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An English writer by the name of George Orwell published a book in 1943, called Animal Farm. In the eyes of Mr. Orwell, the sole purpose of the book was to expose the Soviet myth of Russia's acclaimed socialist utopia in a way that almost anyone can comprehend. The simplicity of language in the book and the usage of animals to convey the message made it a prime candidate for a cartoon version and thus one was created. The book Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the events that followed shortly after. In order for the reader to be able to get a firm grasp on the conditions in Russia before, during and after the revolution, George Orwell took great care in ensuring that the all the characters in the book could easily be identified with their Russian revolution counterpart. While reading the book, one should easily be able tell the parallel personality for each character because of George Orwell's very accurate descriptions of the characters. As a result, a great deal of characterization is visible in most parts of the book, as he is constantly building upon the characters.

The movie Animal Farm on the other hand is quite different. In the movie, very little time (relative to the book) is spent on developing the characters. In some instances during the movie we discover that there are some characters in the book that are not mentioned in the movie (e.g. clover). Also, in Animal Farm the movie, there is little dialogue among the animals, unlike the book. In the book, it is this dialogue that really helps us understand the type of regime in Russia at the time. If someone were to watch the movie but never read the book, it would probably be a lot harder to see the relationship to the Russian revolution.

In the book, some of the instances that occur in Animal Farm play important roles later on in the book. At the start of the book you are introduced to a flurry of thoughts and ideas that are very influential throughout the remainder of the book. The exposition begins with Old Major, telling the animals of a dream he has in which all animals are free from the oppressive human management and equal amongst each other. He is a prophet, planting the seeds of rebellion in the minds of the animals that have gathered around to listen to what he has to say. It is this powerful speech that is the means for the animal revolution, which occurs not too long after. In the book, they also sing the song 'Beasts of England', which becomes their national anthem and it is sung throughout the book, playing an important role later on. There are many other things, which occur in the exposition that become important symbolisms as the book progresses.

The elucidation in Animal Farm the movie is the same as the books in terms of plot, but it is different in many other ways. One must remember that the movie is merely an adaptation of the book into film, so almost all the events that take place in the book will take place in the film. This is the case with the film, yet many other key differences can be seen between the two. Firstly, the film seemed to rush through some of the events, which are very important later on in the book. For example, in the book, Orwell describes many of the animals that are important to the book. In the film, very little time is spent on developing the characters of the important animals. Also, the song 'Beasts of England' is not sung with words in the film, unlike the book. Reiterating the statement in the last paragraph, this song plays a very pivotal role later on in the book. While reading the book, one soon begins to fell sympathetic towards the animals on Animal Farm. In the film, it is harder for the audience to feel as sympathetic as they may in the book because they don't know the characters very well.

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Animal Farms' theme is very apparent at the end of the book. The theme is that ' it is impossible to attain a form of Utopia in which everyone is equal and treated fairly'. This theme is further solidified by its usage of events, which mirror those of the Russian revolution. The theme is fully realized right at the end of the book, when the rest of the animals are separate from the pigs, who are in the former house of Mr. Jones, drinking alcohol with the humans. Just this one scenario blatantly defies everything the animals stood for when they first had the revolution, and the reasons they had it in the first place. The ending of the book is so blunt that the point George Orwell is trying to make hits you like a ton of bricks, and you can truly see how flawed the animals were in their notions of living in a Utopia.

From only watching the film, I doubt that one would grasp the message that George Orwell was trying to send as fully as one would if he/she read the book. There are numerous reasons for this, one of the most significant of which is that a film doesn't have a books capacity to pay attention to detail. This is very important in a book such as Animal Farm, in order for one to get Orwell's message, one has to be able to empathize with the animals at some level. The book explains in detail the harsh and unjust conditions of the other animals, making it easy to identify with them, unlike the film, which merely paints a scant picture of what the animals are going through. The other, more obvious reason for why one may get a different message from watching the film is that the endings are completely different. As mentioned previously, it is the ending of the book that really drives Orwell's point home. In the film, this isn't the case at all. At the end of the film, animals all over the country come together and incite revolution once again, but this time it is against the pigs. They can't stand the conditions they have been subjected to and therefore decide to rebel again, for the same principle as the first revolution against the humans. This confuses the audience with different possibilities for a theme. The theme may be that the quest for a Utopia is just a vicious cycle of revolutions, leading nowhere. The other is may be that one can never give up hope for a Utopia and must keep trying, even if it means more revolutions. In the book, there is no revolution against the pigs; the other animals are doomed to a life of misery, with no hope. I think that this would make the first theme the more acceptable one, but still not the same as the theme conveyed by George Orwell in the book.

It's quite apparent that there are many significant differences between Animal Farm the book and it's film adaptation. There are a number of differences between the use of characterization and the exposition, but the most important one is the difference in the theme. George Orwell's sole purpose in writing this book was to expose to the world Russia's mythical socialist utopia for what it really was, an oppressive regime in which the doctrines of socialist utopianism were completely disregarded. He wants the reader to know that the theory of a country in which everyone is equal, free and happy is but an illusion, a deception of reality, which is, that 'power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely'. That once tainted with the feeling of power, most will stoop to any level, and do whatever the cost to maintain that power. In my opinion, this idea isn't properly presented in the movie and thus hinders the powerful message that George Orwell was trying to send to people all over the world.

