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Subject Risk Analysis and Management

Code BEO410

Assignment Session , 00

Student David Johnston

ID 665

Due Date 500pm Friday Oct. 1

Tute Thurs 00pm

Tutor Syd Lambrick

Article 1

'Managing Risk in the Funds Management Sector' is as the title would suggest, an article providing a comprehensive analysis of risk management in the active funds management industry. Morony has broken up his article into two main sections; Fiduciary risk or client risk, and firm risk. Throughout Morony's analysis, practical examples and solutions employed by Bankers Trust Fund Management (BTFM) to mange and control these risks are provided. Morony writes about identifying ways to combat risk in the funds management sector. His article is well written for its applicability to the funds management sector.

Morony, throughout his analysis, looks at ways of managing risk for fund managers in a very practical way. He starts by cementing that if risk is ignored or not controlled properly then it will damage both the business and its clients, 'if a fund manager cannot control risk then there is no way to survive in the long run'.

Morony identifies the importance of setting benchmarks for managers to match and teaching clients about these benchmarks. Negative portfolio returns in a weak market but with above-benchmark performances can yield dissatisfaction among its clients whereas positive portfolio returns in a strong market but with below-benchmark performances can result in client satisfaction. Morony identifies this dilemma among fund managers and intelligently suggests 'to resolve the tension between absolute returns and relative returns, fund mangers must provide considerable client education and explanation'. To ensure client satisfaction a key to any successful business BTFM ensure that all its clients agree to the terms of the mandate before it is signed and the fund accepted.

Market risk refers to 'the to the possibility of loss on a portfolio as a result of adverse movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other market prices'. Despite all the advancements in risk management procedures, there is no one ideal to forecast portfolio performance. Morony questions the extensive use of historical data and that portfolio returns are distributed normally, moreover suggesting they exhibit leptokurtosis or 'fat tails'. The existence of these fat tails is due to extreme movements among markets being more common than normal distribution suggests. He gives us an example by sighting correlation differences during market crises 'for example, during the 18 Russian bond crises the correlation between equities and bonds moved from 0.1 to -0.56'. Correlation is used in formulating overall portfolio risk, so you could imaging the miscalculations as a result of using historical data during these volatile times. To combat this problem, BTFM 'combines the historic reaction of different markets in particularly volatile periods… to test unusual correlation patterns against current portfolio positioning'.

The concept of risk budgets is a new concept in managing risk. A risk budget is a 'mixture of simple portfolio construction limits' set out to ensure risk isn't being underestimated or overlooked. If a risk budget limit is broken then managers must explain why the portfolio should continue. Morony emphasises managers should take risks but believes in ensuring the risks are 'intentional and reflect the strength of the views of the portfolio manager'.

Firm risk is extremely important for a stable company. It is the risk to the firms revenue and reputation. Morony identifies firm risk as being either governance risk or operating risk.

To ensure the controlling of governance risk, BTFM require all staff to be trained in key business policies and procedures and sign a code of ethics. Stringent controls on employee trading are also implemented by BTFM along with security on insider trading and daily checks on portfolio restrictions. All this is to protect the firms reputation which can, if unmonitored, result in 'negative publicity and/or a decline in market confidence, and consequent business loss'.

Morony cleverly suggest that operating risk can be managed by 'identifying key individuals in the firm' and certifying their knowledge is passed on to others in the company in-case of their departure. Disaster recovery plans are also a must. Back-up computer systems and safe storage of computer data regularly downloaded. With real time information a must in such businesses, Morony concludes 'it is imperative that resources are committed to the establishment and maintenance of such a (back-up) site'.

Article

Miccolis's article 'Enterprise Risk Management in the Financial Services Industry From Concept to Management Process' is a five step process focusing on 'developing best strategies' the first stage of enterprise risk management (ERM). The financial service industry widely believes in the use of ERM in addressing major business challenges, however only a small number of companies have fully implemented ERM, especially in the insurance sector. Miccolis's article shows financial service companies, in particular insurers, a process that will help them both shape risk exploit risk for their enterprises.

Miccolis believes a firms first step to developing best strategies is to 'assess all risks in the current environment'. From here the risks are then classified into 'manageable' or 'strategic' risk factors. Strategic risk factors, unlike manageable risk factors, are addressed with a change in strategic direction.

Miccolis's article states that secondly, a company needs to 'develop a financial model that will be used in later steps to evaluate.. (these) strategies'. One problem Miccolis identifies is that some decisions may grow earnings but at the expense however, of capital return. Therefore strategies must be co-ordinated to minimise these trade-offs. In order to accomplish this, a firm must evaluate strategies in contrast to the identified risk environment. To accomplish this, a 'stochastic financial model is constructed'. This model is constructed by allocating each item on the financial statement to its operational and financial component. By doing this, all strategic risks modelled in the first stage, and their correlation are reflected in this stochastic model.

Miccolis goes on by separating the needs of both the policyholders (step ) and the owners/shareholders (step 4). Policyholders needs are focused on the 'determination of economic capital' where as the owners needs are focused on financial gains, stability, and growth. Miccolis believes these areas need different risk evaluations to maximise a firm's desired output. He also advises how insurance companies can calculate these risks to best effect.

The stochastic modelled in step could give thousands of possible combinations of strategies to evaluate, therefore, Miccolis suggests the use of 'mathematical optimisation technology'. This would speed up the process of strategy evaluation. In any case, 'the final evaluation and selection of the best combinations of strategies is accomplished through discussion by management… armed with the insight into the risks and values of each strategy'.

Refining the strategies is the last step for a business to implement the first stage of ERM. Mercolli says this is done by decomposing the prior analysis into root causes, which 'is done by turning uncertainty associated with a variable in the financial model 'on' or 'off''. By constantly applying this process and isolating the impact of each strategy, the firm can both refine its strategies and select the best ones.

