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Now more than ever humans are becoming a major factor in the future of climate and more importantly climate change. Human actions towards the earth and the depletion of the ozone layer are irreversible. A warmer future could result from human activities in the present by releasing massive amounts of heat trapping gases into the air. (www.maui.net) These greenhouse gases are partially the reason for the 0.5°C rise in the global average temperature recorded over the past 100 years. If the Earths temperature continues to rise as estimated, global warming could occur more rapidly than any climate change of the last 10,000 years. (www.maui.net) Fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide when burned, are used to generate electricity, heat and light homes and workplaces, power factories and run cars. The future of Earths climate may depend partly on the buildup of heat trapping gases, mainly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, in the atmosphere. Industrialized nations are known to release the most carbon dioxide. Is there an alternative to this pollution and soon, disaster? In order for us to understand the immensity of this problem, we must look at what causes global warming, what is being done to stop the problem, consequences of this issue, and how we can prevent it.

Global warming occurs when there is a depletion of the ozone layer and the earth's temperature begins to get warmer as a result of the heat trapping abilities of greenhouse gases. The glass panels of a greenhouse and the Earth's atmosphere are both transparent to sunlight, and both trap heat(www.maui.net). Atmospheric greenhouse gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat like the glass panels of a greenhouse, therefore, creating the greenhouse effect. At the moment, the earth appears to be facing rapid warming, which most scientists believe results, at least in part, from human activities. The main cause of this warming is thought to be the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases into the atmosphere.(www.maui.net) As the atmosphere contains more and more of these gases, it becomes a better insulator, holding more of the heat provided to the planet by the Sun. With years of abuse and neglect, this matter will only worsen. Many feel that Global warming is inevitable, and that the climate will change regardless of how cautious we are. This is partly true, climate does change all the time, but the change is slow and constant. We are doing it at enormous speeds, 60 times faster than expected.(Science news)

All life on Earth relies on the greenhouse effect, without it, the planet would be colder by about degrees, and ice would cover the entire Earth. However, a growing excess of greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere threatens to head in the other direction, toward continual warming. Carbon dioxide is the most abundant greenhouse gas followed by methane and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide flows into the atmosphere from many natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions, the respiration of animals, and the burning or decay of organic matter, such as plants. (www.maui.net) Humans increase the amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, solid wastes, and wood products. (www.maui.net) At the same time, the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been reduced by deforestation. Methane is an even more effective insulator, trapping over 1 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide is a powerful insulating gas released primarily by burning fossil fuels and by plowing farm soils. Nitrous oxide traps over 70 times more heat than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 0%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%.(www.maui.net) These increases have improved the ability of the earth's atmosphere to trap heat.

During the industrial revolution we began to slowly alter our climate and environment by changing agricultural practices and industrial practices. These new practices have caused a change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build-up of greenhouse gases. Due to the growth of the worlds population and the nations economies, and the use of technology also growing, the global temperature is expected to continue to increase by an additional 1.0 to .5 degrees by the year 100.(Winnipeg Sun) This seemingly subtle change in the global temperature could prove to have terrible results. We are altering the environment faster than we can possibly predict the consequences. This is definitely going to lead to some surprises. The earth's temperature would rise on it's own, but that takes thousands of years, we are doing it in a century.(www.maui.net) The world is rapidly changing.

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The developed countries are all working to reduce greenhouse emissions. Several European countries impose heavy taxes on energy usage, designed partly to limit such emissions. Norway taxes industries according to the amount of carbon dioxide they emit. In Canada, government and industry are trying to negotiate agreements aimed at increasing energy efficiency, promoting alternative energy sources, and cutting down greenhouse gas output. The Canadian government has established the program to cut carbon dioxide emissions from federal vehicles by reducing the number of vehicles it owns and by training drivers to use them more efficiently. By 004, 75 percent of Canadian federal vehicles are to run on alternative fuels, such as methanol and ethanol.(Globe and Mail Jan 4/0) In the United States, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, product manufacturers, local utilities, and retailers have collaborated to implement the Energy Star program. This voluntary program rates appliances for energy use and gives some money back to consumers who buy efficient machines. Many local governments are also working against greenhouse emissions by conserving energy in buildings, modernizing their vehicles, and advising the public. Individuals, too, can take steps. The same choices that reduce other kinds of pollution work against global warming. Every time a consumer buys an energy-efficient appliance, adds insulation to a house, recycles paper, metal, and glass, chooses to live near work, or commutes by public transportation, he or she is fighting global warming.

The Kyoto Protocol becomes more important as time goes on, pressure has been put on international leaders to face this problem and come up with a valid solution.(Globe and Mail Jan 4/0) Cooperation is required by all for the effective reduction of greenhouse gases. In 1 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 150 countries pledged to confront the problem of greenhouse gases and agreed to meet again to form these good intentions into a binding treaty. In 17 in Japan, 160 nations drafted a much stronger agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol.(www.eia.doe.gov) This treaty involves the 8 industrialized countries that now release the most greenhouse gases to cut their emissions. This reduction is to be achieved no later than 01.(www.eia.doe.gov). The remaining nations, mostly developing, were not asked to commit to a reduction in gas emissions. Most developing nations fear this will pause their improvement. Most countries are waiting for ratification by the United States, at present the source of one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions. The United States has so far refused ratification. Some critics find the Kyoto Protocol too weak. Even if it were enforced immediately, it would only slightly slow the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Much stronger action would be required later, particularly because the developing nations exempted from the Kyoto rules are expected to produce half the worlds greenhouse gases by 05.(www.eia.doe.gov) The most influential opponents of the protocol, however, find it too strong. Opposition to the treaty in the United States is encouraged by the oil industry, the coal industry, and others which manufacture or depend on fossil fuels. They say that the economic costs to carry out the Kyoto Protocol could be as much as $00 billion, due mainly to higher energy prices.(www.eia.doe.gov)

There are many things we ourselves can do to reduce the emissions of fossil fuels, and in turn prevent global warming. For example, things as simple as car pooling, keeping your vehicle well-maintained, and using energy efficient appliances, We, as an entire race, need to become more aware of the future repercussions of our seemingly harmless daily activities and choices. This will ensure a safe, temperate future for generations to come.

