The time machine" was written to give the reader a vision into the author's view of the future; although bleak, this vision is presented realistically, whilst being profoundly farfetched. The use of this presentation leaves the reader wondering if all this could actually happen.

It is clear from reading the novel that H.G. Wells message or vision for mankind, is entirely bleak. This is simply because there is nothing positive in the book. Whilst there are individual events that provoke an optimistic feeling in the reader, these are always challenged by a more prominent pessimistic occurrence on the same subject. When the time traveller rescued "weakly-crying" Weena from the shallow, and she presented him with a "big garland of flowers," anyone reading would think the novel has taken a positive turn. However, when the time traveller committed the "atrocious folly" of lighting a fire in the woods, then leaving Weena unguarded while she lay unconscious, leading to her presumed death; the novel is once again on its bleak and pessimistic trail.

The story starts with the Time Traveller entertaining a group of associates. They are all middle class people being entertained in a realistic settings; "the fire burnt brightly," "and there was that luxurious after dinner atmosphere." This "introduction" is crucial, for the whole basis of the novel is around the idea that time travel is possible, this shows it is a science fiction novel, as opposed to a fantasy. The idea of science fiction books was being developed just as H.G. Wells was writing "The time machine," so he was very much I pioneer of the genre. Brian Aldiiss has since defined science fiction as "hubris clobbered by nemesis," and I believe this is just the idea that Wells is following; the pride and arrogance of the human race being clobbered by its own apparent suicide. In my opinion this is what the author's message or warning is based upon.

When the time traveller takes his leap into the future, he arrives in a totally alien environment, "my sensations would be hard to describe." He doesn't know what to think at first, then "as the columns of hail grew thinner," he sees the sphinx. The time traveller's first view of this world is "an unpleasant suggestion of disease." His thoughts are to question; had "cruelty grown into a common passion? What if in this interval the race had lost its manliness?" Before he actually saw the Eloi, or Morlocks, and had time to think about what they might be he was "seized with a panic of fear." This tells us that the Time Traveller, like Wells has a pessimistic view of mans future; this suggesting that Wells uses the Time Traveller significantly as a tool for himself in the novel. His first impressions of the Eloi are that they are "very beautiful and graceful creatures, but indescribably frail that hetic beauty we used to hear so much." Already he links back to his own time, perceiving the Eloi as the beautiful upper class.

H.G. Wells had his own strong personal beliefs, these included Marxism and Darwinism. These two themes can be traced throughout the entire novel, set behind the clear-cut science fiction theme. Darwinism is the theory of evolution, the survival of the fittest. This is an idea that was just getting to its peak in Well's time, being a scientific man himself, he couldn't help but use this in portraying his bleak message to the audience. Marxism is a political idea, derived by Carl Marx. Well's was a Marxist, which also meant he was a communist. The concept behind Marxism is that there is a social divide in society. There are the upper and middle classes, and the lower class. The lower class is treated infinitely worse that the others, given the worst jobs, they are beaten in the work place, most lower class children would have been working from a very young age to try and support the struggling family. What Well's seems to point to in his writing is the miners of his time.

His theory of Darwinism; when the novel gets underway the time traveller is transported to an almost alien environment, there is little to nothing of what he remembers about his own time. There are "Exquisite creatures," beautiful creatures, who are inhabiting the surface of this world; these seem to be the direct descendants of man, living within themselves in a utopia. They seem to have no purpose, and lead a pointless, yet happy life. Following the theory of Darwinism, these creatures have almost de-evolved after not having to defend themselves, or fend for themselves; they have everything they need, and so any sign of high intelligence has totally vanished; the "intellectual level of 5-year-old-children". Also there are no signs of death among these people "there were no crematorium" or any other signs of graveyards or the sort. However this feeling of Utopia is short lived.

The time traveller stumbles upon the Morlocks. This is when the theory's of Marxism and Darwinism combine, along with the realistic rather than fantastical presentation of the novel. The time traveller discovers the Morlocks; they are shown to us as weird mechanical sorts of beasts; the first inkling of their world is "the throb and hum of machinery". The Morlocks themselves are "Stooping white creatures," as they live in this subterranean world we naturally presume them to be the more primitive and at the same time more evil of the two species.