Miccolis's analysis of ERM is well written for the use of financial service companies. After reviewing the article and putting it into practise, insurance managers can be confident of developing the best set of strategies to managing risk at the enterprise level and therefore increasing the enterprises value

Bibliography

Article 1

Morony, A. (18) Managing Risk in the Funds Management Sector. Web http//www.apra.gov.au/RePEc/RePEcDocs/Archive/conference_papers1/risk_funds_management_sector.pdf

Article

Miccolis, J. (Nov. 000) Enterprise Risk Management in the Financial Services Industry From Concept to Management Process. Web http//www.irmi.com/expert/articles/miccolis00.asp

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Benoit Mandelbrot

Benoit Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 0th, 14 to a Lithuanian-Jewish family. Correctly sensing the geo-political turmoil forming, his family moved to France in 16, when Benoit was 11. His uncle Szolem Mandelbrot, who succeeded Hadamard as Professor of Mathematics at the Collège de France and a member of the elite "Bourbaki", took responsibility for Benoit's education. It was his uncle who in 145 introduced him to Gaston Maurice Julias 118 masterpiece, M moire sur lit ration des fonctions rationnelles, a 1 page treatise in which Julia, then 5 years old, described the set J(f) of those z in C for which the nth iterate f(z) stays bounded as n tends to infinity. Mandelbrot, however, disliked it, and it disregarded the work for some thirty years, until working with his own theories, he found his attention drawn to Julias paper again. As a child, Mandelbrot attended the Lyc e Rolin in Paris until the start of World War II, when his family moved to Tulle where he received no formal education. Even though he was never taught the alphabet, nor learned multiplication tables past the fives, Mandelbrot has attributed much of his success to his varied and unconventional education. As a bizarre side note, Mandelbrot claims to be unable to use a phonebook, to this day, due to not knowing the alphabet!

After World War II, Mandelbrot took the examinations for the Ecole Normale and Ecole Polytechnique, two prestigious French schools with no equivalent in American education. On his entrance exams, Mandelbrot could not do algebra very well, but still managed to receive the highest grade by, as he put it, translating the questions mentally into pictures. He soon entered the more prestigious Ecole Normale. It was at Normale that Mandelbrot first encountered Bourbaki Mathmatics, a standard set by fifty prestigious mathematicians who were working to produce a systematic mathematical method that stressed a separation of mathematics from other sciences; they shunned the use of geometry and shapes. Because of the assertions of this group, Mandelbrot fled Normale, transferring to Ecole Polytechnique within a few days. Mandelbrot received his diploma from Ecole Polytechnique, in 147, his Master of Science in Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology in 148, and his Ph.D. in Mathematical Sciences from the University of Paris in 15. He worked at the Centre National de la RecherchScientific from 14 to 157. Around the same time he also worked as a professor of mathematics in Geneva between 155-157, and at LÉcole Politechnique in 157-158. However the Mathematics of his uncle's Bourbaki would eventually drive him away from home to pursue the developments of his gifts on his own terms. In 158 he moved to the United States and the shelter of IBMs research center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Working for IBM has proven to be a fruitful arrangement. Benoit has pursued is intellectual interests regardless of how "out of the way" the discipline was. Some of the areas he delved into include; linguistics, game theories, aeronautics, engineering, economics, physiology, geography, astronomy and of course physics. Eventually he became an expert in processes with unusual statistical properties and their geometric features, which would prove to be the basis for modern fractal geometry.

The turning point came with Mandelbrots article How long is the coast of Britain? published in Science magazine in 167. In it, he suggested that the Britains coastline does not have a determinable length. Instead, he postulated that its longitude is relative to the resolution of measurement or scale. This demonstration gave way to other analogous discussions and explanations regarding other mathematical figures, often referred to as pathological shapes. It opened a floodgate of mathematicians trying to understand some natural phenomena as rivers, clouds, plants, mountain ranges, galaxies, population growth, hurricanes, electronic noise and chaotic attractors. All of which share one unifying feature "their general patterns repeat in different scales within the same object." (Martinez)

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The term "Fractal," from the Latin root Fractus meaning fractured or broken off, came about in the 17o's to help to iterate the culmination of Mandelbrot's eclectic research The Mandelbrot Set.

z - z^ + c

It is a simple looking mathematic equation with implications that are as far-reaching and limitless as the nature of the set itself. It starts with a set of randomly generated points in a complex number plane then progressing them through the sequence zn+1 = zn + c. The number either tends towards infinity or ends up trapped within a commonly repeated orbit that is visible when millions of calculations are plaotted on a two dimmensional plane, such as a computer screen. These patterns are more than mere plotted formulae, they are recognizable formations that border on nature itself. Their complex base beauty speaks to our very soul. We are able to recognize a repeating notion within them that at first appears random, but upon closer examination shows a much more specific and exact repetition of self-similar iterations. The part resembles the whole, and the closer we examine the occurance, the more similarities we see with the original. At first these sets were simply regarded as a new field of advanced mathematics, but in very short order, Mandelbrot and others began applying the thories to the appearant imperfections of the real world. As Mandelbrot said Fractal geometry is not just a chapter of mathematics, but one that helps Everyman to see the same world differently. (fractalwisdom.com) Or as he said in his 18 book The Fractal Geometry of Nature Clouds are not spheres, mountains are not cones, coastlines are not circles, and bark is not smooth, nor does lightning travel in a straight line.

As one of the fathers of modern Chaos Theory, Mandelbrot is on par with Einstein for the advances he has made in the world of science and mathematics. Today he is a Sterling Professor of mathematics at Yale University. He is also the Abraham Robinson Professor of Mathematical Sciences and IBM Fellow Emeritus, at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center. He also lectured at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Physiology, and the University of Paris-Sud in Mathematics, and many others. In 15, he served as Professeur de lAcad mie des Sciences de Ecole Polytechnique.