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on teen pregnancy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality teen pregnancy paper right on time.

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Teen Pregnancy

Surviving the gruesome teen-age years is hard enough without having to worry about parenthood. Many teens may look and think that having a child could not be all that hard but it is. Looks can be very deceiving, You may see a big red juicy, shiny apple and it looks so delicious, until you take your first bite and to you're your surprise a nest of maggots lay in side. Many things are not what they appear to be in everyday life, and you should expect the unexpected. Everyone sees mothers and they appear to be very happy and content with their baby, but you do not know what is really going on behind closed doors. Knowledge comes with age and with age comes experience. These are some of the qualities you need to raise a child. Many teens may think that having a child is not that big of a deal but it is more than it looks. Every person has the right to make their own decisions, because they have to deal with the consequences. People may think something is the best option for them, but really it may not be. More and more these days mothers are becoming younger and younger and it not only harms the baby but it harms the teenage mother as well. Are teens benefitting themselves by childbearing? Or ruining their lives.

Teen pregnancy is when a teen gets pregnant and conceives a child. It is happening more and more these days. It is very controversial because many people may believe that it is like kids having kids and they feel that the teens, are to young to be able to raise a child. On the other hand people feel that it is good for teens to take responsibility for what they made. If they are responsible enough to be having sex, they should be responsible enough to raise a child. They should have thought about everything before they started having intercourse.

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1Every year almost 1 million teenagers become pregnant, and about 485,000 give birth to their children. It is very dangerous to give birth at such a young age because a teenage mother is at greater risk than women over age twenty for pregnancy complications such as premature labour, anemia and high blood pressure. These risks are even greater for teens who are under 15 years old. Most young teens have not had intercourse 8 in 10 girls and 7 in 10 boys are sexually inexperienced at age 15. While at % of teenage girls report that their first intercourse was voluntary, one-quarter of these young women report that it was unwanted. When a baby is born to a teenage mother is more at risk of certain serious problems than a baby born to an older mother. There are many downsides to childbearing at such a young age. Some down sides are It is very hard to raise a child as well as go to school, it is proven teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school than girls who delay childbearing. 4 A recent study showed that about 64 percent of teen mothers graduated from high school or earned a general equivalency diploma (GED) within two years after they would have graduated, compared to 4 percent of teen women who did not give birth. 5 With an education cut short the teen has lack of work skills and it may be harder to find a job so teen mothers are more likely to live in poverty than women who delay childbearing, and nearly 75 percent of all unmarried teen mothers go on welfare within five years of the birth of their first baby. Many teen mothers go on to have more children. About one-fourth of teen mothers have a second child within 4 months of the first birth. Out of all these teen mothers that are childbearing is very likely for the child to have a low birth weight. Teens too often have bad eating habits. They neglect to take a daily multivitamin, and most smoke, drink alcohol and take drugs, so that increases the risk that their babies will be born with health problems. Studies also show that teens are less likely than older women, to gain a fair amount of weight during pregnancy (5 to 5 pounds is recommended for women of normal weight). Low weight gain increases the risk of having a low-birthweight baby. Low-birthweight babies may have organs that are not fully developed. This can lead to lung problems such as respiratory distress syndrome, or bleeding in the brain, vision loss and seriousintestinal problems. Low-birthweight babies are more than 0 times as likely to die in their first year of life than normal-weight babies. A sexually active teenager who does not use contraceptives has a 0% chance of becoming pregnant within one year, the chances aren't worth it. The contraception method most used by teenagers is the pill (44%), followed by the condom (8%). About 10% rely on the injectable, 4% on withdrawal and % on the implant. Out of all teenage pregnancies 6 in 10 teen pregnancies are between the ages of 18-1, and 78% of births to teens occur outside of marriage.

Many teens who choose the option of bearing a child, must ask themselves many questions to make sure they are really ready. Some of these questions may be Am I able to give

this child what he or she demands and needs? Can I count on my parents to help me out? Can I handle a child and a job and/or school at the same time? Would I miss my free time and privacy?

Can I afford to support this child? How will I pay for housing, clothes, food, diapers, and other living expenses? These are all questions that need to be asked because as a parent you want to make sure you are giving your child all you can.

There are three choices for making the decision on what to do with the baby once you are pregnant. The first one is to parent the child. You can decide to raise it on your own or with the father, or maybe you would receive extra help from a family member. The second choice is to have an abortion. 6 There are two categories for abortions medical and surgical abortions. Medical abortions use strong medications to end the pregnancy and cause contractions to deliver the fetus. Surgical abortions use a series of instruments inserted through the cervix to terminate the pregnancy so the baby dies. The last and third choice is to give it up for adoption or place it in foster care. If you choose to place it in foster care you can always place the child somewhere for a short period of time until you are ready to raise it on your own, and if you choose adoption you know that your child will hopefully be having the life you want for it. They are all choices that need to have a lot of thought put into them before finalizing your decision.The Catholic Church has a very strong belief about sex before marriage. So if the teens are bearing the children are married, they believe it is fine. Understanding that the teen will be caring for the child like any normal parent would. 7 When we sin sexually we sin against our body. When we sin against our body, we sin against God, therefor making it a sin. Our bodies are a part of Christ, and we should respect that. Different religions have different opinions on teen pregancy.

Christianity is a faith you can choose to follow. Sex outside of marriage is not accepted in Christianity, and therefore should not take place. Childbearing for teens can also be very harmful not only to them but also to the child. Many complications could occur. The Catholic church does not accept harmful things that are educed upon our bodies therefor making it a sin to injure the child or even our bodies.Many faiths respond differently to teen pregnancy. 8 Baptist is another strong believer of no sex before marriage. The teen must be married before the pregnancy occurs or else it is considered a sin. Christianity has a couple similar beliefs. Leaving it up to the pregnant teen how to handle the child.