The Eloi are the upper/middle classes. The Morlocks are the lower. This is Wells's belief in the Marxist theory taken to the limit. "Then I remembered that strange fear of the dark." The lower class people of Wells's time lived in the most awful and barbaric conditions. In particular people were sent down mines, they left early in the morning in the darkness, spent their entire day in the dark, and returned home late, after the sun had set. Now there was a totally new species to represent the lower class, the Morlocks who spend all their time in the dark, in fact they can't be in the light. This is because after spending so much time in the darkness the evolved to become accustomed to it. "Upon the hillside were some thirty or forty Morlocks, dazzled by the light and heat, blundering hither and thither against each other in their bewilderment. These lower class Morlocks as true to Marxist theory seem to have overthrown the Upper class Eloi, who "like the Carlovignan kings, had decayed to a mere beautiful futility. They are show to be futile especially when they don't help Weena "It will give you an idea of the strange deficiency of these creatures when I tell you that none made the slightest attempt to rescue" her. Also the fact that they all huddle away from the Morlocks "these people gather into great houses after dark, and slept in droves." The "lesson of that fear" was obviously that the Morlocks prayed on the weak, defenceless, and in some ways pathetic Eloi, showing the reversal of the class system, and more of Wells's Marxism.

With this pessimistic view of mankind looming in the storyline, Wells still wasn't convinced his warning was powerful enough. When the time traveller rediscovers the machine, he stumbles into an ambush of Morlocks, and instead of travelling back into his own time, he goes forward. He reaches the last "twilight" left of the world. The only life survivng on this world appears to be water based. "A really monstrous crab-like creature" and a black thing with the apparent shape of a jellyfish "tentacles trailed down from it, it was black against the blood-red water." This is very ironic and brings back his Darwinist theory but a distorted parody of it. According to Darwin all life came out the sea, and now in the dying days of the Earth, the descendants of man were crawling back into the sea to accept their fate. To finally add to the warning the time traveller is nearly left to die in this cold lonely place. "Then I felt I was fainting, but a terrible dread of lying helpless in that remote and awful twilight sustained me, I clambered upon the saddle.

This is where the presentation is of great import. It is clear now from the statements above that H.G Wells wrote "The time machine" as a warning to mankind. I believe this warning is for the aristocracy of his time to step back and look at how they are treating the lower class. For them to take any such warning seriously, they had to surely believe that somehow it could be possible. Wells uses a number of tools in his writing to make this possible. For one the book is not written from the time traveller's point of view. It is written from the point of view of the reader, the audience, who are listening to this unbelievable story. The first statement in the "Introduction" is the time traveller "was expounding a recondite matter to us." So Wells makes it clear from early on that this is not a sure thing, he is asking the reader to make a decision, to believe the time traveller or not. He doesn't throw the story at them; he adds a twist of uncertainty even within the novel, this is whether any of it actually happens. In my opinion this has a great effect that makes the reader feel part of the novel, and therefore makes them more likely to accept the warning. He develops this by adding yet more uncertainty about the truth behind the journey of the time traveller. "There I object" "It's against reason." Wells addresses the men of reason of his time, which by my reckoning was a very large number of people. The industrial revolution was in its midst and everything revolved around mechanical reason. Now Wells had to turn away from reason to make his warning, without creating a fantastical novel. This is why Wells has characters in his own book questioning its very basis.

On the other hand someone reading the book may well question this. Subduing to the easier concept of the book not containing any great message or warning, and that it was more of a fantasy that even a science fiction novel. It is my belief though that there is far too much evidence within the novel to oppose this as I have stated throughout the essay. In my eyes the only answer to what H.G Wells's message is, is that it was a warning to the world. For them to acknowledge their fellow humans that they ran into the ground, and also to regard themselves as lucky, to remind them that the world they live on is a beautiful place, they should enjoy it while they can.

Please note that this sample paper on In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader?, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on In his novel "The Time Machine" H.G. Wells offers the reader a vision of the future. What is his vision and how is it presented to the reader? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on archeology report. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality archeology report paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in archeology report, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your archeology report paper at affordable prices!

Caerleon Visit

How do the types of material imported and produced locally differ in terms of their quality, quantity and workmanship?