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(Some Person), [pause] age (??), [pause] died (??), (??). [Pause] For two years he had complicated breathing, was always coughing, and couldn't walk as fast as he could before because he couldn't get enough air to his lungs. Do you know why? He smoked for more than two thirds of his life starting in his teens. His smoking caused his life to end. Smoking can cause major problems in your life as well as his. For that reason is why I am here today to talk to you about not smoking cigarettes. I want to influence your minds with the reasons why you shouldn't smoke by how young people start smoking, the diseases and treatments caused by smoking, and the average results to smoking. Plus, you should be aware of all of the bad attributes that come with smoking. With statistics as they are, I'm telling you this information in advance before you decide you want to slowly put your life to an end.

[Walk to different place in room]

SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING Smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, Emphysema, and may complicate pregnancy.

[Pause]

Help with essay on Smoking, why its bad.

[Walk to different place in room]

SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health.

[Pause]

[Walk to different place in room]

I know that you people know others your age that smoke, and I also know that you have heard one or both of these disclaimers saying this product (cigarettes) can harm your body. However, the statistics tell me that both of these disclaimers are not good enough. The average smoker starts smoking at the age of 1 and becomes a daily smoker by age 18. A poll taken in 11 showed the American people that an estimated 5 million packs of cigarettes were sold illegally to minors, and in 17 daily smokers aged 1 to 17 years smoked approximately 4 million packs of cigarettes. That is a lot of smokes to be consumed by people your age.

Now, all of these packs of cigarettes are not just paper rolled up and smoked. These cigarettes contain harmful ingredients that cause many health problems that are reversible, and in the case of death, irreversible. There are over 600 different additives and 4,000 different chemicals that are added to cigarettes to make them more addicting. I have an Ingredient and Additive Reporting Form from the British of Columbia. It lists just the basic ingredients of cigarettes. These harmful ingredients cause many short term and long term effects. Some of the short-term effects include respiratory and non-respiratory problems including addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of other drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking is reinforced by the fact that most young people who smoke regularly continue to smoke throughout adulthood. These consequences include Leukoplakia, or whitish patches on their gums or the lining of their cheeks. A second consequence is Erythroplakia, or reddish patches in the mouth. Once any type of oral cancer starts, it can spread rapidly not only to other parts of the mouth and throat but also to lymph nodes in the neck, from where it can be dispersed to all areas of the body. That is why oral cancers are often fatal.

To scare those who don't smoke yet and to those who already do, here are a few more consequences. Smokers have a lower level of lung function than those who have never smoked and also starting at a young age reduces the rate of lung growth. This causes problems for those who participate in sports or in any brass instrument classes or programs. So lets say right now you have a normal sized lung for your age and you can breathe fine, but you smoke. Over the course of a few years your lungs will probably not be large enough to receive the required amount of oxygen your body needs to function properly.

Take these straws, stand up, and hold your nose. Now while doing that start jogging in place and put the straw up to your lips and try breathing through the straws for a few moments. This experiment is a good example of the oxygen your body is not getting if you are a regular smoker. The longer you jog in place and breathe though the straws the more your body needs the oxygen.

This lung here on the left is a lung that is of a non-smoker. This lung on the right has 0 years of tar and other grime that has accumulated from their continuous bad smoking habit.

Once cancer of the mouth or lungs is found, the next step is to determine whether it has spread and to what parts of the body. X-rays, CT scans, sonograms and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans help in this regard. Treatment consists of some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and decisions are often complex, requiring coordination by a team of specialists.

Since the release of the first Surgeon General's report on smoking and health in the United States in 164, about 10 million people have died from smoking related diseases in the United States. If current smoking patterns continue, an estimated 5 million Americans will die prematurely from a smoking-related illness, including an estimated 5 million people ho are now children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. You don't want to die, so don't smoke!

Have you seen the billboard that was along the highways a few years back that had a bunch of animals smoking cigarettes and had the quote, 'Looks just as stupid when you do it?' Well, for most non-smokers it does look pretty dumb to see some white thing hanging out of your mouth like your retarded and eat paper. If I want to see smoke coming from something, I'll go sit by a campfire that doesn't smell as bad. The clothing that smokers wear is unbearable. When a person comes into a store after just putting out their cigarette and you are near, you probably can smell him right? Now, which would you like to smell trash, smoke from a cigarette, or a car air freshener? I would think even to a smoker that is an easy one. I don't know about you people, but the first thing I notice about a stranger is their smile (if they have one) and their teeth. It doesn't give a good impression when they have yellow or discolored teeth. Their breath is enough to gag on as well as their teeth. Plus when you meet a stranger, you can tell if they smoke or not. They just reek of the smell of smoke, which in my opinion is very vile.