When a teen finds out she is pregnant her life will never be the same again no matter what choice she makes. The best advise one could give would be ,when you first find our your pregnant you should sit down and let the initial shock settle. Start by confirming your pregnancy, having an ultrasound or meeting with a counselor or close friend you feel you can trust. You will never forget this life-changing experience so you want to make sure you will explore every possibility, so you make the best decision for not only you but the baby as well. Many teens feel that they can handle having a baby but it is a lot more work, more than it is made out to be. We all have to make hard decisions in life and the best way to go about them is to research them fist. Find information that will help you learn more about it. Ask questions to family members, doctor, counselors and people you can trust. Make sure you know the consequences before you make something final. Teen pregnancy is a big situation that most teens wouldn't even be able to handle, so make sure you know what you want to do before you do something drastic. It will end up changing your life no matter what decision you choose.

Please note that this sample paper on teen pregnancy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on teen pregnancy, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on teen pregnancy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hamlet. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hamlet paper right on time.

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Hamlet, one of world's most appraised tragedies, was written in 1601 by William Shakespeare, an English playwright and poet, considered to be the greatest dramatist of all time. Hamlet is a brilliant play that explores the highly complex personality of the title character, the crown prince of Denmark, and demonstrates themes of honour and revenge. Although Hamlet prominently displays the main characteristics of a tragedy the eminent death of the leading characters - Shakespeare also incorporates a number of comic elements. He does this for variety of reasons. First of all, the occasional use of humour allows the audience to take a brief pause from the monotony of a depressing storyline. Secondly, via humour and riddles, the prince, Hamlet, is able to mock other people, in their presence. Finally, the comical scenes provide a valuable insight into some of the characters' personalities.

William Shakespeare, as a clever dramatist, knew that if a play is completely filled with melancholy events, the audience will easily lose interest. This fact was especially important during the Elizabethan times when the most frequent visitors of theatres were people of the lower society. These simple folks, who came to theatre to forget their every day's ordeal, preferred comedy to tragedy. As a result of this, Shakespeare incorporates bits of humour in-between the most intense and gloomy scenes. The first comic episode in Hamlet is located in Act , Scene , where Prince Hamlet mocks the royal counsellor through riddles. Their conversation, starting with, "Do you know me my lord? / Excellent well. You are a fishmonger" (II.ii, 17-4), provides a short distraction after the earlier melancholy incident when Hamlet learns the painful truth regarding his father's sudden death. Another excellent example of a passage that serves as a mental breather for the audience is the sex-related talk between Hamlet and Ophelia, who is his sweetheart, when the play "The Murder of Gonzago" is about to begin. At one point, when the time has come for the truth about the murder to be revealed, the audience is kept in great suspense. To break the tense air, Hamlet asks silly questions " Lady, shall I lie in your lap? /Do you think I meant country matters?" ( III.ii, 110,115). This comic conversation is followed by one of the most significant scenes of the play, where Claudius, the new king, shows his guilt in front of the entire royal court by panicking and running out. As a result of this, the suspenseful atmosphere returns as the audience anxiously awaits for the upcoming conflicts and the outcome of the play. Undoubtedly the most amusing part of the play is the intellectual debate between two gravediggers, who discuss legal and theological issues. Their first humorous argument deals with Ophelia's mysterious drowning

Here lies the water-good. Here

stands the man-good. If the man go to this water

and drown himself, it is, will he nill he, he goes,

mark you that. But if the water come to him and

drown him, he drowns not himself. Argal, he that is

not guilty of his own death shortens not his own life (V.i, 15-0).

This debate provides the viewer with necessary comic relief, since it is inserted between scenes loaded with the shocking deaths of, the royal advisor Polonius and Ophelia and the hideous plans between Claudius and Laertes, both of which lead to the largest tragedy of the play. By inserting these humorous scenes, William Shakespeare retains the viewers' continual interest.

Another significant role of comedy in Shakespeare's tragedy is to subdue. The use of humour allows Hamlet, to directly and truthfully tell another person what he thinks of him without causing a notable conflict. Hamlet's intelligence and wittiness surpasses the level of his acquaintances, thus the true meaning of his remarks pass by them unnoticed. A worthy example of this is found at the beginning of the play. During a Royal assembly, King Claudius and his wife, Gertrude, openly criticize Hamlet for his inappropriately long mourning after his father. When Claudius calls Hamlet his "cousin and son", Hamlet swiftly replies, "A little more than kin, less than kind. /my lord, I am too much in the sun" (I. ii, 65,67). Behind these riddles are hidden Hamlet's feelings for Claudius - he dislikes him. Hamlet does not approve of Claudius' actions of marring his brother's wife just a few weeks after his brother's funeral. In addition, Claudius tries too hard to act like a loving father and fails, for Hamlet does not want to replace the one he has lost by a fraud named Claudius. Another case when Hamlet uses his humour and wit to express his empathy is in Act , Scene , where the trusted advisor, Polonius takes on the task of unfolding the truth regarding Hamlet's strange behaviour. Polonius starts a conversation with Hamlet, who quickly realizes the true purpose of it and calls Polonius a "fishmonger" ( II,ii. 14). By calling him a "fishmonger", he accuses Polonius of using his daughter, Ophelia, as bait to lure Hamlet in revealing if his strange ways are caused by his unfulfilled love for Ophelia. In each of these examples, the audience recognizes Hamlet's humour, even thought the characters may not. Therefore, his use of humour is effective in gaining the audience's acceptance for this, sometimes nasty remarks

