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The period known as the Muromachi period (16-157) in Japan, led by the Ashikaga Shogunate, was one of great popular unrest. Powerful uprisings and battles were common in this era causing the warrior and fighting to become the focus of life and the determinate of ones survival, class, and position in society. Daimyos created armies and attempted to fight for land to gain more power. Armies grew larger and war technology advanced and the hunger for wealth and power increased.

In order to deal with new war technology the Japanese began to build castles. These castles are known to represent one of the best and noteworthy types of architecture in Japan. They had "moats filled with blue placid water lined by massive stone walls, and towering high above them all, lofty structures marked by white walls" (Orui, pg. ). Castles were home to daimyo's and warriors, acting as the center of power and defense of a particular region of the nation. The wealthier a daimyo was, the bigger his castle was, and thus there was a better chance of defeating the "enemy".

During the end of this period, a man by the name of Oda Nobunaga was a key factor to the unification of Japan. Oda Nobunaga was a fearless and audacious warrior "Ruthlessly taking over his neighbors he controlled the majority of his province" (www.Japan-Guide.com). His surprise attacks and defeats created many allies for him and paved the way to take the capital, Kyoto in 1565. After Oda Nobunaga charged the capital and took control of it, he became the most powerful man in Japan. His mission now became to unify the country during the period of unification known as the Momoyama Period (approx. 1568-1615). Certain Buddhist sects were not very favorable about Nobunaga's idea of unification, especially the Tendai and Ikko sects (Chang, pg ). After 10 years of fighting, in 1580 Oda finally defeated the Ikko sect and achieved the surrender of the fortress monastery of Hongan-ji at Osaka, "the most important political and military center of the Ikko" (Chang, pg ), which is an important concept to keep in mind about the construction of Osaka Castle..

After Oda Nobunaga's death in 158, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, one of Nobunaga's faithful warriors took his role as the most important and powerful man in Japan. He continued Oda Nobunaga's plans of unification and became famous for "his pivotal role in the unification of Japan and his military exploits" (Chang, pg ). He ruled with diplomacy and manipulation. Hideyoshi implemented three major policies to unify the nation the disarmament of the peasantry, a land survey, and the creation of a distinction between the samurai and the lower half of the social class. In order to implement these issues, he called a council and was faced with disagreement, which later led to a battle. The battle of Shizugatakein 158, gained Hideyoshi even more power and legitimacy to rule the nation as a whole.

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Although the Momoyama Period was one of peace and reunification, military was still a very important and crucial part of the political system. The location of Osaka Castle proves the fact that military strategy proved important in Hideyoshi's plan to keep peace as a political strategy. Osaka Castle was built over the old fortress of the Ikko sect. As mentioned before, the monastery Hongan-ji was the military strong-hold of the Ikko sect. The location of the castle symbolizes the fact that Hideyoshi and Oda reigned superior to the Ikko sect and were able to demolish them and build their symbol of power over the fortress (Schmorleitz, pgs. 1-6). In addition, Osaka Bay provided a strategic military position which gave access to naval practices. This secure location of the castle promoted fear amongst the rest of the daimyos, thus deterring them from plans of attack against Hideyoshi's provinces (which was practically all of Japan). With this manner of rule, ironically peace seemed to be established through fear. By establishing peace, using the castles as a means, Hideyoshi was able to become powerful politically, because he was able to gain the people's confidence and loyalty, after decades of war.

Osaka Castle is a good determinate of the social life during the Momoyama period. During this time, under Hideyoshi's rule, a "freeze in class structure" was implemented (Duus, pg. 10). This freeze means that the people of Japan during this era were identified as a part of a particular social class, setting a definite class hierarchy. This was done by Hideyoshi to separate the samurai from the peasants and the nobility from the common. The means by which he did this was the disarmament of the peasantry, regulations on permanent class structure, and the division of the castle grounds, such as those of Osaka. Therefore, it becomes evident that the creation of the castle was a means of class distinction which set the social structure of the Momoyama period.

Osaka Castle was built to house Hideyoshi, high ranking samurai, and other important people. The typical castle town was set up to suggest the social class of the people. During this era, the farther one lived from the castle grounds the lower in class he/she was considered. The positioning of the samurai within the castle also proved that the design of the castle grounds was made to convey positions in the social class hierarchy "Generally the quarters of the lesser samurai were on the outer edges of town… closer to the castle lived the middle class samurai" (Schmorleitz, pg 7) Interestingly, being a clever ruler, Hideyoshi kept both his loyal vassals and his enemies near the castle (Berry, 14). By doing so, he was able to be cautious of his enemies and discourage them from retaliating, by keeping them surrounded by "pro-Hideyoshi" men.

Furthermore, Osaka Castle itself is representative of the economic structure during the Momoyama era. The gaudiness and elaborateness in which the castle was built proved the economic structure of the wealthy versus the poor. The economy was obviously in an upward trend for the wealthy, like Hideyoshi to be able to construct a building that was as grand in structure and detail as Osaka Castle.