There are many different forms of anti smoking patches and gum out on the market. Every time a smoker gets a craving, they should go out and buy some nicotine gum and chew that instead. The patch is good for times when you can't chew gum and need to relax and get rid of the cravings. I believe that a third good method can be used to get people to stop smoking. Love. Showing love towards a smoker to get them to quit I believe is better and cheaper than any anti-smoking drug out there. It's even better than another alternative, which is counseling.

I have hopefully shown you enough evidence and distasteful habits of smoking that those of you who do smoke will see that it isn't all that healthy to do it. Those who don't smoke I want to believe now that you will never touch the stuff. Today I have brought to your attention the ages of smokers, diseases from smoking, body malfunctions, end results of smoking, other ugly effects, and ways to quit. The best way not to cause premature death is not to start. Thank you for you time.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Wal-Mart Case Study. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Wal-Mart Case Study paper right on time.

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Sources of competitive advantage

?nbsp; Located stores in isolated rural areas and small towns, usually with populations of 5,000 to 5,000 ?a market that was ignored by the other players.

?nbsp; The pattern of expansion was "pushing from inside out? The position of strength thus built in a region enabled WalMart to take on its rivals in bigger markets.

?nbsp; Extremely competitive in terms of setting prices. Typically, a -4% pricing differential between WalMart and its best competitors in most markets. Offered consumers brand name merchandise for less than department and specialty stores.

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?nbsp; Simple and cost-effective advertising. WalMart was known for its national brand strategy, and the majority of its sales consisted of nationally advertised branded products. Advertising expense for WalMart was 1.5% of discount store sales compared with .1% of direct competitors. A marketing slogan "Always low prices-Always?emphasized the superior pricing position of WalMart.

?nbsp; Heavy investment in IT. Sales data of each WalMart store were collected and analyzed daily. The company could track product movements and customer preferences at a very micro level. This enabled managers to learn immediately what merchandise was moving slowly and thus avoided overstocking and deep discounting. A WalMart store devoted only 10% of its square footage to inventory, compared with an industry average of 5%. Thanks to the knowledge mined from sales and inventory data, WalMart merchandise could be tailored to individual markets, and in many cases, to individual stores.

?nbsp; WalMart tried to capitalize on every cost-cutting opportunity, and implemented processes and systems that led to cost-minimization.

Its operating expenses were 18.1% of discount store sales versus the industry average of 4.6%.

WalMart's rental expense was % of discount sales compared with an average of .% for its direct competitors.

A vast network of company-owned distribution centres ensured a smooth flow of products and huge cost cutting. With the "cross-docking?technique, goods were continuously delivered to stores within 48 hours and often without having to inventory them. This allowed Wal-Mart to replenish the shelves 4 times faster than its competition. The system also ensured that WalMart's cost of in-bound logistics was .7% of discount store sales compared with 4.8% of its direct competitors.

Shrinkage cost was estimated to be approximately 1.7% of WalMart discount store sales in 1, compared with an average % for direct competitors.

?nbsp; Wal-Mart has effectively leveraged its volume buying power with its suppliers. WalMart eliminated manufacturers?representatives from negotiations with suppliers at the beginning of 1, leading to an estimated savings of -4%.

?nbsp; Over time, WalMart's relationships with some its suppliers evolved into partnerships, a key element of which was sharing information electronically to improve performance.

?nbsp; WalMart called its employees associates. The organizational culture stressed the key role of associates who were motivated by more responsibility and recognition than their counterparts at other discount stores. It gave more autonomy to store managers in setting prices.

WalMart mostly promoted people internally and practiced profit-sharing among employees, resulting in higher employee morale and productivity.

Sustainability of competitive advantages

Throughout the 180s, Wal-Marts strategic intent was to unseat industry leaders Sears and Kmart, and become the largest retailer in the U.S. Wal-Mart accomplished this goal in 11. But Wal-Marts current strong competitive position and its past rapid growth performance do not necessarily guarantee that the company will remain as the industry leader or maintain its strong business position in the future.

?nbsp; Competitors had already started coming into the previously uncovered small towns and rural markets.

?nbsp; Most of the advantages gained through use of information technology can be replicated.

?nbsp; Difficulty (and the barrier) would be for the brand, relationship with buyer and the HR aspects.

?nbsp; The scale of operations of WalMart would also be an advantage coupled with the fact that they are very high on the learning curve in this business.

Diversification moves

- Initially diversification based on store type (related diversification ?only seeking into new segment of customers and not new products)

- Later on products (unrelated areas - first food retailing through supercenters and now into books, etc which till now had given very little revenue)

- They were closing down several stores (only 15% greater than 8 years) and so Bud's store was a utility based diversification

Sam's Clubs

High-volume (to compensate for very narrow profit margins), low-cost merchandise and minimization of handling costs enabled passing on of cost savings to customers.

Members (70% of whom are businesses) are offered merchandise at wholesale prices for use in their own operations, resale to their customers or personal use. With this move, they are effectively broadening their customer base to include other businesses, federal govt., schools and universities, hospitals, credit unions, etc.

Rather than give competitors any openings, Sam's Clubs were located close to one another sometimes leading to cannibalization of their own sales.