There was a vast amount of material on display at the museum that came from a variety of different locations, whether produced locally, from other parts of Britain (large amounts from Scotland) or imported from other areas of Europe (noticeably Gaul). This was due to the nature of the Second Augustan legions involvement with the spread of the Roman Empire throughout this period, they were not simply a stationary garrison, they originated from Spain, then were marched from Strasbourg, Germany to help with the capture of Britain. The men knew how to make use of the natural resources they were surrounded by, this was reflected in the practicality of the objects produced from their locality. The fort of Isca was positioned strategically on the periphery of the river Usk, this provided alluvial clay, this was used to produce basic everyday items that the legionary required. There were many examples of this on display at the museum such as; field flasks, water jugs and a mould made for an oil lamp, they are simple in style and are clearly for practical use, as opposed to decorative. The legionary probably had their kilns based by the river, demonstrating a continuous need for this cheap, easy to produce material. The legion also had their own tilery, these too were produced originally by the men, then civilians took over the role. There was an ornamental tile for a gable with a Gorgens head, showing us the superstitious side of the legionary, it is supposed to attract evil spirits, therefor diverting them away from the people. It is a rather crude carving with no obvious formality of shape (this is excusable, it is after all a roof tile, in a position of poor visibility). There was also evidence that they imported from the rest of England, there is cooking equipment made from black burnished ware from Dorset, this too is very basic in style, but has more of a finished look than the clay pottery, it is of better quality and looks considerably sturdier than the clay- ware. The imported materials were of a more luxurious nature than the previous two, the Samian pottery comes from Gaul, it is a shiny deep red colour, depicting a hunting scene, this would not have been used everyday. Other imported materials ranged to basic amphoras filled with wine, to elaborately carved gemstones of a very high quality.

What sort of quality of life did the soldiers have?

Custom Essays on archeology report

Their life, on a superficial level was basic, but a satisfactory existence. There are of course obvious differences between ranked men and the average legionary, but in theory they were fed, clothed, housed and entertained. This is not as generous as it seems, ad average soldier would be paid 00 denarii, and only be left with about 1, after he had deductions for; food, equipment, bedding, compulsory savings and his burial club contributions removed. They were superstitious, there is a leaden curse invoking the goddess Nemesis to punish someone for stealing a cloak and pair of boots, after all this would have been a serious crime considering the soldiers pay for their own equipment. The men ate well, we know the legion imported luxury foodstuffs from Spain and Italy including olive oil, figs, wine and dates. They ate fruits, meat (from legions own pastureland), vegetables and bread, even stamped with the centuries name (stamp bearing Century of Quintinius Aquila found). Personal hygiene was of importance, five thousand men living in such a small space (with up to 8 sharing a room) germs spread easily, they were aware of this and owned tweezers, earscoops, body scrapers made from shells and a bronze razor was found (also indicating regimented look in regards to facial hair). The amphitheatre (just outside the fortress walls) was a means of entertainment for the men, they would go there to watch blood sports and socialise. The men were not allowed to get married whilst in military service, but it was common for them to be in relationships with civilian women who lived outside the walls and have children to carry on the military tradition.

What role did local resources (material, labour) play in the construction and maintenance of the fort?

The original construction of the fort (c. AD 74/5) was built in timber, and not suprisingly there is very little evidence of its original form, before the end of the first century this began to rot away. The replacement buildings were built by the second Augustan Legion accompanied by skilled men. There is a piece of wooden tablet inscribed in ink, found in a officers house, regarding the collection of timber. Vast amounts of timber were needed (some thought to have been floated down the river from Us). Old Red Sandstone was used for general building work, and there are examples of Bath Stone, finer in quality than the former and used for decorative purposes. They used lead from the mines on the outskirts of Cardiff. Legionary blacksmiths made hinges, horse buckles and armour, remains of their workshops were found within the fortress. Throughout the forts life (spanning over 00 years) there was the necessity for ongoing maintenance work, and over a period of about thirty years it saw the replacement of timber with stone buildings, identifiable by the inscriptions they held (there is an Italian marble inscription in honour of the Emperor Trajan 100 AD placed on the south gate that had been strengthened during this period). Local materials were essential for the developments, this imported marble was very rare, there is a local sanstone inscription that records the rebuilding of the seventh cohorts barracks in 5. It was common for the soldiers to participate in the renovation of the fort, especially after they had been away for long periods. However in the third century there were inscriptions found recording work, yet during this time the legion played a large role in the Scotland expedition of 07/11. This is not substantial evidence to show the civilians participated heavily in the upkeep of the fort, because by 0 it was deemed wasteful to heat the fortress baths, maintenance work began to die down.