Hideyoshi's castle at Osaka not only conveys and forecasts the economic trends of the Momoyama period, but also proves to be a great impact on the actual emergence of these trends. The building of Osaka Castle created what is known as a castle town. The castle became an "economic nucleus" (McClain, Osamu, pg 1), attracting peasants out of the fields and into the towns. In reality, Hideyoshi wanted to make Osaka a successful and important town. Therefore he began a campaign to attract merchants and artisans to the castle town, since they added to the economy. (McClain, Osamu, pg 6-6). He encouraged Buddhist temples to relocate to Osaka and even manipulated tax laws to attract merchants. The merchants, who moved to the castle town, played an important role in the economy. They created an interstate trade system and conveniently supplied samurai and other nobility with goods. This increased trading caused a boom in the economy, because goods were being transported and manufactured faster than before "A steady migration of merchants and artisans made Osaka into an exceptionally large city" (McClain, Osamu, pg. 15). As the quality of life rose due to the advancements in the economy, demand also rose. According to Wendell Cole the "erection of Hideyoshi's castle… [caused] Osaka to overshadow Kyoto as a trade center" (Cole, pg 8) and become a commercial gold mine.

Surprisingly, as can be seen in the following era, Hideyoshi's castle and the castle town reversed his idea of "class freeze." The samurai, being on fixed incomes do not gain from the positive rise in the economy. As the merchants, who are "supposed" to be at the bottom of the hierarchy are gain and prosper from the economy they disrupt the "heavenly" class structure. Thus, the castle has not only an immediate impact but also one that changes the entire future of the bakafu.

Hideyoshi's Osaka Castle is a fitting representative of the political, economical, and socially structure of the Momoyama Period. The architecture of the castle marks the era's flamboyance. The luxuriousness of the castle proves the era's obsession with material objects and the need for rulers to prove their legitimacy through the flaunting of wealth. Osaka's castle town created a massive and prosperous trading center, which is still one of the largest in Japan, accounting for the gain in the economy during that period.

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Essay - Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire

In the plays Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire the return of the past to have an impact on the present is seen in both Willy and Blanche. This theme of the past impacting the present, stands out because someone's past always remains a part of them and nothing can change that. Examples of Willy and Blanche's past affecting their present include having false dreams, troubles involving their love lives, how both act like somebody different from their true selves, and through both of their eventual self destruction to insanity.

The reader can see how Willy and Blanche's past have had an impact on the present through their false dreams. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman always had the false dream that he would become a very prominent salesman. He had gone up and down the northeastern United States for many years trying to make a lot of sales and become a very prestiguous salesman. He grew up thinking that if other people liked him, then he held the key to becoming a successful salesman, and thus his dream had a false sense of security. This thought from his past stuck with him continuously throughout his career as a salesman. It became a factor in the eventual self destruction of his sanity, which the reader can also see in A Streetcar Named Desire, in which Blanche also has this same problem. Blanche lived at the family plantation of Belle Reve in Laurel before she decided to stay with her sister Stella, and other people's acceptance and friendship amounted to her dream and number one concern in her old hometown. Even after she goes to New Orleans, her main concern remained her appearance when meeting Stella's husband, Stanley as she said, "I haven't even washed or even powdered my face and here you are" (1687)! This concern with appearance has a direct correlation with being well-liked. Also, when Blanche left for New Orleans she brought with her only one thing, a trunk filled with items of clothing that makes her appear to have a lot of money.

Another example of the return of the past to have an impact on the present occurs when both Willy and Blanche have love life problems, solely because of their past and their inability to let it go. In Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman had an affair with a woman which in turn greatly affected his relationship with his son, Biff. Biff traveled to Boston to find his father Willy, to tell him news that he failed math and to ask his father to talk to the teacher. Biff had received a football scholarship to attend the University of Virginia the next year, and because he did not pass this class, he would not have enough credits to graduate from high school. Willy heard Biff explain his dilemma, but displayed nervousness the whole time, telling Biff to go down to the lobby where he would meet him in a few minutes where Willy would get Biff "a malted" (1600). While leaving, Willy's mistress, hiding in the bathroom, laughed when Biff told Willy how he made fun of his teacher. Willy tried to explain to Biff when the woman came out that worked as a buyer, but Biff knew the truth of what he saw; the lady did a lot more than buy. The relationship between Willy and Biff remained tense throughout the rest of the play as Biff and Willy never got along and constantly argued. Thus, the past definitely had an impact on the present because it affected the father and son relationship between Willy and Biff. The love life problems from the past that came back to have an impact on the present for Blanche in A Streetcar Named Desire also had a great affect on her relationship with people. Blanche married a young man at a very young age. One night Blanche came home and walked in on her husband and another man in bed. She always sensed something different about him knowing she "failed him in some mysterious way and wasn't able to give the help he needed but couldn't speak of" (171). After this night, she figured out she literally could not give this help that only a man could give. Blanche, her husband, and his lover laughed and "pretended that nothing had been discovered" and decided to go to a casino together. While at the casino, her husband abruptly left and shot himself. Blanche did not know how to react to the situation and never felt the same after this. She then decided to sleep with as many guys as she could as a result of her not feeling pretty enough and rejected after walking in on her husband. She even slept with a student from her high school class, and this news of their sleeping together got out into public. Because of her actions of sleeping with this boy, she consequently lost her job as a high school teacher in Laurel, and had nowhere to go but New Orleans to live with her older sister Stella. Thus, the past came back to have an impact on the present because Blanche ended up getting run out of her hometown in Laurel because of her past failed relationship and the feelings that accompanied it with her husband.