Some of the many awards, prizes and medals he has earned include the

Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science (185), the Franklin Medal for Signal and Eminent Service in Science (186), the Alexander von Humboldt Prize (188), the Charles Proteus Steinmetz Medal (188), the Science for Art Prize (188), the Harvey Prize for Science and Technology (18), the Nevada Prize (11), the Wolf Prize for Physics (1), the Honda Prize (14), the M daille de Vermeil (16), the John Scott Award (1), the Lewis Fry Richardson Medal (1), the Medaglia della Prezidenza della Republica Italiana (1), and the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement (00), among other awards, diplomas, grants, decorations and honorary doctorates. Hes also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the USA National Academy of Sciences; the European Academy of Arts, Sciences and Humanities; the IBM Academy of Technology, and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. (Martinez)

Works Cited

Fractal Wisdom. "The Story of Benoit B. Mandelbrot and Fractal Chaos " Fractal Chaos (00) 7 May http//www.fractalwisdom.com/FractalWisdom/fractal.html.

GNU. "Mandelbrot Set" Wikipediea (00) 7 May http//www.wikipedia.org/wiki/-Mandelbrot_set.

Exploritorium. "Benoit Mandelbrot " Complexicon (00) 7 May http//www.exploratorium.edu/complexity/CompLexicon/mandelbrot.html.

Mandelbrot, Benoit. The Fractal Geometry of Nature New York W.H. Freeman, 18.

Mandelbrot, Benoit. Fractals Form, Chance and Dimension New York W.H. Freeman, 177.

Martinez, Juan Luis. "Benoit Mandelbrot " Third Apex to Fractovia (00) 7 May http//www.fractovia.org/people/mandelbrot.html.

Newschool.edu. "Benoit Mandelbrot " The History of Economic Thought Website (00) 7 May http//cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/mandelb.htm.

Stetson University. "Benoit Mandelbrot " Periodic Table (00) 7 May http//www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Mt.html.

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If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The effects of emotions on customer satisfaction. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The effects of emotions on customer satisfaction paper right on time.

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Its has been noted that emotions are present in the pre-purchase, purchase and post-purchase phase of all interactions. The post-purchase phase actually serves as input for the next pre-purchase phase. This actually makes all interactions a continuous cycle (Liljander and Strandvik, 16) thereby making every interaction equally important. It is the employees' job to insure that the customers' experience is a positive one. This positive experience will influence their overall level of satisfaction, generating customer loyalty and ultimately greater profits. The studies examined utilized different study methods in-order to determine how customers' emotions affect their level of satisfaction before, during, and after any service encounter.

A quote from Pughs' study (001) sums up the attitudes that employees in any customer service oriented job should uphold, "A professional acts as they must, not as they feel". The employee should act "as they should" happy, empathic, and sincere. The only problem is that sometimes it is not only the employee that should act accordingly- sometimes the customer needs to be reminded of this premise. Twenty-five percent of the studies critiqued developed the notion that perhaps there are emotional profiles and that we as employees need to have a better understanding of this concept. Dubeand Morgan (16) found that there are individual variations in sensation seeking or affect intensity. This may influence one's processing strategies, either positively or negatively. Dubeand Morgan (16) found that even women and men process satisfaction differently. They discovered that women's judgements were predominately influenced by their first-day negative emotions; where as the men's level of satisfaction was dependent on their first-day positive emotions. The question arose whether there are emotional patterns or profiles with certain consumer groups relating to consumer satisfaction (Liljander and Strandvik, 16). The data from the above study proves this theory has some merit and should be studied further.

The second idea, which was discussed among 6% of the empirical studies, is the notion that the customers perceived impressions could ultimately alter their emotions during the service. Liljander and Strandvik (16) suggest that perceived positive and negative emotions are affected by the attributes made by the customer. This can become a problem if they are expecting poor service. Negative emotions that accompany the customers can only make the employees' job tougher. It is the employees' job to give great service so that the customer leaves happy and returns. A happy customer generates more profit!

The first step to having a successful relationship is providing the customers with great service. The second step is to try to ensure that emotions displayed and encountered by both parties are positive and helpful. Eighty-eight percent of the studies focused on the emotions experienced during the service. Customers that reported to be more at ease and calm during the service rated the overall quality higher than those who reported emotions that were consistent with agitation and anger (Tansik and Routhieaux, 17). The experience is usually attributed to the establishment and this includes the employees. Machleit and Mantel (1) and Westbrook and Oliver (11) found that the emotions experience during the shopping episode lead to a variety of responses such as spending levels, and word of mouth. This is important when the emotions experienced are negative. It has been noted that only strong negative emotions effect satisfaction (Liljander and Strandvik, 16). When companies have a negative emotion attached to its image, it will fail.

Help with essay on The effects of emotions on customer satisfaction

The employee is the key to having a successful interaction. Menon and Dube(000) discussed the fact that customers believed that the salesperson's behavior is an important fact in controlling their emotions. Emotions can be either intentional or unintentional reactions (Liljander and Strandvik, 16). If the employee can control his/her emotions and make the encounter a positive experience then the customer will leave happy. This is considered emotional labor. This added job can create stress in the employee and research has suggested that it is hard to fake emotions for long periods of time. These emotions will eventually be revealed via facial cues and vocal expressions (Pugh, 001). Pugh noted in his investigation that emotional labor requires the worker to produce an emotional state in another person. One would hope that this emotional state would be a positive one because expressions of anger threaten the individual and can consequently fosters anger in others (Menon and Dube , 000). This means that the customer can effect the employee and the employee can effect the customer allowing for a corresponding change in their emotional state. Even though employee contribution to the situation seems to be the most influential element in producing a happy customer, only 8% of the studies touched on this subject. Seventy five percent of the research concentrated more on the level of post-satisfaction related to emotions then on how to control the situation via the employees.

Keeping emotions positive during the service will lead to positive satisfaction after the service. Satisfaction has been noted to be a post-purchase evaluative judgement (Westbrook and Oliver, 11). You cannot change the level of satisfaction after the emotional experience. This is why more studies need to utilize their resources on how to insure that the process during the interaction is a positive experience. Consumers are three times more likely to blame the service provider when the outcome is a failure. Usually the consumer considers the affair to be negative if they did not receive what was expected. This leads us to the provider gaps-especially gap . If the organization can train their people properly on how to deal with the range of emotions that a customer and employee can produce, then this gap could be closed. Having high post-purchase satisfaction leads to an advantageous pre-purchase situation, which frequently precipitates a future purchase.