How integrated does the fort seem to be in short and long distance trade routes?

Short distance trading was essential for the upkeep of the men and the fort, this was more for everyday items. The fortress boosted the economy of the civilian settlement that surrounded it., what little money the soldiers had left they were encouraged to spend on crafts and food made by them. They also traded in leather with Welsh farmers, leather was used for tents, bags, and shield covers. Stone came from Dorset and Bath. These are essential items, their strong trade connections with the rest of the empire become apparent when looking at luxury items. They boosted the economy by persuading the men to want to eat nice foods and wine, buy gemstones and grafted glassware from Gaul.

Which type of artefacts seem to be most common in the archaeological record (judging by the material in the museum)?

It seems to be everyday items that have survived, the buildings w ere demolished, leaving foundations. Items that were of any real value would have been taken with them when they left, armour and fighting equipment are rare. However there is an abundance of cookware that would have been mass produced. Building stone is commonly found, it would be pointless transporting to the next settlement, unless it was particularly symbolic. There are gravestones that were from the cemeteries outside the walls, yet they had been turned over and re- used as paving slabs. Items that were of value had presumably been lost, 88 engraved gemstones were found in the fortress baths under a large drain, this is a very rare find, we only normally see discarded vases and lost coins.

What factors might have affected the survival and archaeological visibility of the material, e.g.. Pottery, foodstuffs, personal ornaments, we see today?

Firstly, being in Wales, one of the biggest factors affecting the survival of materials has to be the weather, primarily rain! This particularly affects perishable items such wood (as we have seen from the rotting of the original buildings), clothing, food and papers. Yet the pottery has survived rather well, as have the metal pieces such as silver coins, and small brooches, pins and other decorative items. A reason for the survival of the engravings was likely to be from the lack of respect they had been given after the Romans had left, turning them into the ground preserved their inscriptions. Much of the stone had been stolen during the medieval period, taking the buildings to below ground level.

How might the subsequent history of the fort have affected the archaeological record?

The fort became obsolete, Saxon pirates and Irish invaders had become a very real threat to the Romans, far greater than the Silures. The legion shrunk in size dramatically, some staying in Scotland, going to Gaul or moving to Cardiff to protect the Welsh waters. The fortress fell into a state of disrepair; buildings were left to crumble, what was left of them the medieval inhabitants scavenged; peoples personal possessions that had been forgotten or lost simply abandoned. So there is not a balanced, cross- section view of life there. If completely reliant on archaeological record, we would believe the fort to have been rather peaceful, when in reality there were ongoing struggles with the Silures. The only remains we are left with are small fragmentary pieces from everyday life- painting, for the most part, a rather rosy picture.

What other aspects of army life besides the economy can we discuss using the archaeological record?

Social aspects can be discussed, simply by looking at the physical layout of the fortress, the Roman Army made such an effort to isolate themselves, obviously this was a defensive must, but the notion of community seems to be a strong idea. The Vicus (civil settlement) surrounding the fort provides a different side of life for the men. It was here that they could meet women and raise families, gamble and socialise with traders and legionaries alike. Military pride and pride of Rome seem evident from our archaeological record, pride had to be take in the mens equipment, they had to look smart (when juxtaposed to the Welsh tribesmen, they certainly did) and the men had to replace damaged equipment, if not their pay would be stopped. There is evidence of attempts to incorporate religion into their lives, in the civic areas there were temples and religious festivals held. There is an alter to the goddess Salus (health); a small copper ram, a sign of fertility; gem engraved with the god Mercury.

To what extent can we build up a representative picture of the life and history of the fort?

Caerleon and its archaeology are a rare example of a Roman site, although it is not a completely clear picture of life (if we rely upon archaeology alone, without the use of literary sources) it presents a well rounded view of what life was like on a social and practical level like the food they ate , what they ate it from and the way their life was organised by the legion. Yet what archaeology does not make clear is the way the fort operated on a military basis, the nature of their campaigns.

Please note that this sample paper on archeology report is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on archeology report, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on archeology report will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Automobile Industry. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Automobile Industry paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Automobile Industry, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Automobile Industry paper at affordable prices!