Another instance of the past having an impact on the present observed in both Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire. Both Willy and Blanche did not let go of their troubles and thus had to play the role of someone besides themselves. Willy kept thinking to himself that he would once again become a successful salesman like he used to. He would not face the fact that he no longer had the selling skills he once had. His connections in the business world no longer worked, and no one knew the formerly successful salesman, Willy Loman. In A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche also would not let go of her troubled past. Even after she moved in with her sister Stella, she continued to wear rich clothes and very expensive perfume. She would not let go of her desire to appear as though she had a lot of money, and move on to try to figure out her true identity.

The eventual self destruction of both Willy and Blanche proves yet another example of the past coming back to have an impact on the present in both A Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire. Willy let all the bad things that happened to him as a salesman and in his personal life affect him so much, for so long that he eventually lost his sanity. Willy started seeing imaginary people and hearing things as the play progressed, and let these weird occurrences affect him physically; an example being when Willy decided to plant a garden of vegetables in the middle of the night. While he planted this garden, his dead brother Ben apparently appeared to Willy and started a conversation about Willy's plan to kill himself. Willy planned to kill himself so Biff could receive the insurance money from his death. Uncle Ben told Willy, "you don't want to make a fool of yourself" or "they might not honor the policy," but Ben could not sway Willy's opinion. This conversation led to Willy's self-destruction and insanity resulting in him committing suicide. In A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche also slowly self destructed. Blanche had trouble as a young woman coping with the revelation of her husband being a homosexual and his unexpected suicide. This ate away at the emotions of Blanche and led her to sleeping around with many men to gain self assurance of her beauty. This sleeping around, led to the loss of her job from the high school, and led her to New Orleans where she got closer and closer to the brink of insanity. While living with her sister Stella, Blanche slowly became worse and eventually tipped over the edge when her new boyfriend Mitch told her that he did not want to remain in a relationship with her, or ever marry her after hearing news about her sexual behavior in the past. Stella and her husband Stanley see that Blanche has a lot of problems and they decide to call a doctor to get Blanche psychiatric help. Thus, Blanche's past had a direct effect on her present life.

In Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire, examples of the return of the past to have an impact on the present are seen through examples of both Willy and Blanche having false dreams, trouble with their families and image involving their love lives, how both pretend to play roles of someone besides themselves, and through both of their eventual self destruction to insanity. The authors of both of these plays probably did not intend to bring up so many similarities with these two characters, but the connection between is unmistakably present.

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Parable of the Prodigal Son.

KJV Luke 1511-

(11) And he said, A certain man had two sons

(1) And the younger of them said to his father, Father, give me the portion of goods that falleth to me. And he divided unto them his living.

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(1) And not many days after the younger son gathered all together, and took his journey into a far country, and there wasted his substance with riotous living.

(14) And when he had spent all, there arose a mighty famine in that land; and he began to be in want.

(15) And he went and joined himself to a citizen of that country; and he sent him into his fields to feed swine.

(16) And he would fain have filled his belly with the husks that the swine did eat and no man gave unto him.

(17) And when he came to himself, he said, How many hired servants of my fathers have bread enough and to spare, and I perish with hunger!

(18) I will arise and go to my father, and will say unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and before thee,

(1) And am no more worthy to be called thy son make me as one of thy hired servants.

(0) And he arose, and came to his father. But when he was yet a great way off, his father saw him, and had compassion, and ran, and fell on his neck, and kissed him.

(1) And the son said unto him, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and in thy sight, and am no more worthy to be called thy son.

() But the father said to his servants, Bring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, and shoes on his feet

() And bring hither the fatted calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry

(4) For this my son was dead, and is alive again; he was lost, and is found. And they began to be merry.

(5) Now his elder son was in the field and as he came and drew nigh to the house, he heard musick and dancing.

(6) And he called one of the servants, and asked what these things meant.

(7) And he said unto him, Thy brother is come; and thy father hath killed the fatted calf, because he hath received him safe and sound.

(8) And he was angry, and would not go in therefore came his father out, and intreated him.

() And he answering said to his father, Lo, these many years do I serve thee, neither transgressed I at any time thy commandment and yet thou never gavest me a kid, that I might make merry with my friends

(0) But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf.

(1) And he said unto him, Son, thou art ever with me, and all that I have is thine.

() It was meet that we should make merry, and be glad for this thy brother was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found.

This is one of the most easily understood parables . Prodigal meaning rashly or wastefully extravagant. Given or giving in abundance. One who is given to wasteful luxury or extravagance.

The son knew the confort and security he would have if he would abide with his father, but the thought of his own money and freedom was alluring. He asked for what he thought he deserved and the father let him have it. Instead of the glamorous life he thought he would have after the initial fun he ended up having to work with pigs just to barely survive. To a Jew, this was the ultimate disgrace, the pigs are considered the uncleanest animals. But then what happens when he returns to his father, humbled, no longer feeling that he had the right to be given anything and intending to work for him. He is not driven away because of his previous actions or behavior. The father knew and was so overjoyed at his return... he didn t even wait for his son to get all the way back, he ran out and met him with joy. He gave him the best of what he had. The best clothes,

the best food, and celebrated his return. Our Father is always there for us. He will not deny us if we come to Him. And He will not shame us for our past actions either.