The third important role that comedy plays in the tragedy of Hamlet, is character exposure. Comic episodes often allow the audience to have a closer look at the personality of the speaker who unintentionally creates comedy by using an unusual way of verbal expression. The first character, whose essential personality traits are unfolded through comedy, is Polonius. Polonius' meddlesome character becomes apparent in the scene, when Polonius instructs a spy named Reynaldo, how to secretively inquire about his son Leartes, who is in Paris. Polonius demands of Reynaldo to regularly report all his son's activities, no matter how intimate they are, "Ay, or drinking, fencing, swearing, /Quarrelling, drabbing- you may go so far."(II.i, 5-6). This demonstrates that Polonius is a distrusting and controlling man - he spies even on his own children, believing that if they are given their freedom, they will prove to be corrupt. Another humorous situation, that reveals Polonius' personality, is his discussion with the King and Queen regarding the "true cause" of Hamlet's mad behaviour. In exceedingly long speeches, Polonius informs the majesties about Hamlet's relationship with his daughter Ophelia. Through these speeches Polonius proves to be a very long-winded man, who likes to show his extensive knowledge of all subjects. He cares a great deal about his spotless reputations and won't allow anyone, including his daughter, to blacken it. Clear evidence of this is his remark to the royal couple,

But what might you think,

When I had see this hot love on the wing-

As I perceiv'd it, I must tell you that,

Before my daughter told me- what might you

Or my dear Majesty your queen think,

If I had play'd the desk or table-book,…(II.ii,11-6 ).

These are just some examples of Polonius' numerous speeches in which he demonstrates his self-absorbed nature. Another character whose personality is exposed through comedy is Osiric, a young courtier, who carries Claudius' message to Hamlet, proposing the duel between Laertes and Hamlet. Although Osiris is a minor character, who appears only in the concluding scenes of the play, his exaggerated, amusing speeches provide a good insight into his character. When Osiric enters the play for the first time, as a carrier of Claudius' serious message to Hamlet, Hamlet teases him by starting a conversation about the weather conditions and whether it is needed to wear a hat inside or not. Instead of expressing his own opinion, Osiric agrees to whatever Hamlet says, no matter how ridiculous it may sound. This proves that Osiric is self-centred man, who does everything to please his masters, in order to enhance his own reputation and position on the court of Denmark. There is further evidence displaying Osiric's flattery

Sir, here is newly come to court Laertes believe

me, an absolute gentleman, full of excellent

difference, of very soft society and great showing.

Indeed, to speak feelingly of this, he is the card or

calendar of gentry (V.ii, 106-108).

Osiric noticed that King Claudius is a good ally to Laertes so he uses his outwardly verbose to appraise Laertes excellent qualities and flatter the king.

Despite the fact that Hamlet is a tragic play, William Shakespeare allows comic elements to play a role in this drama as well. The comedy in Hamlet not only serves as a mental breather for the viewers, but also exposes the personality traits of some characters and allows Prince Hamlet to ridicule particular people in their presence. Overall, Hamlet is another of Shakespeare's excellent works, which's exceptional characters and events capture the hearts of viewers across the whole world.

Please note that this sample paper on Hamlet is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlet, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Hamlet will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on oliver twist comparing aginast Angela's Ashes. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality oliver twist comparing aginast Angela's Ashes paper right on time.

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It is clear that oppression by poverty affects people differently. It affects not only individual people but also poverty takes it toll on the society that culminates it, which leads to class distinction. Poverty is the central theme in both Angela's Ashes and Oliver Twist, and it has proven to have the ability to corrupt a man or on the other hand, make him stronger. Oliver Twist, from the novel Oliver Twist, and Frank McCourt, from the novel Angela's Ashes, are two characters whom alike, manage to surpass poverty and make something of their lives. In contrast, Malachy McCourt from Angela's Ashes, is a character that demonstrates how poverty can lead to the corruption of man both mentally and emotionally.

In Oliver Twist, Oliver is plagued with an impoverished lifestyle as an orphan in the workhouse. In nineteenth century England, it was hard for the children to escape the poverty that constrained them. Furthermore, the workhouses had become general mixed institutions containing all types of the destitute (the criminal and the lunatic as well as the sick and aged), with the consequent horrors arising out of unspecialized management, oppression and promiscuity. This type of dismal environment would perhaps allow the reader to assume a sense of corruption for Oliver. In spite of Oliver's lack of love in his life, he is able to overcome the obstacles of hate, greed and revenge.

'What was Oliver's horror and alarm as he stood a few paces off, looking ho with his eyelids as wide open as they would possibly go, to see the Dodger plunge his hand into the old gentleman's pocket, and draw from thence a handkerchief! To see him hand the same to Charley Bates; and finally behold them, both running away around the corner at full speed.' Pg. 144

This quotes proves that Oliver opposes the common belief that impoverished children will lapse into the underworld of crime, and instead he is able to optimistically secure a positive, fulfilled life. Oliver in essence, uses his impoverished lifestyle as an advantage to his strategic plan in obtaining happiness. Unlike the common belief in the Victorian era, Oliver was not demoralized by poverty and poverty had a powerful impact in making him fight for what he wanted to achieve.

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In comparison to Oliver Twist, Frank McCourt was also a character that was not disillusioned and demoralized due to the effects of poverty. Frank had a good head on his shoulders in the sense that he was taught morals and beliefs that would otherwise embody a faithful Irish Catholic boy. However, due to his impoverished lifestyle, he began to doubt his faith in God, whereas Oliver Twist did not. Also, unlike Oliver Twist, Frank McCourt would steal scarce bits of food for his family because he had lost all faith in God. With no income, he observed his family slowly deteriorating and he wanted to do something about it, so he tried his best to obtain employment at the age of twelve. Both Oliver Twist and Frank McCourt were protected by their inner strength and their natural goodness and instinct for survival, enabled them to overcome the odds of life. In spite of their difficult struggle, both characters were able to secure an optimistic future for themselves. Oliver Twist, at the end of the novel, goes to live with the wealthy Mr. Brownlow and his aunt, and Frank McCourt returns to America in hopes of living the American Dream; a chance at opportunity, prosperity and life. He looks to America as a classless society where his ambitions will be respected and his talents will be rewarded. Frank almost feels as if breaking out of Limerick, Ireland means breaking out of the wrath of poverty.