Name of Industry The U.S. Automobile Industry

(a) Industry Profile

Size- The automobile industry consists of many sections, from production of automobiles to production of parts and components to even the retail aspect of automobiles. Given the nature of the products and the quantity and quality demanded, it should come as no surprise that this industry is one of the largest in the U.S. and world economies. The large number of people the industry employs has made it a key determinant of economic growth (Encarta.com). This industry has a spiral effect on the economy as the finished products are often used as factors of production in other industries. At the same time, in order to produce these vast amounts of automobiles, there is a heavy investment in the steel industry and other industrial products (Klepper, 11).

In recent years (15-001) the number of companies in the industry, including all sections, has reduced from about 4100 to around 100 but yet sales have risen from B$ 11 to B$41716 over the same time period (table 1). Post World War II, the Big General Motors (GM), Ford and Chrysler have been near the top of the list of industrial firms with the most sales revenue. Given that these three giants account for 66% of the production of cars sold in America, the size of the entire industry is immense (autoindustry.com).

Table 1 Sales in Billions of Dollars

15 16 17 18 1 000 001

Vehicles and Engines SIC 4.1 715 71 85 8607 580 84 77

Bodies SIC 4. 60 55 68 511 468 40 57

Parts SIC 4. 7046 75 805 107 8658 8887 05

Tires SIC 5.11 1647 177 161 1441 158

Vehicle electrical SIC 1.61 110 105 1066 111 1014

Components sub total 406 607 1100 11618 1116 1177 14444

TOTAL 11 6806 4187 4056 48 444 41716

Office of National Statistics Annual Business Inquiry, published December, 1 months in arrears

Structure- The automobile industry as we know it today, an oligopoly, was not always structured this way. At the beginning of the 0th century there were more than 00 producers but shortly after 10, the number of firms in the industry fell considerably and by 11 the industry was clearly showing signs of its present state with the three dominant firms being GM, Ford and Chrysler (Klepper, 4).

The concentration of prosperous firms around the same region, Detroit, Michigan was unusual and quite fascinating. Initially, because of the region's location, flocks of new firms entered the industry through the eastern seaboard and the Midwest. However, the forces of the market pushed the smaller, weaker firms out as the larger firms with great amounts of Research & Development (R&D) productivity returned higher profits and expanded (Klepper, 14).

Table

TOTAL 11 6806 4187 4056 48 444 41716

Office of National Statistics Annual Business Inquiry, published December,

Dominant Companies within the Industry

The three major companies in the industry from 10 to present are Chrysler, Ford and GM. While Chrysler may not have the portfolio of vehicles that GM and Ford possess and is the smallest of the three in terms of market share. GM seems to have mastered the production process while Ford is not far behind. The other firms in the market are mostly foreign based, located in Asia and Europe.

Financial Performance of the Industry over time

The outlook for the future seems fuzzy despite the zero-percent interest financing launched by GM in an attempt to boost sales post September 11, 001. Consumers seem uncertain and under confident about making any investments. This coupled by the ever increasing erosion of market share by the Asian and European brands, who seem to be more quickly responsive to changes in demand, seem to indicate that profits may have to come from another venture. According to national industry director of KPMG, Brian Ambrose, "Right now North American manufacturers are in a transition phase and, over the next few years; plan to roll out dozens of models with exciting styling and new technology. They are banking that these new vehicles will recapture the eye of the consumer, returning them to profitability and making zero-percent financing a thing of the past."(The Washington Times).

Starting from 100 with sales of 4100 sales grew to 85,00 in 115. Over the next 10 years it grew to .7 million, but it dropped to 1.1 million in 1 and after which the occurrence of World War II forced saw factories convert to wartime production (Nelson & Winter, 67). The post-war industry has been profitable ever since an experienced fastest growth with the advancement of technology, but suffered a setback when /11 occurred.

(b) Representative Competitive Strategies within the Industry

One of the most crucial issues of the auto industry most recently is competitiveness in cost, quality, and product offering. Companies cannot exist in the present market without paying close attention to these factors. The emergence of highly efficient foreign firms has forced the Big to respond with strategies to counter their competitors and maintain their share of the market. Other considerations for the main representatives of the industry are the changing tastes of consumers, and the move from capital-intensive operations to information-intensive operations to effectively meet demands.