This diversification enabled its entry into Arizona, Rhode Island, Utah, Washington and California, with the acquiring of of K-Mart's PACE clubs as overcapacity within the industry lead to consolidation. Thus, with this move, they entered into the warehouse club market, accounting for % of the industry volume in 1, with sales in the industry projected to increase further in the coming year ($40.5 billion projected for 14).

Supercenters

A one-stop family shopping convenience a full line of groceries and general merchandise under one roof - offering limited package sizes and brands in order to keep costs low.

They also housed bakeries, delis and other convenience shops thus attracting more customers and giving tough competition to the supermarkets. This is especially true for the grocery section.

Profits generally came from higher margin general merchandise and the supercenters saw the sales in general merchandise nearly double from $6.4 billion in 185 to $1. billion in 1.

However, there is a high likelihood of the supercenters cannibalizing into the customers of the WalMart discount stores. Thus, they could maybe follow K-mart's strategy of building new Super K-marts to replace one or more traditional discount stores in a market.

International Expansion

After achieving a presence in 47 states by early 14, looking beyond the borders of the United States was David Glass?strategy.

WalMart expanded into Mexico and Canada and plans were on to enter South America and China.

With favorable predictions of international sales at $100 billion from analysts, WalMart can only gain from this strategy.

With their legacy of taking good care of their associates, strong supply chain logistics, maintenance of technological superiority and keeping the customer first, WalMart has a good chance to succeed in this endeavor.

The only criteria would be to test the market to see whether such a model will work in the foreign environment.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on jazz history. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality jazz history paper right on time.

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Music of The swing Era,

The Five Most Significant Big Bands and Their Theme Songs

Duke Ellington (Take The A Train)

Count Basie (April In Paris)

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Benny Goodman (Lets Dance)

Jimmy Lunceford (Lunceford Swing)

Glen Miller (In The Mood)

Important Facts To Remember-

These bands were the refined versions of the seminal work of Flecther Henderson, the architect of the big band style. henderson was know not only as a bandleader but as a great arranger and was hired in the latter capacity to write arrangements for the Goodman orchestra. From his big band emerged the first two great jazz horn soloist-

Louis Armstrong- who had already attained fame in Chicago with King Oliver. In NYC, with Henderson, Armstrong broadened his public appeal and made more significant recordings. After Henderson, he returned to Chicago and organized the Hot 5 and Hot 7 for recording. The time spent in Hendersons band was critical in his growth as a player

Coleman Hawkins- is considered the Father of the Tenor Saxophone in jazz and was clearly the most influencial player on that instrument throughout the swing era. His sound and approach became the model for the great majority of tenor players of the 10s-40s.

Benny Carter (107- ) - the lead alto sax player and also a prominanet arranger for the Henderson band. He went on to have a long and brilliant career as a bandleader, solo recording artist, arranger, composer. educator and is the last remaining Original Jazz Master in American history.

Duke Ellington Orch.- Had the longest tenure under one leader (50 yrs) of all the bands of this era. This was the most recorded big band in American music history. Dukes style as a pianist was rooted in stride but his style as a composer showed an affection for traditional New orleans Jazz and borrowed from European Classical concepts of form, structure and harmony. his tunes are characterised by beautiful and striking melodies that are highly chromatic.He is recognized as Americas greatest and most prolific Black composer (over 1000 documented compostions) and one of the most important composers world wide in the 0th century.

Innovations associated with Ellington and his band-

(1) wrote specifcally for members of his band thus establishing many of the great solo artist of the swing era

() Trumpeters Bubber Miley and Cootie Williams developed the plunger mute technique in his band and Duke cultivated the technique through his writing.

() Duke created the technique known as instrumentalized voice(wordless melodies that were sung)

(4) Promoted the great soloists in his band to m ajor levels of exposure-

Johnny Hodges (most ifluencial alto saxophonist to emerge from the swing era)

Harry Carney (most influencial Baritone Saxophonist to emerge from the swing era)

Ben Webster (prominent tenor sax soloist, considered to be the biggest rival of Coleman Hawkins)

Paul Gonsalves - the most featured soloist in the Ellington band from 151-174. A great tenor soloist whose performance of Diminuendo and crescendo in Blue at the 155 Newport Jazz Festivals is considered one of the most famous live solo performances in Jazz history.

Jimmy Hamilton - is considered one of the greatest clarinets in the history of jazz, esp. in the skills associated with the New Orleans tradition. Was the biggest rival to the fame of Benny Goodman.

Jimmy Blanton - considered to be the first true jazz bass soloist, whos work liberated the bass from a supportive role and function in the band

Clark Terry - great trumpet soloist with Ellinton band and was the first significant player to use the flugelhorn as a prominent solo instrument

Louie Bellson- drummer who invented the double bass drum and used it prominently during his time in the band.

Ellingtons chief collaborator was Billy Strayhorn, who was an extremly gifted pianist, lyricist, songwriter and composer. Strayhorn composed Take The A Train, the bands theme song, which was the only major Ellington recording that was not composed by Ellington in any capacity.