The display of emotions has shown to be an important factor in impacting the customer. The outcome of this interaction is the key to any financial consequence good or bad (Pugh, 001). The organizations' profits are the bottom line. The service profit chain suggests there is a link between the employee's attitude, customer satisfaction and profits. Pugh's research shows that there is little proof to this statement, but looking at the Customer Satisfaction and Emotions' matrix proves otherwise.

IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGERS

The results of the studies give some guidelines for managers to use in-order to insure customer satisfaction.

1. Train employees on how to deal with their emotions

. Train employees on how to deal with the customers

emotions

. Train customers on acceptable behavior in the

Establishment

If the management team can successfully implement these three golden rules then any gap, between what the customer expects and receives before, during and after the service encounter, will be closed. Emotions play an important part in the overall success of every experience, and ultimately leads to PROFIT.

References

Dube , L., Morgan, M. S. (16). Trend Effects and Gender Differences in Retrospective Judgements of Consumption Emotions. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(), 156-61.

Liljander, V., Strandvik, T. (16). Emotions in Service Satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(), 148-16.

Machleit, K. A., Mantel, S. P. (001). Emotional Response and Shopping Satisfaction Moderating Effects of Shopper Attributions. Journal of Business Research, 54, 7-106.

Menon, K., Dube , L. (000). Ensuring Greater Satisfaction by Engineering Salesperson Response to Customer Emotions. Journal of Retailing, 76(), 85-07

Pugh, S. D. (001). Service With A Smile emotional contagion in the service encounter. Academy of Management Journal. 44(5), 1018-107.

Tansik, D., A., Routhieaux, R. (1). Customer Stress-Relaxation The Impact of Music In a Hospital Waiting Room. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 10(1), 68-81.

Westbrook, R.A., Oliver, R. L. (11). The Dimensionality of Consumption Emotion Patterns and Consumer Satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 84-1.

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Monika Mezyk

In Ann Radcliffes The Italian, the very first thing that we see

described is a veiled woman

It was in the church of San Lorenzo at Naples, in the year 1758, that

Buy custom to be a mom term paper

Vincentio di Vivaldi first saw Ellena di Rosalba. The sweetness and fine

expression of her voice attracted his attention to her figure, which had a

distinguished air of delicacy and grace; but her face was concealed in her

veil. So much was he fascinated by the voice, that a most painful curiosity

was excited as to her countenance, which he fancied must express all the

sensibility of character that the modulation of her tones indicated (5).

Even without knowing anything about Gothic elements, this indicates very

clearly what the quality and tone of the book are going to be like.

Vivaldis pursuit of the veiled woman is a signal that his is the pursuit of

the mysterious, with the certainty that it will be beautiful. This certainly

does seem to be a great fascination in the novel; it is a component and

often a catalyst for that anxiety which runs throughout.

It is this anxiety which causes the heightening of our emotions; our

emotions are heightened as we watch the characters pursuit of the

mysterious; and our curiosity is excited more and more until we are nearly

begging for its gratification. But Radcliffe heightens our emotions without

satisfying our curiosity, or at least not enough. For example, the very

first chapter establishes a sense of mystery about the assassin in the

Church. The Englishman inquires as much for himself as for us about the

assassin. His concern and state of shock invoke our own inquiry into this

odd circumstance and then his Italian friend tells him a mystery without

actually telling him anything

He [the assassin] sought sanctuary here, replied the friar; within these

walls he may not be hurt().

He makes it clear that there is a story here but that it is long and

suspenseful, maybe shocking

It is much too long to be related now; that would occupy a week; I have it

in writing, and will send you the volume ().

What it is exactly, or what the tale is going to be is only hinted at in a

very curiosity invoking way as if it is a secret.

Instead of the Englishman and his Italian friend going down to the

street cafand relating the story, the Italian friend says that he will

send him something written the following day and then the passage stops. We

are tempted, as is the Englishman, by these curious circumstances and yet

nothing is revealed to us other that the implication that soon all will be

revealed (after a couple hundred pages). What Radcliffe does is that she

creates our sensation of terror; she suspends our disbelief that much

longer, building our curiosity and our need to know to a brilliant height

and then-nothing the story takes a different turn and gratification is

postponed while our expectation and anticipation is increased.

This happens in the very beginning passage in which Radcliffe

starts The Italian by providing just enough information to suck us into

her tale and, then, just as we expect pay off, she postpones it a little

further while providing just enough information to keep us intrigued. And,

before we know it, we, the reader, are entangled in her Gothic quicksand and

greedily reading in search of the secrets she buries before our eyes. When

Vivaldi rushes into the Villa after the mysterious cloaked figure that has

escaped him, he emerges pale we know something has happened and await his

tale but he tells us nothing, he refuses to say anything and, thus, we are

left suspended in the wake of mystery. Another example when we are suspended

in the wake of mystery occurs when Vivaldi and Paolo are in the dungeon

imagining the garments lying on the floor to be moving. We do not find out

whether or not these garments belong to someone murdered until the end of

the novel; so this incident leaves us in a state of suspense

It moves! exclaimed Paolo; I see it move! as he said which, he started

to the opposite side of the chamber. Vivaldi stepped a few paces back, and

as quickly returned; when, determined to know the event at once, he raised

the point of his sword, and perceived, beneath, other remains of dress,

heaped high together, while even the floor below was stained with gore (77).

This leads me to speak of imagination, which is such a huge part in

telling the story. There is such an enormous emphasis on perceptions, belief

and feelings. It seems that everything that happens is filtered through the

lens of one of the various characters. There is a constant projection of

their thoughts into what is happening

As they passed, Paolo observed, that the walls were stained with what

appeared to be blood… (74).

It did not necessarily have to be blood, but we see it through Paolos

perceptions, which leads us to the most sordid conclusion. Immediately after

this, they see a figure standing in the shadows which disappears by the time

they arrive; Vivaldi and Paolo conclude that it must have been an evil

spirit to haunt them.