This parable comes form the Gospel accoding to Luke. It has been portrayed by numerous artists and painters such as the Spanish painter BartolomEsteban Murillo

Rembrandt painted "The return of the prodigal son" shortly before his death in 166. The subject This paintg represents the epitome of Rembrandt s psychological mastery by elevating the tragedy to a symbol of universal significance. Psychology can help us understand the mercy of the father, the motivations of the son and the suspicion, pride and self-righteousness of the elder brother which can be taken as a reflection of Rembrandt s own life characterized by excesses and marred by sorrow. Spiritual truths and psychological meanings can be complemntary. This painting represents the integration of psychology with Christian faith.

Hieronymus Bosch painted the same scene of the parable represented by Murillo which depicts the shame of the son that is to say the shame that leads to repentenance. Rembrandt by contrast is more interested in showing the mercy and unconditional love of the father.

Rudyard Kipling wrote the following poem that shows the thoughts and feelings of the prodigal son starting with shame through repentenance and finally gratitude to his parents.

In the last line he regrets his elder brother's attitude, calling him a hound.

Here come I to my own again,

Fed, forgiven and known again,

Claimed by bone of my bone again

And cheered by flesh of my flesh.

The fatted calf is dressed for me,

But the husks have greater zest for me,

I think my pigs will be best for me,

So I m off to the Yards afresh.

I never was very refined, you see,

(And it weighs on my brother's mind, you see)

But there's no reproach among the swine, d'you see,

For being a bit of a swine.

So I'm off with wallet and staff to eat

The bread that is three parts chaff to wheat,

But glory be! there's a laugh to it,

Which isn t the case when we dine.

My father glooms and advises me,

My brother sulks and despises me,

And Mother chastises me

Till I want to go out and swear.

And, in spite of the butler s gravity,

I know that the servant have it I

Am a monster of moral depravity,

And I m damned if I think it s fair!

I wasted my substance, I know I did,

On riotous living, so I did,

But there s nothing on record to show I did

Worse than my betters have done.

They talk of the money I spent out there

They hint at the pace that I went out there

But they all forget I was sent out there

Alone as a rich man s son.

So I was a mark for plunder at once,

And I lost my cash (can you wonder?) at once,

But I didn t give up andKnock under at once,

I worked in the yards, for a spell,

Where I spent my nights and my days with hogs.

And shred their milk and maize with hogs,

Till, I guess, I have learned what pays with hogs

And I have that knowledge to sell!

So I go to my job again,

Not so easy to rob again,

Or quite so ready to sob again

On any neck that s around.

I'm leaving Pater. Good-bye to you!

God bless you Mater! I'll write to you!

I wouldn t be impolite to you,

But, Brother, you are a hound!

Glosary.

+ arose

+ calf

+ falleth

+ alluring

+ humbled

+ epitome

+ suspicion

+ elder

+ depicts

+ hound

+ flesh

+ husks

+ zest

+ swine

+ glooms

+ sulks

+ hint

+ maize

questions.

+ what does prodigal means?

- means rashly or wastefully extravagant.

+ acording to which gospel does the parable comes

- luke.

+ what was the subject of rembrandt s prodigal father?

- The subject of This paintg is to represent the epitome of Rembrandt s psychological mastery by elevating the tragedy to a symbol of universal significance.

+ when did rembrandt painted "The return of the prodigal son"?

- Rembrandt painted "The return of the prodigal son" shortly before his death in 166.

+ how can you describe rembrandts life

- characterized by excesses and marred by sorrow.

+ what does rembrandt shows on his painting?

- the mercy and unconditional love of the father.

+ what does Hieronymus Bosch painted?

- he painted the same scene of the parable represented by Murillo which depicts the shame of the son that is to say the shame that leads to repentenance.

+ what does Rudyard Kipling shows on his poem?

- the thoughts and feelings of the prodigal son starting with shame through repentenance and finally gratitude to his parents.

+ In the last line he regrets his elder brother's attitude, in what way he shows this?

- by calling him a hound.

+ what is the real meaning of the parable?

- that when somebody goes away from the father, and he regrets his actions, and goes back to him, he is allways going to foregive him.

Please note that this sample paper on prodigal son is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on prodigal son, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on prodigal son will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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SUFIAN MUNIR

Address 54 Pizarro Ave., Novato, CA 44

Tel +1 (510) 58-50 Email EUSSNMR@am1.ericsson.se

Objective

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Seeking career in the telecommunications industry where the work environment challenges him to become adept in combining business driven objectives with technology and fully exploits his technical skills and leadership abilities.

Area of Expertise

Over 6 years Hands on experience in CDMA000, CDMAone, GSM & TDMA wireless networks as well as ISDN & POTS wireline systems

Managerial abilities and leadership character acquired by managing high profile projects involving new product introduction, customer support and network rollout; with the responsibility to lead and supervise up to 0 engineers.