Benny Goodman - nicknamed The King of Swing and led the most popular and most visable swing band of the era. His unit was known as a well rehearsed and polished ensemble that was enhanced in terms or authenticity by the arrangements of Fletcher Henderson. Goodman was one of the first Jazz artists to record both jazz and classical music as a soloist.

Major contributions--

(1) Goodman hosted a coast-to-coast live radio show called Lets Dance which help bring about a great rise in popularity of swing as the most popular dance music of the 10s. This was the first time that a form of jazz was the most popular music of the day. Goodman was the first jazz musician to have such an opportunity.

() organized various configurations of his unit to work in large or small situations

a. trio- Goodman (cl.), Teddy Wilson (pno) and Gene Krupa (dms)

b. quartet- trio plus Lionel hampton (vibes)

c. sextet- quartet, plus Charlie Christian (quitar) and Artie Berstein (bass)

These were also the first intergrated performing units. Goodman had earlier broken the color line in Jazz by hiring Henderson as an exclusive arranger, but the performing unit was still an all white band. With the inclusion of Teddy Wilson and later Lionel Hampton (vibraphone, quartet, sextet and big band) and guitarist, Charlie Christian (sextet and big band), Goodman officially set forth with efforts to bring great musicians together to make great music without regard to color.

additional sidemen of note-

Gene Krupa- considered to be the most visible, high-profile drummer of the swing era.

Harry James- a prominent trumpet soloists who was a transitional figure between swing and bebop.

Count Basie- considered the most swinging and hard driving of all of the Big Five Basies band is felt to be the one most closely linked to the core elements of jazz- deeply rooted in the traditions of the blues, boogie woogie, stride piano withless emphasis on elaborate arrangements and more blowing space for the limitless and gifted players in his band. A composer of sorts but nowhere as prolific as Ellington, Basies band was ancored by four players considered to be the prototype model for the modern rhythm section in Jazz -

Count Basie -piano, a stride master who later evolved to become a minimulist type of player who utilized space for taste and punctuation. He developed the art of comping and his style became associated with lightness of touch and an exploitation of the higher register of the piano.

Freddie Green - acoustic rhythm guitar, playing crisp, relaxed strokes evenly on all four beats of a swing pattern. He is considered the father figure of rhythm guitarists.

Walter Page- bass one of the first masters of the walking bass technique

Jo Jones - drums, light precision within a loose but assured manner., capable of playing very fast tempos without excess volume.

Additional soloists of note-

Lester Young - considered to be the most original and important solo saxophone artist to emerge from the swing era. His tenor saxophone work with regard to style, color and content greatly influenced a young alto sax artist, Charlie Parker (in Kansas City) and a score of tenor saxophonists in the jazz styles that followed swing- bebop, cool jazz and hard bop.

Don Byas- Youngs replacement in the Basie band was considered to be the most advanced tenor saxophone player with regard to harmonic sophistication and like Young was a transitional figure between swing and bebop

Please note that this sample paper on jazz history is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on jazz history, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on jazz history will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on CASA. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality CASA paper right on time.

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"There was once a tree full of apples which was my family. Then one day I fell off. Some grownups came and put me in a pear tree. Then I fell off…" (Lawry 11) The words of an eleven year old in foster care show the uncertainty and loss of children who are taken from their homes and families because of abuse and neglect. Many children get stuck in "the system" moving back and forth from foster home to foster home or to group homes and shelters. Sometimes they are sent home to their biological families just to return to foster care. CASA volunteers work with attorneys, judges, and social workers to ensure children have safe homes to grow up in.

CASA, which stands for Court Appointed Special Advocates, is a national organization that was started in 177 by a judge in Seattle, Washington. "When you're involved with a child and you're trying to decide what to do to facilitate that child's growth into a mature and happy adult, you feel like you don't have sufficient information to allow you to make the right decision" (CASA). Superior Court Judge David Soukup realized that he needed more objective information for him to make his decision on each case. He came up with an idea that changed the courtroom procedures. He obtained funding and began to train community volunteers to investigate each case and speak up for the rights of children in the courtroom. In the first year he trained one hundred and ten CASA volunteers. The program was successful and soon judges across the country began training their own volunteers.

In 178, CASA received a grant from the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation of New York City and the CASA program was implemented in courts across the country, and in 18 the National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association was formed. Funding began coming from many other sources as well a grant from the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges; funding from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; the Kappa Alpha Theta Foundation. Today, the National CASA Association supports over 00 Casa programs across the country. They provide technical assistance, fundraising and training to the local programs. They also sponsor a national conference and publish newsletters.

CASA volunteers do not have special legal training, but they go through a forty hour training program to learn about courtroom procedure, advocacy, and topics such as child development and sexual abuse. They also learn about substance abuse, domestic violence, foster care and juvenile laws. To be a CASA volunteer, one must be at least twenty-one years old, complete an in-depth interview, pass a criminal background check and complete the required training. CASA volunteers do not need to have had any previous legal experience. CASA volunteers may come from all walks of life, but they all have one trait in common. They are willing to make the time commitment and have a desire to make a difference in a child's life.