Although it can be argued that is the sense of the impending danger

that gives the book its impetus, it is more probable that it is the

perception of the impending danger, of the gruesome, of the revealing that

which is dark, which is the impetus. That is a significant difference. By

doing this, Radcliffe wants to make sure that we are in sync with the

characters thought by thought and breath by breath. A cloudy sky cannot just

be shown as a cloudy sky, which would seem depressing to some or not

important to others; it has to take the perception and imagination of

Vivaldi to make it foreboding. It is also significant that Radcliffe

purposefully constructs characters of a susceptible nature, characters that

are easily swayed by appearances and not facts.

By creating the character of Vivaldi, it seems that Radcliffe has

created a character that is more susceptible than the average person to the

sublime and the gothic. He calls the strange monk super-human on

numerous occasions, overly excited to prove himself correct. The narrator

even says as much, hinting that after all the trouble Vivaldi put himself

through to discover the identity of the monk, a simple, rational explanation

would be disappointing. It seems as if Vivaldi is searching for trouble, in

a sense, and he does not shy away from dangers. It also seems that he enjoys

the clandestine nightly excursions to the arch where the strange monk

appears.

To Ellena, just like to Vivaldi, a simple rational explanation

would also be disappointing. In volume , when Ellena is taken to Spalatro

and locked in her room overnight, she begins to suspect an attempt on her

life. In the darkness, she imagines moving shadows and creaking floors, yet

she is unable to confirm her fears. Instead of using her common sense by

thinking that if they really wanted to her dead, they would have killed her

before she reached the cabin, she prefers the non-rational explanation of

Spalatro trying to assassinate her. Like to Vivaldi, to Ellena just a

rational explanation would be disappointing and, to us, the audience, such a

rational explanation would decrease our sensation of terror instead of

increasing it, which would, in turn, be disappointing to our expectations.

Ellenas fears certainly do not seem to be based on evidence. Even

when Spalatro brought her the meal, I was not sure if Ellenas fears were

justified. It seemed that Ellena was looking for someone to assassinate her,

so anything she saw would be a part of that conspiracy; everything Spalatro

did would be suspect and it was. Her susceptible nature often led her into

the suspicion out of which the novels Gothic tone is constructed; just like

Vivaldis and Paolos susceptible natures lead them to jump to most

horrifying conclusions earlier in the novel.

When talking about perceptions, it is impossible to omit the

distinction between the real and unreal in The Italian. The strand of

reality, interwoven with fantasy, seems to be a driving force in the plot.

In the episode involving Ellena, her suspicions are confirmed; her fantasy

becomes confirmed as reality as her fears about Spalatros intentions are

confirmed (although not until the end). Of notice is also Vivaldis constant

desire to solidify his fantasy (getting married) with Ellena; as if the real

thing will finally restrict the fearful possibilities into a single reality.

Yet it is this reality from which Vivaldi derives his fearful fantasies. It

is this drama between what is real and unreal that gives the novel its

impetus. For example, when Marchesa is speaking to Schedoni, they are both

thinking of murder, but both refuse to say it, as if doing so would make

it more real than merely thinking about it.

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Now more than ever humans are becoming a major factor in the future of climate and more importantly climate change. Human actions towards the earth and the depletion of the ozone layer are irreversible. A warmer future could result from human activities in the present by releasing massive amounts of heat trapping gases into the air. (www.maui.net) These greenhouse gases are partially the reason for the 0.5°C rise in the global average temperature recorded over the past 100 years. If the Earths temperature continues to rise as estimated, global warming could occur more rapidly than any climate change of the last 10,000 years. (www.maui.net) Fossil fuels, which release carbon dioxide when burned, are used to generate electricity, heat and light homes and workplaces, power factories and run cars. The future of Earths climate may depend partly on the buildup of heat trapping gases, mainly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, in the atmosphere. Industrialized nations are known to release the most carbon dioxide. Is there an alternative to this pollution and soon, disaster? In order for us to understand the immensity of this problem, we must look at what causes global warming, what is being done to stop the problem, consequences of this issue, and how we can prevent it.

Global warming occurs when there is a depletion of the ozone layer and the earth's temperature begins to get warmer as a result of the heat trapping abilities of greenhouse gases. The glass panels of a greenhouse and the Earth's atmosphere are both transparent to sunlight, and both trap heat(www.maui.net). Atmospheric greenhouse gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat like the glass panels of a greenhouse, therefore, creating the greenhouse effect. At the moment, the earth appears to be facing rapid warming, which most scientists believe results, at least in part, from human activities. The main cause of this warming is thought to be the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which releases into the atmosphere.(www.maui.net) As the atmosphere contains more and more of these gases, it becomes a better insulator, holding more of the heat provided to the planet by the Sun. With years of abuse and neglect, this matter will only worsen. Many feel that Global warming is inevitable, and that the climate will change regardless of how cautious we are. This is partly true, climate does change all the time, but the change is slow and constant. We are doing it at enormous speeds, 60 times faster than expected.(Science news)

All life on Earth relies on the greenhouse effect, without it, the planet would be colder by about degrees, and ice would cover the entire Earth. However, a growing excess of greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere threatens to head in the other direction, toward continual warming. Carbon dioxide is the most abundant greenhouse gas followed by methane and nitrous oxide. Carbon dioxide flows into the atmosphere from many natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions, the respiration of animals, and the burning or decay of organic matter, such as plants. (www.maui.net) Humans increase the amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, solid wastes, and wood products. (www.maui.net) At the same time, the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis has been reduced by deforestation. Methane is an even more effective insulator, trapping over 1 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide is a powerful insulating gas released primarily by burning fossil fuels and by plowing farm soils. Nitrous oxide traps over 70 times more heat than does the same amount of carbon dioxide. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 0%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%.(www.maui.net) These increases have improved the ability of the earth's atmosphere to trap heat.