Working knowledge of processes and practices involved in the R&D, professional services, implementation, customer support and sales organizations of multinational telecommunications companies.

Detailed knowledge of various protocols used in CDMA networks including IS-000, IS-5, IOS4.0, IS-41C, C7 & SS7.

Troubleshooting of software (PLEX, ASA10C), hardware & configuration problems in Ericssons AXE (circuit switch) platform and configuration and hardware problems in CELLO (ATM switch) platform. O&M and testing experience on Ericssons various product lines including

CDMA000/CDMAone MSC, BSC, RBS, RNM, HLR & PDSN (AXC)

GSM MSC, BSC, RBS

TDMA MSC & RBS

Circuit/Packet core networks Local, Translocal & Gateway switches, ISDN, AXD01 (ATM) & AXI (IP router)

Worked and got trained in countries including USA, Pakistan, China, Brazil, Sweden, Denmark, Malaysia and Greece. Speaks 4 languages including English, Urdu (Pakistan), Hindi (India) and Portuguese.

Professional Experience

ERICSSON WIRELESS INC. USA (FIELD TECHNICAL MANAGER) July 00 - Present

FOA (First Office Application) Manager - CDMA000 FOA - China Unicom, China

Represented CDMA000-CRAN Product development Unit in China where Ericsson launched its 1st commercial CDMA000-1X network. Acted as a liaison between Chinese Market Unit and the Product Units of BSC, RBS, RNM and MSC. Managed the resources, budget and all technical aspects of the FOA activities during which the performance and reliability of this new technology and product line was successfully demonstrated to China Unicom. Ericsson succeeded in getting a $150 Million contract to deploy its CDMA000 networks in 7 provinces of China for China Unicom.

Field Technical Manager - CDMA000-1X Field Trial - Cricket Communications, Spokane, USA

Managed all technical aspects of the 1st field trial of Ericssons CDMA000 solution conducted for Cricket communication. A CDMA000 network was overlaid on Crickets commercial CDMAone network and all the key features were tested and performance was measured to the customers satisfaction. Responsibilities included supervising the on site engineers, managing customer expectations and ownership of all technical issues reported during the field trial.

ERICSSON INC. USA (FIELD ENGINEER IV) May 001 - July 00

Feature Test Lead - BSC110 Node Integration & Verification - San Diego, CA.

Owner of incremental testing during development of inter BSC and Intra BSC hard handoff functionality in BSC110 (CDMA000 1X BSC).

Test Engineer - C-RAN (CDMA000-1X) System Integration & Verification - San Diego, USA - Jan. 0 to Apr. 0

Worked on system integration activities during incremental development of Radio Access Network (CDMA000 product line). Developed and executed test cases for Registration, system synchronization and voice quality testing. Conceived and implemented the objective approach to test voice quality in CRAN system.

Lead Network Integration Engineer - CDMAone network rollout - Cricket Communications - USA

Coordinated all technical issues during the planning, design and rollout phases of CDMAone network deployments for Cricket communications in 5 markets. Supervised a staff of over 0 on site engineers consisting of teams responsible for commissioning & integration of MSC, HLR, BSC & RBS and RF optimization team. Led onsite-troubleshooting efforts for all the nodes. POC for the customer on technical matters and reported the progress on projects to Ericssons Business Unit and Market Unit.

ERICSSON INC. USA (FIELD ENGINEER III) JUNE 000 -May 001

Lead the efforts to commission & Integrate the core network for Ericssons first (FOA) end-to-end CDMA solution in USA. Also Involved in the Network rollout of GSM and TDMA systems for Cingular and AT&T.

MODIS INTERNATIONAL UK. (CONSULTANT) ERICSSON BRAZIL JAN 000 - JUNE 000

Technical consultant for the execution and support of wireline network upgrades & expansion projects in various cities of Brazil. Also implemented ISDN services in Telefonica & MCI wireline Networks. Trained Ericsson Brazils support and field engineers on AXE platform. Prepared generic MOPs and guides for rollout of wireline networks.

ERICSSON UAB SWEDEN (LEAD TEST ENGINEER) NODE PRODUCTION CENTER FEB 1 - MAY 1

Executed factory testing on AXE platforms and sent the nodes to various projects around the world, all within scheduled deadlines. Mentored junior staff on the hardware testing processes and supported them in troubleshooting efforts

ERICSSON PAKISTAN (SUPPORT ENGINEER) MAY 18 - JAN 000

Technical Coordinator - Transgate III International Gateway Project / TDMA V4.0 Project

Coordinated a project to install a new YK compliant international gateway exchange (AXE based Transgate III system). Worked on protocol compliance and vendor compatibility issues with gateway exchanges in various countries. Implemented many market specific features involving Operators Subsystem and non-compliant signaling protocols. Met the YK deadline with very limited resources. Also involved in the AMPS to TDMA migration of a cellular operators (INSTAPHONE) network in Pakistan that involved the replacement of 4 MSCs, upgrade of 50 RBSs and RF re-optimization.