A CASA volunteer usually spends 10-0 hours a month on each child's case. They look into the circumstances of each child by interviewing the biological parents, family members, foster parents, teachers, social workers, health care professionals and anyone else who may have pertinent information. All of the information that they obtain is kept confidential. They prepare a report before the court hearing, and at the hearing this report is presented to the judge and attorneys involved in the case. CASA's goal is to obtain a permanent placement for children as quickly as possible. In one case a medically fragile child was born to a young alcoholic mother, who was not prepared to take care of the child. CASA dicussed the options with the mother and she came to the conclusion that she should give up her child for adoption. The baby was then able to be placed for adoption without the state getting involved. This decision avoided a lengthy court hearing (CASA).

In Georgia there are over 14,000 children involved juvenile and foster care system. Most of these children, who are victims of abuse and neglect, are taken from there homes and placed in the foster care system. CASA believes these children should have safe, permanent homes where all their needs are being met, but many are not. CASA steps in and advocates for these children. CASA serves as the eyes and ears of the court and are an independent source of information for the judge. The CASA volunteer stays involved in the case until there is a permanent solution for the child (CASA).

The Hall-Dawson CASA program began in 18. "CASA volunteers are ordinary citizens with extraordinary hearts." Connie Stephens, who was one of the first volunteers, is now the Executive Director. Hall-Dawson CASA is funded by National CASA, churches, community organizations, as well as individual contributions. They also have a Memorial/Honorarium Gift program. With this program, when a contribution is made, cards are sent to the one being honored or to the families of the one being remembered. Since 18 volunteers have served over 1400 children who were victims of abuse or neglect. In 00, CASA served 48 children, of which, 167 involved new children receiving services. Sixty-one percent of these children suffered from neglect, twenty-nine percent were physically abused, three percent were sexually abused, seven percent were abandoned. 187 children's cases were closed last year (CASA).

In one case two teenage girls were taken from there mother because of neglect. The mother suffered from severe depression and the father had not been involved in the girls life since they were very young. The girls also suffered from depression and had many emotional problems. The younger of the two had been sexually abused. The two girls were placed together in a foster home, but were moved shortly after. The older girl was placed in a emergency shelter, while the younger one was placed in another foster home. This placement also only lasted a short time and she was moved again. . She did very well in this foster home and CASA began to advocate for the girls to be placed together. When there was room in the foster home Nicole joined her sister. In the meantime, the paternal grandmother showed interest in the girls coming to live with her, but because she lived in another state, getting her home approved was a along drawn-out process. In the six months that it took for the approval, Nicole and Lynn became attached to their foster parents, but they were also excited about the prospect of going to live with their Grandmother. They moved in with their Grandmother, who after one week, decided she couldn't keep the girls because of their emotional problems. They were returned to Hall County DFCS and now needed another placement. Nicole and Lynn desired to be returned to their previous foster parents, who also wanted them to come back. But for some reason DFCS would not place them with the foster parents and had them both placed in an emergency shelter. CASA advocated for Nicole and Lynn to be placed back with the foster parents who loved them. After about three months they returned to the foster parents and their mother relinquished her rights so that the foster parents could adopt them. Since the adoption Nicole and Lynn have been doing very well (Nolley).

A CASA volunteer may be the one consistent person in a child's life. As children enter foster care they may be moved from home to home, and have many caseworkers, foster parents and schools. The CASA volunteer stays with the child until a permanent placement is found. CASA volunteers make a difference in the lives of abused children.

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Written in the 8th century when society was in the process of converting from Paganism to Christianity, the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf is believed to be the "lone survivor of a genre of Old English long epics" (Norton ). Although the author of Beowulf is unknown, "it is now widely believed that Beowulf is the work of a single poet who was a Christian and that his poem reflects well-established Christian tradition" (Norton ). Some scholars also believed that epic was originally written as pagan folklore but "it eventually was expanded to include Christian elements" (Smith par.). In the final battle between Beowulf and the dragon, as well as throughout the entire epic, there are various parallels between pagan beliefs, "drawing on pagan epic tradition for kings, heroes, and monsters while drawing on new Christian beliefs to present these characters as noble, in possession of the natural knowledge of God, willing to battle his enemies on earth, and therefore capable of redemption" (Smith par. ).