During the industrial revolution we began to slowly alter our climate and environment by changing agricultural practices and industrial practices. These new practices have caused a change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build-up of greenhouse gases. Due to the growth of the worlds population and the nations economies, and the use of technology also growing, the global temperature is expected to continue to increase by an additional 1.0 to .5 degrees by the year 100.(Winnipeg Sun) This seemingly subtle change in the global temperature could prove to have terrible results. We are altering the environment faster than we can possibly predict the consequences. This is definitely going to lead to some surprises. The earth's temperature would rise on it's own, but that takes thousands of years, we are doing it in a century.(www.maui.net) The world is rapidly changing.

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The developed countries are all working to reduce greenhouse emissions. Several European countries impose heavy taxes on energy usage, designed partly to limit such emissions. Norway taxes industries according to the amount of carbon dioxide they emit. In Canada, government and industry are trying to negotiate agreements aimed at increasing energy efficiency, promoting alternative energy sources, and cutting down greenhouse gas output. The Canadian government has established the program to cut carbon dioxide emissions from federal vehicles by reducing the number of vehicles it owns and by training drivers to use them more efficiently. By 004, 75 percent of Canadian federal vehicles are to run on alternative fuels, such as methanol and ethanol.(Globe and Mail Jan 4/0) In the United States, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, product manufacturers, local utilities, and retailers have collaborated to implement the Energy Star program. This voluntary program rates appliances for energy use and gives some money back to consumers who buy efficient machines. Many local governments are also working against greenhouse emissions by conserving energy in buildings, modernizing their vehicles, and advising the public. Individuals, too, can take steps. The same choices that reduce other kinds of pollution work against global warming. Every time a consumer buys an energy-efficient appliance, adds insulation to a house, recycles paper, metal, and glass, chooses to live near work, or commutes by public transportation, he or she is fighting global warming.

The Kyoto Protocol becomes more important as time goes on, pressure has been put on international leaders to face this problem and come up with a valid solution.(Globe and Mail Jan 4/0) Cooperation is required by all for the effective reduction of greenhouse gases. In 1 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 150 countries pledged to confront the problem of greenhouse gases and agreed to meet again to form these good intentions into a binding treaty. In 17 in Japan, 160 nations drafted a much stronger agreement known as the Kyoto Protocol.(www.eia.doe.gov) This treaty involves the 8 industrialized countries that now release the most greenhouse gases to cut their emissions. This reduction is to be achieved no later than 01.(www.eia.doe.gov). The remaining nations, mostly developing, were not asked to commit to a reduction in gas emissions. Most developing nations fear this will pause their improvement. Most countries are waiting for ratification by the United States, at present the source of one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions. The United States has so far refused ratification. Some critics find the Kyoto Protocol too weak. Even if it were enforced immediately, it would only slightly slow the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Much stronger action would be required later, particularly because the developing nations exempted from the Kyoto rules are expected to produce half the worlds greenhouse gases by 05.(www.eia.doe.gov) The most influential opponents of the protocol, however, find it too strong. Opposition to the treaty in the United States is encouraged by the oil industry, the coal industry, and others which manufacture or depend on fossil fuels. They say that the economic costs to carry out the Kyoto Protocol could be as much as $00 billion, due mainly to higher energy prices.(www.eia.doe.gov)

There are many things we ourselves can do to reduce the emissions of fossil fuels, and in turn prevent global warming. For example, things as simple as car pooling, keeping your vehicle well-maintained, and using energy efficient appliances, We, as an entire race, need to become more aware of the future repercussions of our seemingly harmless daily activities and choices. This will ensure a safe, temperate future for generations to come.

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on teen pregnancy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality teen pregnancy paper right on time.

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Teen Pregnancy

Surviving the gruesome teen-age years is hard enough without having to worry about parenthood. Many teens may look and think that having a child could not be all that hard but it is. Looks can be very deceiving, You may see a big red juicy, shiny apple and it looks so delicious, until you take your first bite and to you're your surprise a nest of maggots lay in side. Many things are not what they appear to be in everyday life, and you should expect the unexpected. Everyone sees mothers and they appear to be very happy and content with their baby, but you do not know what is really going on behind closed doors. Knowledge comes with age and with age comes experience. These are some of the qualities you need to raise a child. Many teens may think that having a child is not that big of a deal but it is more than it looks. Every person has the right to make their own decisions, because they have to deal with the consequences. People may think something is the best option for them, but really it may not be. More and more these days mothers are becoming younger and younger and it not only harms the baby but it harms the teenage mother as well. Are teens benefitting themselves by childbearing? Or ruining their lives.

Teen pregnancy is when a teen gets pregnant and conceives a child. It is happening more and more these days. It is very controversial because many people may believe that it is like kids having kids and they feel that the teens, are to young to be able to raise a child. On the other hand people feel that it is good for teens to take responsibility for what they made. If they are responsible enough to be having sex, they should be responsible enough to raise a child. They should have thought about everything before they started having intercourse.