Customer Support Officer (PTCL) - Ericsson Local Support

Responsible to provide in service support to the largest PSTN operator (PTCL) in Pakistan operating AXE10 switches. Lead a team of engineers to provide online & on site technical support to the customer having direct interface responsibility with the management of PTCL. In Service Performance of PTCL switches were improved by 7%, CSR (Customer Service Request) resolution time was reduced by more than 50% and customer satisfaction balanced score card was improved significantly during this year.

SIEMENS PAKISTAN (TRAINEE SALES ENGINEER) JULY 17 - MAY 18

Involved in sale and implementation of Radio Relay Link project for Pakistan Air Force (PAF). The project involved building multiple microwave radio links between PAF switches to carry PCM traffic between the switches and used Siemens CTR10 and PCM0H product lines.

Provided technical support to submit the proposal for deployment of new Air Traffic Controller system to Civil Aviation Authority. Siemens was awarded the contract for this UHF based ATC system despite comparatively higher price quote due to its efficient and quality technical proposal.

Prepared bids for tenders related to Defence electronics and Microwave links.

Qualifications

EDUCATION

1 - 17 Ghulam Ishaq Khan (G.I.K.) Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology

Bachelors in Electronics Engineering (Major Telecommunications)

000 - date UC Berkeley (extension) - 5 out of 7 courses completed

Wireless Communications & Mobile Networking Certification

PROFESSIONAL COURSES

ETEC (Ericsson Richardson, USA)

Business Processes Overview ( days), AXE Software ( weeks),

GSM Data Translations ( weeks), GSM RBS 000 Maintenance (1 week),

CELLO Overview ( days), GPRS System Survey ( days),

GSM System Survey ( days), IS-16 (TDMA) RBS884 O&M ( weeks),

AXD01Signaling & Routing (1 week), AXD01 Configuration ( days),

AXD01 Maintenance ( days), AXI Routers Configuration & Routing (1 week),

EWU (Ericsson San Diego, USA)

CDMA 000 ( days), TIA/EIA 5 A/B (1 week),

CDMA end-end ( days), CDMA000 PCN ( days),

ECP (Ericsson Pakistan)

Telecom Fundamentals (1 week), AXE10 Survey (1 week),

C++ (4 weeks), C7 / SS7 signaling (1 week),

EAM (Ericsson Malaysia)

AXE10 Testing 1 (6 weeks)

InfoCom (Ericsson Greece)

Transgate III for Intl. Gateways ( weeks)

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The Garden of Forking Paths

In The Garden of Forking Paths Jorge Luis Borges accounts the desperate act of a German spy near the close of World War I. The protagonist, Dr. Yu Tsun, is a noted expert in labyrinths, and at the end of Borges short story, he discovers the secret of his great grandfathers work The Garden of Forking Paths. In this sprawling web of symbols, which exists as both a book and a labyrinth, a maze of possible pasts, presents, amd futures coexist in an infinitely chaotic and complex manuscript. Borges constructs an elaborate discussion of time using the philosophy of labyrinths and gardens to demonstrate the essentially ficticious, yet inescapable nature of time. In The Garden of Forking Paths, time is not uniform and Yu Tsun experiences time as depicted in Tsui Pens novel, in which the world is neither uniform nor absolute, but a web that allows for an infinite amount of paths to be taken. Yu Tsun himself is navigating through this labyrinth, choosing his possible futures. Tsui Pens novel reflects that Yu Tsuns life is merely the result of the paths he has taken.

In an attempt to discern the complex relationship between Yu Tsun and Tsui Pen, it is neccessry to discuss the details of Tsui Pens novel The Garden of Forking Paths. Tsui Pen retired from rulership to write a book and construct a labyrinth. Upon his death, all his relatives found were the haphazard pages to an almost incomprehensible manuscript. They found no real book, and certainly no physical labyrinth. Much to the shame of Tsui Pens family, the pages were saved and eventually published. Virtually ignored in China, the work was finally revised, corrected, and restored to its intended form by the English Sinologist Stephen Albert. To him goes the credit for the discovery of the books strange form the book is the labyrinth. As Albert notes,A symbolic labyrinth...An invisible labyrinth of time... At one time time Tsui Pen must have said, I a going into seclusion to write a book, and at another, I am retiring to construct a maze. Everyone assumed these were separate activities. No one realized that he book and the labyrinth were one in the same (Borges, p. 8). It is a non-linear work in which anything that can happens does; each possible outcome is pursued, multiplying into a seemingly infinite chaos. In all fiction, when a man is faced with alternatives, he chooses one at the expense of the others. In th e almost unfathomable Tsui Pen he chooses- simultaneously- all of them. He thus creates various futures, various times which start others that will in their turn branch out and bifurcate in other times (Borges, p.6). In this way the book represents Tsui Pens view of time an endless series of possibilities that spread their web through all eternity.