"Now I am old but as king of the people I shall pursue this fight for the glory of winning…" (Norton 86). Beowulf is the ideal hero strong, courageous, honorable, and chivalrous. He vows to protect his people for his own glory and status in society. He is also blessed with superhuman strength, another pagan characteristic. Although old in age and wounded from the dragon's fire and fangs, Beowulf is able to destroy the dragon with one final blow. "He tuck it deep in the dragon's flank. Beowulf dealt it a deadly wound" (Norton 0). Beowulf wanting a memorial mound for his people for him to remember him by is another pagan belief of immortality and carrying what is in one's present life on to the afterlife. This is why Beowulf asks Wiglaf to show him the dragon's treasure so that he may lay with it before he dies. "Order my troop to construct a barrow on a headland on the coast, after my pyre has cooled. It will loom on the horizon at Hronesness as a reminder among my people so that in coming times crews under sail will call it Beowulf's Barrow…" (Norton ). Beowulf is given a pagan ceremony with the burning of his body on a pyre. From a Christian perspective however, Beowulf's character is paralleled to Christ. Akin to Christ, Beowulf is a savior to his people. He attempts to battle the dragon alone, just as Christ faces Satan alone in their final confrontation. "This fight is not yours, nor is it up to any man except me…" (Norton 86). He believes in fate that is ordained by God, akin to Jesus accepting his fate of crucifixion. Before heading out to battle the dragon, Beowulf pauses to have his last discussion with his men and the thief who stole the cup from the dragon, identically as the last supper Christ had with his disciples and Judas, the traitor. Throughout the entire epic he constantly recognizes God as his Protector and in the last moment of his life, he confesses and gives thanks to God. "To the everlasting Lord of all, to the King of Glory, I give thanks that I behold this treasure here in front of me, that I have been allowed to leave my people so well endowed on the day I die" (Norton 1). He is aware, as Christ was aware, that he was at the end of his life. Just as Christ sacrificed His life for the sin of man, Beowulf sacrifices his life for the sin committed by the thief who stole the dragon's treasure.

Analogous to Beowulf, the dragon embodies pagan and Christian characteristics as well. Pagan folklore has often depicted evil in the form of a monster with supernatural features and powers. The dragon represents the evil that terrorizes and poses a major threat to society. This dragon personifies death and the evil of man that must be defeated by good. Greed, a major trait of the evil of man, is the cause of the dragon's rage and revenge. "The hoard-guardian scorched the ground as he scoured and hunted for the trespasser who had troubled his sleep" (Norton 81). The dragon is also a symbol of Satan and Satan's power. Like Satan, the dragon inhabits a dark and fiery lair, distant from all that is good. "It is no wonder then that the evil beasts themselves move about in darkness while shrouded in mist and tormented by the flames of their inner anguish. They seem always to carry their hell within them, as Satan himself notes 'Which way I fly is hell; myself am hell' (4.75)" (Smith par. 8).

Good vs. evil was a common theme used in pagan folklore where the hero (Beowulf) battles and kills an evil monster (dragon). Although Beowulf chooses to fight without any weapons in the first two battles against Grendel and Grendel's mother, he uses a sword and shield to conquer the dragon. "In this episode and in his final encounter with evil, Beowulf employs a weapon, and so his final two encounters are bloody. These battles allude more strongly to pagan rather than Christian practices, and I believe this is due to the fact that, ultimately, Beowulf is a fallen mortal and cannot be the true hero that Christ has become" (Smith par. 10). The pagan belief that good always prevails is also apparent in the conclusion of the rd battle when Beowulf defeats the undefeatable dragon regardless of his old age and severe wounding. As written in the Apocalypse, a knight by the name of "The word of God" defeats the dragon, as well as Beowulf, who is also a servant of God, defeats the dragon. The dragon "is made to fall by Beowulf (81b-5) in much the same way that Satan is made to fall by Christ" (Smith par.11). Christ forgave his enemies upon knowing of his mortal life coming to an end and confided in his disciples during the Last Supper that He would resurrect from the dead. Peter was the only disciple who unquestionably believed that Jesus would return. Similarly, Beowulf's men lose faith in their king's abilities to defeat the dragon and run away, except Wiglaf. Wiglaf is also a pagan symbol of the strong kinship ties and loyalty to his king. "Go on, dear Beowulf, do everything you said you would when you were still young and vowed you would never let your name and fame be dimmed while you lived. Your deeds are famous, so stay resolute, my lord, defend your life now with the whole of your strength. I shall stand by you" (Norton 8). Wiglaf also washes Beowulf's wounds after the battle, just as Jesus' wounds were washed after his crucifixion.

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According to the pagan heroic code, it is better to die on the battlefield than to live and lose shamefully. Thus, Beowulf is the ultimate pagan hero. Although Beowulf gives thanks to God and acknowledges Him as his Protector, his slaying of the dragon wins Beowulf heroic merit rather than attaining eternal salvation in the eyes of God. His motives for battling the dragon may have seemed to be Christ-like in the sense that he fought to save his people, however, at the moment of his death, he seeks material gratification through worldly treasure instead of spiritual gratification, and making sure his name is glorified and remembered. Beowulf was written as a classic example of pagan legend with Christian parallels and morals added to make the poem acceptable to a changing society. The ambiguity between Christian values and pagan folklore is results in continuous criticism and analyzation among scholars, students, and critics.

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There are many factors that influence our health behaviours in relation to the four aspects of health. Some are simple whilst others are more complicated.

Individuals in this day and age aren¡¦t undertaking a proper nutritional diet. This is because of several changes. These include

„h A huge increase in available products from supermarkets from 1,000 to a massive 0,000.

„h A huge fast food industry. Individuals are consuming too much fast food. The fast food industry turns over billions of dollars each year.

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„h Introduction of the microwave oven and freezer into the average home.

„h The introduction of highly processed foods with high levels of salt, sugar and fat.