In contrast to Oliver Twist and Frank McCourt, Malchy McCourt, a character from Angela's Ashes, embodies the disillusionment and downfall of a character due to poverty. Malachy lapses into alcoholism when he finds his family irreversibly plagued by poverty. He does not try to better his family's situation instead he causes more emotional and financial problems for them by drinking away the money that they had left for food. He displays how poverty can lead to disillusionment since he drinks himself into a stupor, partially to dull the pains of not being able to provide for his family. Also Malachy demonstrates how poverty can lead to disassociation since he flees to England and never returns to save his family. When Malachy goes to work in England, he uses his physical distance to justify abandoning his family, leaving them without his emotional or financial support. He is the epitome of demoralized drunken Irish men of the time period, and his self-pity causes him to become a parasite off of the welfare system. Frank McCourt, contrary to his father's actions, does not lapse into the stereotypical hedonistic man his father has allowed himself to become. At the age of eleven, Frank is wise enough to realize the unethical streak of his father, and he vows to not let "the drink" consume him, like it consumed Malachy. The contrasts of father Malachy, and son Frank show how poverty effects people in different ways.

The effects of poverty can encompass so many aspects of life, and a predominant one is social inequalities. As long as societies such as those in Ireland and nineteenth century England suffered from poverty, class distinction forever separated the fortunate from the unfortunate.

In Angela's Ashes, Frank McCourt writes of the class distinction and social inequalities of his time, growing up in Limerick, Ireland. Similarly, Charles Dickens writes in Oliver Twist, the oppression of poverty in the Victorian era. Charles Dickens indicts the upper echelon of society through his mocking articles he wrote for The Times, a newspaper that attacked the Poor Law Amendment implemented in 184. Through Oliver Twist, Dickens was able to arouse a sense of social consciousness. He indicts the aristocratic populace of society regarding issues such as the workhouses that stem from the problem of poverty. Dickens could not understand how society could allow its people to continue in such abject poverty while society sat and enjoyed the story of Oliver Twist and his struggle through life and the workhouses in The Times newspaper.

Parallel to Dickens criticism in the Victorian era in London, England, Frank McCourt in Angela's Ashes, indicts the total hypocrisy of the Irish Catholic church. Because of social snobbery, Frank is unfairly denied many opportunities. Although Frank is an intelligent, quick-witted, and eager student, he is prevented from becoming an altar boy and deprived of chances to further his education because when people see him dressed in rags, they shut the door on his face.

" 'Tis class distinction. They don't want boys from the lanes on the altar. They don't want the ones with the scabby knees and the hair sticking up. 'Tis hard to hold onto the faith with the snobbery that's' in it."

This quote proves that the church also suffers from social snobbery, because they will only accept boys who appear well groomed to represent the clergy at mass. McCourt shows the reader the hypocrisy of the church since it is unusual how the church allows people to live in such abject poverty, yet they still expect children like Frank to have lavish communion suits, and collect money for their special sacrament of communion and confirmation. One would assume that Jesus would perhaps not approve of this pretentious behavior that the church is enforcing. What kind of message is the church trying to send to the community of Limerick, Ireland? Live in poverty but somehow try to come up with enough money to buy suits for confirmation, so you appear wealthy in front of the community and therefore represent the church properly? This attitude is what evidently bothers McCourt as he realizes how contradictory the churches actions are with what they preach.

Due to the coexistence of poverty and class distinction, opportunity and prosperity would have always been farfetched in societies such as Limerick and nineteenth century England. It is extremely hard to break free of poverty, and class distinction will never be erased as long as poverty exists. However, it is evident that Oliver Twist and Frank McCourt, those characters who possessed the drive to escape from poverty and had such a strong instinct and desire for survival, were capable of attaining a better future for their selves. Yet, if one were to possess the weakened attitude of Malachy McCourt, it is evident how poverty can lead to the corruption of people when they allow themself to be lost in a fog of meaningless platitudes.

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At the beginning of 00 the amount of cars recorded in the United Kingdom totalled twenty five million, this is an increase of twenty two million over the last fifty years. As a result road congestion is increasing rapidly and will continue to worsen as car prices fall. Other methods of transport are also a problem. Rail roads and bus services are old and unsafe and are in need of refurbishment. This has resulted in higher fares to cover work costs. According to Ananova (00) it is predicted that over the next few years train fares could increase by as much as twenty five percent. Due to this less people use public transport and opt for their cars which makes the congestion situation worse. The following essay shows whether an effective transport policy will be able to correct these problems and aid the success for domestic firms. This is done through analysis of current government objectives and research from a wide range of sources.

When Labour came to power they promised to reduce the extent of the transport problems through their transport policy. The policy objectives for doing this were to reduce road congestion by 6% and increase the amount of rail passengers by 50%. However according to an article by BBC's Panorama (00), transport Secretary Alistair Darling recently admitted that, far from being reduced by 6%, congestion will probably increase by up to 0% the end of the decade. Rail refurbishment is also going slow, showing no real signs of improvement. In order to rectify this situation the government have proposed some preliminary resolutions.

Firstly, build and improve more roads. £7.0 billion has been pledged for a road building programme over the next 10 years. This programme includes the widening of the M1 and M5 and the improving of the M11, M18, M4 and M6. However it is believed that all this is impossible on such a budget.

Secondly, also as part of this road programme, they are also looking at the possibility of road pricing, this is a separate charge for every mile a person travels via their car on top of tax and petrol charges. According to Dipesh Gadher (00) the Government is already drawing up a map of congestion hotspots across Britain which could serve as a blue print for the introduction for the pricing scheme. Also linked to this is the idea of congestion charging, currently in place in London. Drivers have to pay £5 before ten o' clock on the day they travel, or £10 before midnight in order to use the roads in the 'congestion zones'. According to an article by the BBC news (00) the schemes first day saw a 5% reduction in traffic in central London, and is likely to make £10m from the charge, including £0m for improving bus services and £4m for creating safe walking routes to schools.