How then does Tsui Pens novel relate to Yu Tsuns journey accounted for in the narrative? Characteristic of what may be deemed metafiction, The Garden of Forking Paths function at several levels. In other words, there are stories within stories. Borges use the idea of labyrinths, both literally and symbolically to illustrate the interconectedness that is the universe. The labyrinth of the narrative itself, that of Tsui Pen and the labyrinth of time and reality are all intimately connected. At the firts level, there is the unamed narrator who instructs the reader to connect to YuTsuns statement with a passage form a history text. The folowing deposition, dictated by, read over and then signed by Dr.Yu Tsun, former teacher of English at the Tsingtao Hochshule, casts unsuspected light on this event (Borges, p. 8). By naming the novel at the innermost narrative level The Garden of Forking Paths, Borges calls attention to the fact that there is yet another narrative level above the unamed narrator. That is the story itself The Garden of Forking Paths contains the first narrator and all the narrative levels below it. This structure allows for the text to become a sort of labyrinth through which the reader navigates.

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On a more intimate level, Borges depicts Yu Tsuns journey as a labyrinth reminisscent of Tsui Pens attempt to define the universe in its entirety. During his journey to Stephen Alberts house, Yu Tsun begins to ponder over his great grandfathers lost labyrinth. Under the trees of England I meditated on this lost and perhaps mythical labyrinth (Borges, pp.-4). In a moment of introspection, Yu Tsun entertains the notion of an infinite labyrinth.I thought of a maze of mazes, of a sinous, ever growing maze which would take in both past and future and would somehow involve the stars (Borges, p. 4). As Tsun reflects on the concept of unending paths, he finds himself deeply immersed in the labyrinth of thought he has created, while simultaneously making his way through the labyrinth that is the countryside. The road kept descending and branching off through meadows misty in the twilight (Borges, p. 4). Through his musings, Tsun inadvertently chooses a path that links him to the past, and he himself becomes a part of the web of time concieved by his ancestor. The absolutness of the present becomes irrelevent as Tsun observes Lost in these imaginat=ry illusions I forgot my destiny... I felt myself cut off form the world, an absract spectator (Borges, p. 4). According to the logic put forth in The Garden of Forking Paths , this sense of splitting reality is the nature of time itself. Thus Yu Tsuns journey is composed of countless points of bifurcation, each one spawning the intricate labyrinth in which Tsuns existence dwells.

The ultimate connection between the created labyrinths is not fully realized unitl Yu Tsun encounters Dr. Albert for the first time. Through a series of seemingly coincidental happenings, Tsun find himself at the mercy of a universe in which change does not occur. Possibilities are not realized because of a self-imposed necestity. The fact that Tsun has to murder the one man who has revered and undertsood his ancestor more than any other person on earth, suggests that Alberts existence is intimately connected to Yu Tsuns past, present and future. Tsun becomes ncreasingly aware of the significance of Alberts existence in relation to his own destiny. With proper vneration I listened to these old tales, although perhaps kess asmiration for them in themselves than for the fact that they had been thought out by one of my blood, and that a distant man of a distant empire had given them back to me (Borges, pp.8-). The fact that Tsui Pen was also killed by a foriegner suggests that Dr. Albert and Tsui Pen are somewhat analogous entities coexisting in time parallel to the other. The seemingly predetermined path of Yu Tsun is the link between the two. This is a glaring example of Tsui Pens philosophy of bifurcating time. Albert tells his future mureder that they are living ina world of similaritl bifurcating times, full of many alternate realities

This web of time- the strands which approach one another, bifurcate, intersect or ignore each other through the centuries-embraces every possibility.. we do not exist in most of them. In some you exist and not I, while in others I do anf you do not, and yet in others both of us exist.( Borges, p.100). The pivotal moment is that in which Albert states Time is forever dividing itself toward innumervle futures and in one of them i am your enemy (Borges, p.100). As Yu Tsun gets closer to committitng the nmurder, he is aware of a puulation, a splitting of reality. It seemed to methat the dew-damp garden syrrounding the house was infintely saturated with invisible people. All were Albert and myself, secretive, busy and multiform in other dimensions of time.( Borges, pp.100-101). Like the characters in Tsui Pens story Yu Tsun is chossing multiple alternatives, creating various futures sinultaneouly.

The notion of multiple worlds seems at first to absolve tsun of moral responsibility and make the act of murde much easier. Tsun justifies his action by simply stating, The future is now. He murders The unsuspecting Albert whie his back is turned, choosing his mooment in order to be as merciful as possible. Yet the story ends with Yu Tsun full of infinite penitience and sickness of heart. The fact that Yu Tsus experience of life is only a slender thread in the infinite web of his possible lives, does not change the fact that he is frimly embedded in his single lived reality.

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An Ounce of Cure is Worth a Lot of Trouble

Was growing up ever difficult or confusing? Everyone has a different story about finding oneself. Sometimes it might take a drastic event to bring forth the real personality in an individual. In fact, everyone has probably heard the old saying "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." This story's title foreshadows events to come by implying that something emotionally tragic happens. Everyone knows how difficult it is to break away from the mob of his peers. After all, nobody wants to be thought different or be neglected. Every person copes with this time in his life in a different way. Alice Munro writes a comical story about one girl's journey in "An Ounce of Cure." This short story is about developing individuality and discovering oneself.