„h Media advertising campaigns promoting the sale of unhealthy or ¡¥junk foods¡¦.

Some other factors are because of individuals busy work schedules. With these they are often unable and strapped for time to prepare nutritious meals.

With Physical activity, the problem is that many people aren¡¦t getting enough of it. The factors that influence these health behaviours are the following. If the child has overweight parents or parent and they don¡¦t take part in any physical activity, then it is more than likely that the children will model these behaviours and they will result in being overweight and physically inactive.

Another reason for a lack of physical activity is electronic entertainment. Electronic entertainment such as television and video games make the individual lazy and they become more dependent on this entertainment for amusement rather than undertaking some form of physical activity. The individual will sometimes prefer the virtual sport games rather than the actual sport or activity.

Restrictions in exercise facilities in an area or community are another factor that influences health behaviours. If there is a lack of facilities such as gyms or parks people are often deterred or are less likely to take part in physical activity. Another common factor influencing health behaviours are peoples work schedules. People with busy work schedules and late finishes often can¡¦t find the time to be physically active.

Peers will also influence health behaviours in individuals. Peer pressure has a big impact on health behaviours. Often it has a negative effect. If a peer group sees physical activity as ¡¥uncool¡¦ then it is more than likely that the individual wont take part in any physical activity.

Culture will play an important role in influencing health behaviours too. Knowledge of local games, language, religious practices and acceptable social behaviour may inhibit participation of people from particular cultural backgrounds. Also some cultures are very fond of their sporting tradition and sporting participation is strongly promoted.

Gender has a major impact on individual health behaviours. Things like the perceptions and understandings as to the involvement of boys and girls start when they are very young. Boys games usually emphasise bodily strength, power, use of large spaces, strong competition and motor activity involving the entire body. Girls on the other hand emphasise rhythm and words, use of small parts of the body, solitary practice and individual rather than group competition. Because of this stereotyping of roles, women have been discouraged from participation.

Media is yet another factor influencing health behaviours in regard to physical activity. Print and electronic media are powerful influences on developing individuals lifelong attitudes. With most of the sport coverage being that of male competition, this promotes the attitude that it is unacceptable for any other group to participate in physical activity. There is very little time for female, disabled, ethnic or elderly sport coverage and it is viewed as not acceptable.

There are a wide variety of factors influencing people¡¦s health behaviours in Australia in relation to drug use.

One factor is whether it is socially accepted or not. People will feel a lot more comfortable if it is socially accepted. (E.g. alcohol) In Australia it is culturally accepted that alcohol be consumed at celebrations etc. A more obvious factor influencing whether people drink alcohol or not is if they are over the legal age or not.

Health behaviours for the use of Tobacco like alcohol is whether it is socially accepted or not. Another factor is the individuals socioeconomic status. If they are disadvantaged then they are more likely to smoke.

There are many factors influencing individuals health decisions to use illicit drugs. Some reasons are positive like fighting infection or minor pain. Others aren¡¦t.

One factor is curiosity. Some people try drugs for curiosity on a one off or short term period to satisfy their curiosity.

Another factor and possibly the most common is peer pressure. Individuals will try drugs because of an extreme amount of pressure put on them by their peers.

Social or recreational use is a pretty common factor influencing individual¡¦s health behaviours. Individuals will take drugs for enjoyment or to establish a particular mood such as taking ecstasy for a dance or rave party.

Situational use is the most common factor in influencing the individuals health decisions to take drugs or not. This is when the individual wants to achieve an anticipated effect in order to address a particular condition or situation such as amphetamines for truck drivers to stay awake.

Medicinal use is another factor. This is for people only needing the drug to address a medical condition.

Dependency is a more tragic factor influencing individuals health decisions. This is when the user becomes so dependent on it from heavy use of a drug for an extended period of time, which they cant help themselves. The user needs the drug to satisfy their cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

We are involved in relationships with many different people, for many different purposes. Some of these are of our choosing and others not. To ensure that these relationships remain healthy and positive, we need to develop a range of effective communication skills that can be used in a wide variety of situations. You also need to be able to express your feelings and emotions clearly. This can be difficult for some people.

Some people fall under the category commonly known as an aggressive communicator. This person is not afraid to express their thought or feelings. However they often do so at the expense of others. Without consideration, they tend to dominate communication and will regularly make decisions that ignore the rights of others. With this the individual had difficulty maintaining a healthy relationship because of their inability to respect others and resolve conflict.

Other people fall under the category of a passive communicator. These individuals have trouble expressing their feelings and emotions. They keep to themselves and allow others to dominate them. Because of this they will rarely have their needs met and as a result will often have low self esteem and strong feeling of frustration, this is not healthy.

There are many barriers to effective communication. These include

„h external distractions

„h an inability to honestly express feelings and emotions

„h difficulty in clearly stating the message

„h poor listening skills and difficulty providing clear feedback to the sender

„h an inability to use language appropriate to the situation

„h aggressive or passive responses

Cultural differences

Please note that this sample paper on Health Behaviours is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Health Behaviours, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Health Behaviours will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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