Since the publication of the Machine That Changed the World, in 10 by the International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP), which documented significant differences in efficiency and quality between U.S. operations and Japanese operations, the gap between the two has shrunk considerably (Fine & Clair, 6-8). They were able to bridge the gap via manufacturing plant performance adjustments and product development performance enhancements. The most critical adjustment made was employing manufacturing flexibility, i.e. the ability to assemble multiple product lines in a single plant.

Looking more specifically, Chrysler emphasizes lean domestic product development with high integration with suppliers and an increasing focus on exports to address its limited foreign production. They operate via five platforms teams that cover all U.S. sourced products and utilize its Mitsubishi alliance to fill the gaps of its limited portfolio. They rely very heavily on outsourcing components (70%) and attempt to cut costs by reusing components (Fine & Clair, 1).

Ford is very proficient at low-cost, high-quality manufacturing and they have a more globally integrated strategy. This is so because they are capitalizing on their strength in alliances, of which they have a wide variety. They also use segment management dividing each market by vehicle size and drive type (four-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive). Ford is hoping to capitalize from economies of scale by uniting North American Automotive Operations and Ford of Europe (Fine & Clair, 6).

GM has a multifold strategy which entails maintaining a coherent product portfolio, "Voice of the Customer" research, a standardized four-phase development process, strategic links between its North American and international operations, and organizational revitalization(GM.com). Their main focus and effort has been made in an attempt to move to an information-intensive operation, so that they could satisfy consumers.

(c) Porter Model of Industry Forces

The most influential force of the Porter's model as concerns the automobile industry is the Degree of rivalry. The machinery used in production of automobiles is very expensive and would imply high switching costs if the venture does not work. Competitors are constantly trying to differentiate their products as the industry growth slows. Barriers to entry serve as the next most influential force in the industry. There is a high start up cost associated with manufacturing. The firms in the industry have already developed their brand and gained customer loyalty. The government protection or backing of the existing firms serves as an effective barrier as well. Last, but not least the existing firms would most likely individually retaliate to new entrants.

Supplier power is also important in the auto industry as a lot of merging and joint ventures are resulting due to the tense conditions. Suppliers are relatively

concentrated due to this fact and high volumes are of utmost importance to suppliers. There are not really any threats of integration as most suppliers have long standing relationships with manufacturers. Buyer power is more prevalent in business to business transaction. Buyer information is readily available with the use of Information Technology. Buyers are price sensitive, but also have a level of brand identity.

Porter's Five Forces

Threats of substitutes are the least influential on the industry. There is the use automobile industry which provides a lower cost, but there is less warranty if any at all. Buyers are more likely to rely on the dependable models they know. If prices of mass transit relative to automobiles reduce then there may be some substitution, but this does not apply nationwide.

(d) Importance of Information Technology within the Industry

Given the complexity and sophistication of the automobile, technology is a major influence on the industry. As previously mentioned, the drive towards information-intensive operations makes Information Technology (IT) a priceless component of manufacturing automobiles. It all starts with heavy investments in R & D as firms try to stay abreast with the advances in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) tools (MIT.edu). Last August GM announced the selection of IBM UNIX servers for vehicle design applications. It was projected to increase GM's supercomputing muscle by a factor of four, helping them to further improve vehicle development processes (IBM.com).

Another reason why IT is essential to the industry is due to the constant effort to develop environmentally friendly vehicles that can achieve a high level of fuel efficiency. The use of electronic components is inevitably increasing and this implies

an increase in electronic technology development and more use of computer based monitoring of products performance.

It is of utmost importance when it comes to linking the entire industry, i.e. the whole supply chain (Naples Daily News). They all have to be on the same page technologically so that information could be made readily available in a timely manner so that the best decisions and strategies could be chosen. Product development will become more efficient and reliable if the internet is used in collaboration with the software packages that exist (MIT.edu). In terms of logistics, as companies seek more outsourcing, IT is critical in the co-ordination of production as in-sequence delivery of parts and just-in-time inventory systems by suppliers helps reduce complication and confusion at assembly plants.

Although the automobile industry is an old industry it has evolved over the years and it has a close co-relation with changes in technology. However, it is up to the company's top management to determine the degree of technology it s willing to incorporate. Some are more receptive than others to technological advancements and IT is no different, so therefore on a firm to firm basis the importance may vary but it is essential for all firms to survive.

Please note that this sample paper on Automobile Industry is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Automobile Industry, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Automobile Industry will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on alcohol syndrome. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality alcohol syndrome paper right on time.