Finally the government has put fourth a £67.5 billion package to build a national rail academy to train staff, improve services in London and the South East and to improve 1,000 stations. This should encourage people to use the trains and help rail businesses making losses.

An effective transport policy is very important to domestic firms. If roads are grid locked then deliveries can not be made on time. This refers to either the delivery of finished goods to the market or the delivery of components to the company itself. As a result of this businesses are likely to lose money. For example If a factory does not get its parts delivered in order to create its products then it will be sitting idle, which costs the firm. Also as the factory can not finish its items it can also not transport them to the market for retail, so not only do they lose money for this but so does the retailer. This can have very negative effects on those businesses who practice methods of just in time (JIT).

Another large cost to firms is lateness from staff members. Traffic and also unreliability of public transport, for example if trains are not running on time, results in employees being late. This means that the business is not running as efficiently as

possible since staff are not doing as much work. This will really affect sales companies. This type of company relies on travelling the country meeting prospective clients in order to show them the company's products and ideas. If the sales person is stuck in traffic and does not make the meeting then they will not get business from that client, this will obviously effect the company's profits. Traffic is also very stressful for the worker, which will affect their performance during the day. Stressful workers are not efficient ones.

Obviously the problem of lateness of staff and deliveries can be quite easily corrected by reducing congestion. However Congestion also brings larger problems for domestic firms in the form of social costs . A firm's truck is polluting the atmosphere via noise, air, water and visual pollution. However the extent to which it pollutes is greatened if it is caught in congestion since the truck stays on the road longer then it needs to. There is also increased vehicle accidents and more vibration damage to buildings for the same reason. Rail is also harmful to the environment, however, according to Jack Short (15) rail transport is less harmful to the environment than truck transport. For example, pollution rates of truck transport are four times higher.

From this it can be seen that in order to rectify the above problems there needs to be better public transport and congestion needs to be reduced, in other words there needs to be more investment in to infrastructure via government transport policy. This can be achieved via the Governments proposed plans. However there will also be some negative effects to a business if the government does plan to improve road or rail services.

If the government does put into action its plans of road pricing or more congestion charging, like that of London, then less people will use the roads. Obviously this tackles the problem of congestion, which is generally good for the firms. However it also means less consumers will come into towns and cities via their cars. This benefits select companies like the bus company Arriva, as more people use public transport. For example since the introduction of the congestion charge, in London, Arriva's profits have increased 18 percent. However a considerable amount of consumers will decide not to travel at all, or in the case of congestion charging, go elsewhere where they wont have to pay. This poses a problem, domestic firms rely on consumers to travel to shops to buy their goods and as a result firms in areas where congestion charging is in place will suffer due to a decrease in consumer expenditure. Also if consumers are having to pay more money to travel, whether it be road pricing or increased rail fares, then they will have less disposable income to spend as well.

A second disadvantage is that the firms will also have higher costs as they too will have to pay congestion charges, road pricing or the increased prices of using rail for transportation. Also the staff members will have to pay the new charges and as a result the company may have to increase wages.

Another point is that the proposed policy will not combat social costs for domestic firms. Reduced congestion will decrease the time trucks spend on the roads but will not stop pollution altogether. According to Ian Worthington and Chris Britton (00) the only way to persuade businesses to consider the impact of their activities is for governments to impose pollution regulations such as the 'polluter payer', where companies are penalised for socially bad actions.

It can be seen that an effective transport policy will not only solve some problems for domestic firms but cause new ones. An improved transport system, like the

government has proposed, will tackle the problem of lateness and transportation problems but may in fact ruin firms due to increased costs and less consumer expenditure. It will only truly benefit already successful firms with the money to cover

increased costs or firms such as supermarkets, who sell necessary items, and are therefore not affected by any impact on disposable income. As a result an effective transport policy may be important but is not essential for the success of domestic firms. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that there are successful domestic firms in today's markets, but the current transport policy is not an effective one.