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1Every year almost 1 million teenagers become pregnant, and about 485,000 give birth to their children. It is very dangerous to give birth at such a young age because a teenage mother is at greater risk than women over age twenty for pregnancy complications such as premature labour, anemia and high blood pressure. These risks are even greater for teens who are under 15 years old. Most young teens have not had intercourse 8 in 10 girls and 7 in 10 boys are sexually inexperienced at age 15. While at % of teenage girls report that their first intercourse was voluntary, one-quarter of these young women report that it was unwanted. When a baby is born to a teenage mother is more at risk of certain serious problems than a baby born to an older mother. There are many downsides to childbearing at such a young age. Some down sides are It is very hard to raise a child as well as go to school, it is proven teen mothers are more likely to drop out of high school than girls who delay childbearing. 4 A recent study showed that about 64 percent of teen mothers graduated from high school or earned a general equivalency diploma (GED) within two years after they would have graduated, compared to 4 percent of teen women who did not give birth. 5 With an education cut short the teen has lack of work skills and it may be harder to find a job so teen mothers are more likely to live in poverty than women who delay childbearing, and nearly 75 percent of all unmarried teen mothers go on welfare within five years of the birth of their first baby. Many teen mothers go on to have more children. About one-fourth of teen mothers have a second child within 4 months of the first birth. Out of all these teen mothers that are childbearing is very likely for the child to have a low birth weight. Teens too often have bad eating habits. They neglect to take a daily multivitamin, and most smoke, drink alcohol and take drugs, so that increases the risk that their babies will be born with health problems. Studies also show that teens are less likely than older women, to gain a fair amount of weight during pregnancy (5 to 5 pounds is recommended for women of normal weight). Low weight gain increases the risk of having a low-birthweight baby. Low-birthweight babies may have organs that are not fully developed. This can lead to lung problems such as respiratory distress syndrome, or bleeding in the brain, vision loss and seriousintestinal problems. Low-birthweight babies are more than 0 times as likely to die in their first year of life than normal-weight babies. A sexually active teenager who does not use contraceptives has a 0% chance of becoming pregnant within one year, the chances aren't worth it. The contraception method most used by teenagers is the pill (44%), followed by the condom (8%). About 10% rely on the injectable, 4% on withdrawal and % on the implant. Out of all teenage pregnancies 6 in 10 teen pregnancies are between the ages of 18-1, and 78% of births to teens occur outside of marriage.

Many teens who choose the option of bearing a child, must ask themselves many questions to make sure they are really ready. Some of these questions may be Am I able to give

this child what he or she demands and needs? Can I count on my parents to help me out? Can I handle a child and a job and/or school at the same time? Would I miss my free time and privacy?

Can I afford to support this child? How will I pay for housing, clothes, food, diapers, and other living expenses? These are all questions that need to be asked because as a parent you want to make sure you are giving your child all you can.

There are three choices for making the decision on what to do with the baby once you are pregnant. The first one is to parent the child. You can decide to raise it on your own or with the father, or maybe you would receive extra help from a family member. The second choice is to have an abortion. 6 There are two categories for abortions medical and surgical abortions. Medical abortions use strong medications to end the pregnancy and cause contractions to deliver the fetus. Surgical abortions use a series of instruments inserted through the cervix to terminate the pregnancy so the baby dies. The last and third choice is to give it up for adoption or place it in foster care. If you choose to place it in foster care you can always place the child somewhere for a short period of time until you are ready to raise it on your own, and if you choose adoption you know that your child will hopefully be having the life you want for it. They are all choices that need to have a lot of thought put into them before finalizing your decision.The Catholic Church has a very strong belief about sex before marriage. So if the teens are bearing the children are married, they believe it is fine. Understanding that the teen will be caring for the child like any normal parent would. 7 When we sin sexually we sin against our body. When we sin against our body, we sin against God, therefor making it a sin. Our bodies are a part of Christ, and we should respect that. Different religions have different opinions on teen pregancy.

Christianity is a faith you can choose to follow. Sex outside of marriage is not accepted in Christianity, and therefore should not take place. Childbearing for teens can also be very harmful not only to them but also to the child. Many complications could occur. The Catholic church does not accept harmful things that are educed upon our bodies therefor making it a sin to injure the child or even our bodies.Many faiths respond differently to teen pregnancy. 8 Baptist is another strong believer of no sex before marriage. The teen must be married before the pregnancy occurs or else it is considered a sin. Christianity has a couple similar beliefs. Leaving it up to the pregnant teen how to handle the child.

When a teen finds out she is pregnant her life will never be the same again no matter what choice she makes. The best advise one could give would be ,when you first find our your pregnant you should sit down and let the initial shock settle. Start by confirming your pregnancy, having an ultrasound or meeting with a counselor or close friend you feel you can trust. You will never forget this life-changing experience so you want to make sure you will explore every possibility, so you make the best decision for not only you but the baby as well. Many teens feel that they can handle having a baby but it is a lot more work, more than it is made out to be. We all have to make hard decisions in life and the best way to go about them is to research them fist. Find information that will help you learn more about it. Ask questions to family members, doctor, counselors and people you can trust. Make sure you know the consequences before you make something final. Teen pregnancy is a big situation that most teens wouldn't even be able to handle, so make sure you know what you want to do before you do something drastic. It will end up changing your life no matter what decision you choose.

Please note that this sample paper on teen pregnancy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on teen pregnancy, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on teen pregnancy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Hamlet. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Hamlet paper right on time.

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Hamlet, one of world's most appraised tragedies, was written in 1601 by William Shakespeare, an English playwright and poet, considered to be the greatest dramatist of all time. Hamlet is a brilliant play that explores the highly complex personality of the title character, the crown prince of Denmark, and demonstrates themes of honour and revenge. Although Hamlet prominently displays the main characteristics of a tragedy the eminent death of the leading characters - Shakespeare also incorporates a number of comic elements. He does this for variety of reasons. First of all, the occasional use of humour allows the audience to take a brief pause from the monotony of a depressing storyline. Secondly, via humour and riddles, the prince, Hamlet, is able to mock other people, in their presence. Finally, the comical scenes provide a valuable insight into some of the characters' personalities.

William Shakespeare, as a clever dramatist, knew that if a play is completely filled with melancholy events, the audience will easily lose interest. This fact was especially important during the Elizabethan times when the most frequent visitors of theatres were people of the lower society. These simple folks, who came to theatre to forget their every day's ordeal, preferred comedy to tragedy. As a result of this, Shakespeare incorporates bits of humour in-between the most intense and gloomy scenes. The first comic episode in Hamlet is located in Act , Scene , where Prince Hamlet mocks the royal counsellor through riddles. Their conversation, starting with, "Do you know me my lord? / Excellent well. You are a fishmonger" (II.ii, 17-4), provides a short distraction after the earlier melancholy incident when Hamlet learns the painful truth regarding his father's sudden death. Another excellent example of a passage that serves as a mental breather for the audience is the sex-related talk between Hamlet and Ophelia, who is his sweetheart, when the play "The Murder of Gonzago" is about to begin. At one point, when the time has come for the truth about the murder to be revealed, the audience is kept in great suspense. To break the tense air, Hamlet asks silly questions " Lady, shall I lie in your lap? /Do you think I meant country matters?" ( III.ii, 110,115). This comic conversation is followed by one of the most significant scenes of the play, where Claudius, the new king, shows his guilt in front of the entire royal court by panicking and running out. As a result of this, the suspenseful atmosphere returns as the audience anxiously awaits for the upcoming conflicts and the outcome of the play. Undoubtedly the most amusing part of the play is the intellectual debate between two gravediggers, who discuss legal and theological issues. Their first humorous argument deals with Ophelia's mysterious drowning

Here lies the water-good. Here

stands the man-good. If the man go to this water

and drown himself, it is, will he nill he, he goes,

mark you that. But if the water come to him and

drown him, he drowns not himself. Argal, he that is

not guilty of his own death shortens not his own life (V.i, 15-0).