Our staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in alcohol syndrome, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your alcohol syndrome paper at affordable prices!

In recent years the public has been made aware of a syndrome called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The syndrome has received publicity for many reasons including the fact that it is a completely preventable syndrome based on the pregnant mother's behaviors. The syndrome causes disabilities for the children. The mother that drink during their pregnancy have been getting charged. It is a life long syndrome that cannot be reversed once it is achieved. In a report, Substance Abuse and the American Woman, sent out by the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, at least one of every five pregnant women uses alcohol and/or other drugs during pregnancy (NOFAS).

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is A Preventable Birth Defect If women didn't drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect. It is a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant (Shea). That is 1 to per 1,000 live births. Many of these cases go undiagnosed. The higher the mothers blood alcohol is the greater the damage is to the developing fetus. It is also the number one cause of mental retardation in the United States, and one of the three leading causes of birth defects

(Shea) . Alcohol produces more significant effects in the fetus than other drug including cocaine, heroin and marijuana. What I don't understand is that why would a mother drink during pregnancy, knowing that there is a chance that her baby might have problems.

The best way to prevent FAS is by not using alcohol products. This sounds so simple, but for many women it is not. Usually infants born to mothers who are alcoholics have little to no prenatal care. With no prenatal care a mother who consumes alcohol is not warned or told of the dangers of drinking. Many of these children end up in foster care being thrown back and forth between families, due to the behavioral and physical problems FAS and Fetal alcohol effects does not discriminate against race, creed or color. Studies have shown, In the United states one in five hundred children is diagnosed with FAS and one in three hundred children is diagnosed with Fetal alcohol effects (ACBR).

Do my essay on alcohol syndrome CHEAP !

The Native American people have even more staggering numbers. There is one child with fetal alcohol syndrome out of every ninety nine children born. FAS is 0 times more commonly reported in Native Americans than it is in whites, and six times more common in blacks. It is estimated that nearly 40% of all Native American women meet the criteria for alcohol dependence (ACBR). If something is not done immediately there might be an explosion of FAS or FAE children in the Native American community. The reported rates of FAS are higher among Native Americans and African Americans. These differences may be due to actual differences in the occurrence, or may in part reflect under-diagnosis among some racial/ethnic groups, and over-diagnosis among others. I think that we must help all women to realize the dangers associated with fetal exposure to alcohol.

The Center for Disease Control (CDC) is implementing many prevention methods in combating FAS and FAE some of them include Collaborative partnerships with states, universities, and other organizations to develop state and locally based systems for surveillance of FAS and other alcohol-related birth defects. For example, the CDC has worked with state and local health departments in Washington to develop a population-based model for FAS surveillance among first grade students in two counties in the state. They identified previously unknown cases of FAS and referred the children for therapeutic and special education services. Their mothers were referred to local health care providers. Another prevention method the CDC has implemented is Disseminate information, in collaboration with other agencies, from the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of FAS data. State and local programs can use this information to modify their activities so that they are using the most cost-effective strategies to combat FAS and other alcohol-related birth defects. The CDC can only implement these programs, but it is up to the states to utilize these programs to help inform woman of the dangers of alcohol. There are several agencies, organizations, states and universities affiliated in implementing the CDC's programs.

Noticeable behavioral problems were found to be with comprehension, judgment, and attention skills, causing these adults born with FAS to experience major psychological and adjustment problems for the rest of their lives. Numerous studies with animals, of experimental alcoholism, where nutritional status has been well controlled, have shown that the damage to the developing fetus, such as low birth rate CNS impairment, and others are caused by the direct consequence of the effects of alcohol. Even though the direct connection between alcohol intake and birth defects is now indisputable, there are other factors associated with maternal drinking that must also be considered as contributing factors in an adverse pregnancy outcome. The most important of these secondary factors is alcohol related malnutrition, as nutritional deficiencies occur frequently with alcohol intake due to reduced appetite

People with fetal alcohol syndrome have a range of problems as severe as being mentally retarded too less visible problems like difficulty paying attention. Some other problems associated with the syndrome may be learning problems, with low IQ's, developmental delays both physical and mental, difference in facial features, being hyperactive, small for their age or a variety of health problems. We have known the effects of alcohol on the fetus since 168. A French scientist by the name of Lemoine recognized the multiple effects that alcohol can have on a developing fetus.