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"Lady Macbeth is a powerful and dramatic character, but her death at the end of the play is no surprise to the audience." Discuss this statement with close reference to the text. "Macbeth" is one of the most famous tragedies written in the Elizabethan times by William Shakespeare for King James 1. Set in Scotland, it details the story of man, so desperate for the status of king, that he will do anything to achieve it. As an established 'good and hardy soldier', and quite content within that role, Macbeth is surprised to find some witches who predict his reign as king. 'All hail Macbeth! who shalt be king hereafter.' (Act 1 scene ) On informing his wife, Lady Macbeth, he soon embarks on a killing spree that doesn't end until both partners' demise. However, Macbeth could not have committed the first few crimes without the help and insistence of his wife. She acts as the fate the witches spoke of to make him king and yet ironically is mainly responsible for aggravating Macbeth's struggle between morality and ambition. She has a hugely diverse character, and this helps plant the seed of Macbeth's, and her own, eventual downfall. Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth at the beginning of the play, telling her of his experiences with the 'weird sisters'. 'They met me in the day of success and I have learned by the perfect'st report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.' (Act1 scene 5) After she has read the letter, she is determined to make the witches' prophesy come true. She imagines that she has the capability to be a remorseless and determined villain. However in reality this is just an act, and in fact her true self possesses no such traits. This is obvious when she makes a huge effort to get herself into a murderous state of mind, crying out, 'Come you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty!' Lady Macbeth wants to lose her femininity so she can be cold-blooded and commit murder like a man does. However, more than anything, it appears that Lady Macbeth is a very greedy woman, desirous of things that seem very much out of reach. She also prepares herself to work her husband into a murderous state of mind, as she believes him to be 'too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way.' Within the first act, she deems herself to be the more authoritative person in this couple. She believes that even if Macbeth is too scared or unwilling to kill the current king, Duncan, she can make him do it if she 'may pour her spirits in thine ear.' The domineering aspect of Lady Macbeth's character becomes even more evident when she is told Duncan is coming to stay with her and Macbeth that night because of the victory of the battle that day. When Macbeth arrives home, she advises him to put on an innocent face and leave the rest to her. 'look like th'innocent flower, But be the serpent under't.' (Act 1 scene 7) Lady Macbeth is very committed to carrying out the crime. King Duncan greets Lady Macbeth at the gates of Macbeth's castle, and in a display of hypocrisy, she gives a warm welcome to the man she is planning to murder. In Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth recites a famous soliloquy, during which he reasons himself out of killing Duncan, and then tells Lady Macbeth by saying that they 'will proceed no further in this business.' She immediately labels her husband as cowardly as a method to get him to change his mind. She makes the example that it is unmanly to go back on promises which she claims Macbeth has made to kill King Duncan. She says if she were the mother of a baby, she would have the 'nipple pluck'd from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out' had she made a promise to do so. It seems her tactics have worked, as Macbeth is comforted by the fact that even his wife, a woman, is not disheartened by his fears. However, this quote already shows a glimpse of Lady Macbeth's unstable mind. Such a horrendous description shows Lady Macbeth's desperateness for Macbeth's commitment. She intentionally tries to ignore the possible consequences of their act and concentrate on securing her place as queen. She looks to the 'quickest way' to shorten the pair's path to the throne. Lady Macbeth at this point in the play is quite certainly unaware of what she is getting herself into, having never contemplated anything of this degree before, let alone carried it out, and so is unequipped to foresee the madness that will later ensue. To her, the death of Duncan is the only thing that must be done, and then the couple will lead a life of luxury. However, the actual deed of the murder is too much for Lady Macbeth to do herself. 'Laying the daggers ready' is all she can manage, even though she claims 'had he not looked like my father as he slept, I had done't.' She shows here her inability to be as evil as she would have liked. As Macbeth commits the murder, Lady Macbeth says, 'that which hath made me drunk, hath made me bold.' This quote shows that she may have not felt fully confident with the plot, as she needs alcohol to make her confident with what she's doing. After Macbeth has done the deed, he is in a trance, and it is left up to Lady Macbeth to place the dagger he used next to the guards and smear them with the kings blood. She then returns to Macbeth and has to clean his hands, saying 'a little water clears us of this deed.' It is terribly ironic that Macbeth, who is throughout the play 'haunted in his sleep' by what they have done, in fact ends up as the over confident one, whilst Lady Macbeth becomes so ridden by guilt, that she commits suicide. After the king's murder, Macbeth becomes restless. He begins to get more confident and feels that killing Duncan was worthless, it gave him a 'fruitless crown', because his line would not continue. The witch's prophesised that Banquo's son would be the next ruler, so Macbeth decides to kill both Banquo and his son Fleance. After this next murder of Banquo, Macbeth is extremely guilt ridden, and it is left up to Lady Macbeth to take the control of situations that Macbeth loses. The couple holds a royal banquet. Macbeth leaves the table for a moment and returns to find a bloody Banquo in his seat. It is a hallucination, but Macbeth believes it to be real and becomes very agitated and angry, yelling 'who hath done this?' Lady Macbeth is forced to take over the situation by saying her husband was 'prone' to such outbursts. This puts a great strain on her, as she was not expecting it. Macbeth's madness pushes him and his wife further and further apart, which is not at all what she wanted. Lady Macbeth had been very naive toward the situation. She didn't consider the consequences of her actions, just went ahead with the plan, blinded by her own ambitions. As she becomes more aware of what is happening, and all the killings Macbeth is committing, she becomes deranged from having to hide her true emotions for so long. After the murder of the Macduff family, she looks to Lady Macduff with some compassion that she had never felt, or at least shown before. She is being stripped of her mask of 'direst cruelty', and the evil which she one embraced was now an image of terror in her mind. It is now apparent to the audience the power she initially possessed is being lost. She no longer has any control over Macbeth and has become delirious, carrying a lit candle wherever she walks. This behavior is an attempt to try and fend off evil, the darkness, by a man-made light. Similar is at the beginning of the play where Lady Macbeth believed the symbolism of washing her hands with water would clear her of any guilt, and now she thinks that light will destroy the evil she has created. Yet this scene also shows irony, as the crime she believed she had 'washed away' was still ever present in her mind. By the end of the play, just before the British army attack Macbeth's castle, Lady Macbeth has dissociated from the horror she feels she has become. Constantly ill and weak, it is no surprise when Seton greets Macbeth with the news, 'The queen, my lord, is dead.' Showing the completely worthless state she has become, Macbeth replies with only 'She should have died hereafter.' He no longer cared for her as he had grown overly confident and no longer needed his wife. With nothing left to help Macbeth with, all she had to do with her time was to ponder over what had happened. Her power to begin with was shown to be something she invoked, an artificial sense of control, which in fact she never truly had. As more things happen, she loses her mask of evil. Thus, her death is no surprise. Although the play never actually says she committed suicide, it is fair to assume she did, based on her state of mind at that time. The murder of Duncan marked the beginning of a downward spiral, where the country would never be able to live normally as long as the Macbeth's reigned. Evil, once introduced, never goes away until it is destroyed, and Lady Macbeth's fatal flaw was to underestimate that.

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The Egyptians and Aryans were both early civilizations with societies that were built around rivers. However, these societies were not identical. There were some similarities in them like they both had belief in God, both at some point-developed agriculture, etcetera. These two had mostly differences, though. For instance, they had different kinds of Gods, like all religions, they also were in completely different kinds of climate and landscapes, etcetera. This essay focuses on comparisons of economic, social, and cultural diversities and similarities.