This debate provides the viewer with necessary comic relief, since it is inserted between scenes loaded with the shocking deaths of, the royal advisor Polonius and Ophelia and the hideous plans between Claudius and Laertes, both of which lead to the largest tragedy of the play. By inserting these humorous scenes, William Shakespeare retains the viewers' continual interest.

Another significant role of comedy in Shakespeare's tragedy is to subdue. The use of humour allows Hamlet, to directly and truthfully tell another person what he thinks of him without causing a notable conflict. Hamlet's intelligence and wittiness surpasses the level of his acquaintances, thus the true meaning of his remarks pass by them unnoticed. A worthy example of this is found at the beginning of the play. During a Royal assembly, King Claudius and his wife, Gertrude, openly criticize Hamlet for his inappropriately long mourning after his father. When Claudius calls Hamlet his "cousin and son", Hamlet swiftly replies, "A little more than kin, less than kind. /my lord, I am too much in the sun" (I. ii, 65,67). Behind these riddles are hidden Hamlet's feelings for Claudius - he dislikes him. Hamlet does not approve of Claudius' actions of marring his brother's wife just a few weeks after his brother's funeral. In addition, Claudius tries too hard to act like a loving father and fails, for Hamlet does not want to replace the one he has lost by a fraud named Claudius. Another case when Hamlet uses his humour and wit to express his empathy is in Act , Scene , where the trusted advisor, Polonius takes on the task of unfolding the truth regarding Hamlet's strange behaviour. Polonius starts a conversation with Hamlet, who quickly realizes the true purpose of it and calls Polonius a "fishmonger" ( II,ii. 14). By calling him a "fishmonger", he accuses Polonius of using his daughter, Ophelia, as bait to lure Hamlet in revealing if his strange ways are caused by his unfulfilled love for Ophelia. In each of these examples, the audience recognizes Hamlet's humour, even thought the characters may not. Therefore, his use of humour is effective in gaining the audience's acceptance for this, sometimes nasty remarks

The third important role that comedy plays in the tragedy of Hamlet, is character exposure. Comic episodes often allow the audience to have a closer look at the personality of the speaker who unintentionally creates comedy by using an unusual way of verbal expression. The first character, whose essential personality traits are unfolded through comedy, is Polonius. Polonius' meddlesome character becomes apparent in the scene, when Polonius instructs a spy named Reynaldo, how to secretively inquire about his son Leartes, who is in Paris. Polonius demands of Reynaldo to regularly report all his son's activities, no matter how intimate they are, "Ay, or drinking, fencing, swearing, /Quarrelling, drabbing- you may go so far."(II.i, 5-6). This demonstrates that Polonius is a distrusting and controlling man - he spies even on his own children, believing that if they are given their freedom, they will prove to be corrupt. Another humorous situation, that reveals Polonius' personality, is his discussion with the King and Queen regarding the "true cause" of Hamlet's mad behaviour. In exceedingly long speeches, Polonius informs the majesties about Hamlet's relationship with his daughter Ophelia. Through these speeches Polonius proves to be a very long-winded man, who likes to show his extensive knowledge of all subjects. He cares a great deal about his spotless reputations and won't allow anyone, including his daughter, to blacken it. Clear evidence of this is his remark to the royal couple,

But what might you think,

When I had see this hot love on the wing-

As I perceiv'd it, I must tell you that,

Before my daughter told me- what might you

Or my dear Majesty your queen think,

If I had play'd the desk or table-book,…(II.ii,11-6 ).

These are just some examples of Polonius' numerous speeches in which he demonstrates his self-absorbed nature. Another character whose personality is exposed through comedy is Osiric, a young courtier, who carries Claudius' message to Hamlet, proposing the duel between Laertes and Hamlet. Although Osiris is a minor character, who appears only in the concluding scenes of the play, his exaggerated, amusing speeches provide a good insight into his character. When Osiric enters the play for the first time, as a carrier of Claudius' serious message to Hamlet, Hamlet teases him by starting a conversation about the weather conditions and whether it is needed to wear a hat inside or not. Instead of expressing his own opinion, Osiric agrees to whatever Hamlet says, no matter how ridiculous it may sound. This proves that Osiric is self-centred man, who does everything to please his masters, in order to enhance his own reputation and position on the court of Denmark. There is further evidence displaying Osiric's flattery

Sir, here is newly come to court Laertes believe

me, an absolute gentleman, full of excellent

difference, of very soft society and great showing.

Indeed, to speak feelingly of this, he is the card or

calendar of gentry (V.ii, 106-108).

Osiric noticed that King Claudius is a good ally to Laertes so he uses his outwardly verbose to appraise Laertes excellent qualities and flatter the king.

Despite the fact that Hamlet is a tragic play, William Shakespeare allows comic elements to play a role in this drama as well. The comedy in Hamlet not only serves as a mental breather for the viewers, but also exposes the personality traits of some characters and allows Prince Hamlet to ridicule particular people in their presence. Overall, Hamlet is another of Shakespeare's excellent works, which's exceptional characters and events capture the hearts of viewers across the whole world.

Please note that this sample paper on Hamlet is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hamlet, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Hamlet will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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