Lemoine came up with five categories to characterize the syndrome. The first category is growth which includes pre and postnatal onset growth deficiencies. The second category is performance, which included such things as low IQ's. The average IQ for someone that has fetal alcohol syndrome is sixty three. Other factors that are in the performance category are weak grasp, poor hand eye coordination, and hyperactivity in childhood. The third category is called cranial facial abnormalities. Some of these abnormal circumstances are small heads, eye slits, and short noses. The fourth category is skeletal abnormalities, which includes joint abnormalities, abnormal position and function. The fifth and final category is cardiac abnormalities, that included such things as heart murmurs. In some cases of FAS renal problems have been also diagnosed. "A spectrum of anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract has been observed among children with moderate or extensive signs of FAS" (Rossett and Weiner 6).

The brain is one of the most effected organs in the babies body's. The brain is most sensitive to the damage of alcohol during a period called synaptogenesis, when the brain is rapidly developing, which begins during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues throughout early childhood. Researchers have found that alcohol affects two brain chemicals, glutamate and GABA, which aid in communication between different parts of the brain. Alarmingly researchers found that just one episode of drunkenness during the third trimester is enough to damage the fetus's brain (NOFAS).

While there is no cure for FAS or FAE there have been some treatments developed. Treatment programs need to include special education and vocational training components that emphasize skills leading to the patient functioning in society in the least restrictive, but safest possible environment. Prevention of FAS is the most effective treatment. The cost is astonishing for the long term care of children who have FAS or FAE. In Alaska Senator John Binkly estimated the cost at over 1.4 million dollars over the life span of the individual. Multiple this estimated cost by about 40,000 children a year born with FAS or FAE and the cost is huge. The only possible option for prevention of FAS and FAE is to abstain from alcohol. If only woman didn't drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Effect.

Many studies have been performed on FAS. The University of Washington School of Medicine is the leader in scientific research of FAS. The school/students have done many controlled research study's. The Study on Alcohol and Pregnancy, Neuropsychological Analyses of FAS/FAE Deficits, Parent-Child Assistance Program , and the FAS Follow-up Program. One of the many problems of misdiagnosis, and is shown in this study is that, the birth rate of FAS children is nearly 1 per 100 births (ACBR). The problem is this, alcohol-affected children and adults are often denied services when they lack the characteristic FAS face and or mental retardation as defined by a standardized IQ score of less then 6. It is essential that these diagnosis' become more accurate so that the consequences can be understood and that the markers of clinically affected individuals be identified to support appropriate diagnosis and intervention.

Working with children affected by Fetal Alcohol syndrome can be difficult and tiring but with the right knowledge of the disease and how it effects the child, interaction can be much easier. There are five key to working with these children structure, consistency, variety, brevity and persistence. Caregivers should provide external structure for these children because they lack internal structure. It is also important to be consistent because the child needs to know the world is predictable. Brevity in explanations and directions is important because they have serious problems with attentiveness. Use a variety of different ways to keep the child's attention. Lastly one must repeat over and over again what is being taught. A few effective strategies a parent or caregiver can use are foster independence in self-help and play, encourage decision making, teach daily living skills, encourage use of positive self talk, establish a few simple rules for the child to abide by, establish routines, give advance warning about upcoming activities and break things down into small parts so it is not so overwhelming (Rosett and Wiener 70).

In conclusion, FAS is a growing concern as research shows that, in recent years, regular alcohol consumption has increased alarmingly among the female population; particularly among younger women and teenage girls. This is also happening in our community and there needs to be an end put to it. Due to this rise in alcohol consumption the public has to put forth evidence and proof about the dangers of alcohol consumption among women during their child-bearing years. I know that they write it on cigarette packages so why not alcohol? The biggest point that can be made about alcohol induced fetal damage is that it is 100% totally preventable, we can only hope that education of this subject, on the part of both prospective parents, will control the increasing problem. I cannot believe that this information has been readily available for such a long time and no one seems to worry about it. If we could effectively help that the simple fact that "mothering from conception is direct mothering", and therefore everything that the mother consumes during pregnancy the fetus consumes as well, some of these tragedies could be more easily be avoided.

Please note that this sample paper on alcohol syndrome is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on alcohol syndrome, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on alcohol syndrome will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!