Firstly, the economics of these two early civilizations had both similar and different. Agriculture played an extremely important role in the lives of the Egyptians. Farming was developed along the Nile in 5000 B.C.E. Around 00 B.C.E., economic developments accelerated. This was the main cause of the agricultural growth. The Aryans, on the other hand, were warriors. They took over the desired lands, people, and items. When they conquered the Ganges River Valley, the land was so lust that they slowed down on conquering lands and developed agriculture. The merchants, or traders, of the Egyptians had a very important role. The Egyptian traders helped in making economic developments speed up; they were the cause of turning Egypt from a precivilization to a large government unit in a short period of time. The Aryan traders were thought of as near outcasts. They thought that merchants were the second to last rank in their social system, which basically meant that they were not respected. Both of these classes had some sort of a social system. The Egyptians had mostly peasant farmers who were heavily taxed. They would build shrines for pharaohs and do all the labor, while being heavily taxed. The last social class, besides the outcastes and the untouchables, were the farmers. The farmers and the merchants used to be the enslaved. Now, they were just looked down upon. They did not have any major taxes put on them. The landlords, or higher classes, had some advantages in each society. The Egyptians had governors who were appointed for key regions to make sure the peasants work, so they could guide them. They did not do the labor but they were still treated better. The class system got rid of landlord, per say, but some were thought to be higher ranked or more respected. The Brahmans, priests, were at the top of the social classes, and the warriors right beneath them. These were the two strongly respected groups of people. All of the buildings that the Egyptians constructed were temples, monuments, and shrines for pharaohs. They were not that advanced technology-wise. The Aryans were not that advance technology-wise either, and they had even fewer structure. The structures they had were also for the Gods, like the God of war, Indra. The Egyptians had a very strong trade. Their merchants helped them advance economically and government wise. Their trade was mostly with nearby neighbors, around the Nile River. The Aryans, on the other hand, had merchants, but did not do a whole lot of trading. Being warrior-like, they probably took over the lands, which had things that they thought they had need for or wanted. These two had similar ideas on gender division. The top Egyptians, kings and pharaohs, were all men. They also mummified only the top ranked men, which also puts women lower than the social class. Still, do not look at the Aryans like they are much better. They had elder men monopolize the authority in the household because, once the wife got married, she left her house and went to live with husband; he took complete control of her life.

The social features of these two civilizations were also similar yet different. The Aryans like stated earlier, had a social class division. They had three main groups warriors, priests, and commoner. The warriors and priest were high ranked and the commoner, who made up most of the civilization, was a poor group. This changed into four groups and some very low groups who were not even considered groups. They were Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and farmers. The others were the outcastes and the untouchables. Now the priests and warriors were thought of as great. The lower classes, merchants and farmers, could not even marry them or be unkind to them. The outcastes and untouchable were just there; they were not even considered human. The Egyptians, on the other hand, were just split into two, or you could say three. There were the pharaohs (they may be counted), the governors, and the peasants. The pharaohs were all respected and considered to be near God or even God. The governors would guide the peasants to work (like slave drivers). The peasants worked to build shrines for the pharaohs, do farming, or any other kind of labor that there was. The Aryans were always on the move. As warriors they kept taking over land, so they knew how to get up and move if they must. The Egyptians have always lived near the Nile and depended upon it for their life. They did not have much, if any, mobility. The Aryans have most of the focus on the male figure. The man ran the family and made the decisions for the household whether good or bad. The wife tried to persuade him against it if she wanted to, but the final say goes to the man of the house. The Aryans allowed the men marry more than one woman (polygamy) and women could even marry more than one husband (polyandry). The men in the Egyptian families did all the work and were all that are talked about. The top people (pharaohs and governors) were men so it showed males were the dominant figures. The Aryans were more urbanized than the Egyptians because they were not completely dependent on farming. Being warriors, they hunted, which does not completely show urbanization but is the strongest form of urbanization in these early civilizations. For the Aryans, the elites were basically on a whole different level. The lower levels did not communicate with the classes above and vice-versa. They were basically all in there own little groups, and they stuck to those groups. They did not marry anyone above or anything like that. The Egyptians were different. The lowest classes, or peasants, were told what to do by the group above (the governors). They were saying what to do for the elites, or pharaohs. Therefore, they had some more communication in a way. In both of these civilizations the densest location was around the rivers, as the people got further away the population grew less and less dense. In both groups, the leisure was dependent on the height of the rank. The higher the rank, the more leisure time there was.

Finally, the cultural side of both of these civilizations had many differences. The dominant religious figures in Egyptian societies were the pharaohs. They were thought of, at first, as close to God, and they needed to be praised to keep the land around the Nile fertile. As time progressed, they were thought to be Gods. They had temples and shrines built for them. Without fail, they would be mummified and put into a casket and then into a pyramid or shrine. They were very important figures. The Aryans had some Gods, like the God of war Indra. He was considered to be king in the early times and later devotees of Hinduism gave him a lower status. The Aryans praised him as the ruler of the skies. The Egyptians had a great deal of art. Their alphabet was "artsy" because they used pictures, not letters, to write the alphabet (Hieroglyphs). Their temples and pyramids had definite arts inside and outside. The outside would have a shape or a picture. While in the insides there were pictures to tell a story. The Aryans' art was in their structures of Gods. They were not like the "artsy" Egyptians but when they made their sculpture, they had a lot of detail and hard work put into them. The Egyptians had more tolerance of other cultures than the Aryans. The Egyptian trades made them look like they could handle other cultures and get along with one another. They also had to have interest in other foreign cultures and ideas to trade with them. There was no reason to trade unless you wanted something. The Aryans believed if you migrated into the Aryan land and you were not Aryan, you were lower than the outcastes and untouchables. This shows that they probably had no interest in foreign cultures or ideas. The culture was the same throughout these nations even when looking at the different gender and social classes. These two, as stated earlier, had strong beliefs in religion.

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The Egyptians and Aryans were quite similar when looking at the broadest kinds of comparison. They all had strong beliefs in the same basic things, and they both had class systems. When looking deeper into each category there are quite a lot of differences in the way they were made up and how they came to be. Egyptian and Aryan societies have many kinds of similarities and differences as early civilizations..

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