At the beginning, the narrator appears a typical teenage girl. Low self-esteem might seem prevalent through the comments she makes when she catches a boy checking her out. She cannot understand why he is attracted to her "home permanent [that] had turned out badly" (45). She states that she is "not looking like anybody but me" (45). This first impression might point to the low self-esteem that most teenage girls possess. However, perhaps there is another alternative. Is she instead quite assured of herself and does not proceed to swoon over some random senior boy who is checking her out? The narrator has a strong personality and does not need a boy as a crutch. This one occurrence shows the intense self-sufficient qualities in the character. However, in a moment of longing to be loved and accepted, she lets herself fall.

The narrator makes the mistake of becoming engulfed in her relationship with the young man, Martin Collingwood. They date for only two months, but after the break-up she can think of nothing else (45). Now she is showing signs of a normal, superficial teenager. She feels the need to be accepted and is very emotionally attached. This is a deviation from her normally calm, collected, and objective observances. For a moment, she becomes weak and allows herself to become infatuated with someone she does not need for her happiness. When the narrator decides to like Martin, she puts her heart on the line. She is not familiar with being complimented or feeling special. During her time with Martin she opens herself up, and when she does, he leaves her (45). He is not trying to be cruel, this is just how relationships are during teenage years; they are fickle and never last. However, the narrator does not understand this. She struggles with returning back to the person she was before Martin Collingwood came into her life. Her "plucky and independent" (486) personality is hiding within her somewhere. She has just not had the chance to let her true self show through.

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Her inattentive mother does not help her position in the least. The narrator is looking for guidance in this situation, and she can only get a detached response, which is far from the sympathy and guidance she was looking for and needs. The young girl is faced with a time of emotional loneliness when she takes matters into her own hands. She begins her attempt at redefining herself by defying old values that had been imposed upon her. When she decides to get drunk, she is probably subconsciously rebelling against her parents', particularly her mother's strict rules against alcohol.

The narrator is not sure of how to handle her emotions. She tries various different tactics as emotional outlets. She ends up following her crush, and hanging out in places where he might find her (45). She even goes as far as to take a whole bottle of aspirin. However, while taking the bottle of aspirin her true character shines through and she abandons the idea (45). She tortures herself endlessly by remembering exactly how he used to kiss her (45). These actions are those of an emotional teenager. The narrator obviously has passion; it is just that she has placed it upon someone that does not deserve it. She needs to come to the realization the she does not need Martin Collingwood to be special.

In a single incident the narrator's problems are solved and begin. As she is babysitting she decides to drink her employers' alcohol (45). This is not the best judgment on her part because she ends up getting caught, the whole town finds out, and she becomes an outcast for many years. However, this shows strength on her part. She was pushed outside of the social ring for many years and she turned out to be a normal, healthy person. She did not allow it to ruin or break her. At this point, the reader can begin to see her break away from her old values and priorities.

The narrator survives her ordeal by looking back on all that she went through very objectively. Munro states "One thing in ["An Ounce of Cure"] I think is interesting, now that I look back on it when the girl's circumstances become hopelessly messy, when nothing is going to go right for her, she gets out of it by looking at the way things happened-by changing from a participant to an observer" (48). In this time of chaos the narrator takes a step back, and looks at her situation. Every person can relate to this thought process. It is common knowledge that when not involved in a situation a person tends to look at it more objectively. This process of viewing her situation as an outsider keeps her from involving her feelings and emotions. At this one point in the story, the narrator is allowed to solve her problems by creating a catastrophe for herself, then taking a step back and looking at her life objectively as an outsider.

After the narrator's drinking disaster, the reader is allowed to see her true character present itself. The narrator is very conscious of her feelings and attitudes and she exhibits confidence and independence. She talks of how her mother had forbid her to go out with boys until she was sixteen, but "this did not prove to be a concrete hardship at all, because it was at least that long before anybody asked [her]" (458). Even in her time of exile, she still finds humor in the situation when she describes herself as being "marked for a special kind of ill luck, like the girl who illegitimate baby turns out to be triplets" (458). She looks at it from a practical perspective by biding her time and waiting for everything to pass, while most people would have gone insane with loneliness. She shows her strong independence as she waits for time to heal everything. She proves her incredible maturity as she recounts the events that occurred and finds a positive aspect in the calamity. She did finally get over Martin Collingwood (458). She remembers how her viewing her disaster in a different light finally "brought her back into the world again" (458). She realizes that she has just viewed "the shameless, marvelous, shattering absurdity with which the plots of life…are improvised" (40). She now knows that some incidents in life are just coincidence, but can still shape the type of person she becomes. She sees the whole incident with a type of ironic humor, is determined not to let it destroy her. Benjamin Demott was accurate when he wrote that "each of Munro's heroines is perfectly capable of recognizing and regretting a mistake or indiscretion….But Mrs. Munro's women are also capable of relishing an indiscretion" (486).

Is the narrator a troubled teenage girl or a passionate, mischievous young woman? In the story an "Ounce of Cure" the reader is allowed into the trauma of one teenage girl's life. Full of freak occurrences, plenty of humor, "disorder, chance happenings and meetings, and…bizarre characters" (40) the story follows a young girl as she grows and matures. This is a story about growing up and making errors along the way, but not regretting them. Munro teaches how to learn from mistakes, and all the while she makes it comical and entertaining. What makes Munro's story so touching is that it is easily applied to most people's lives. I'm sure every woman can relate to their first crush, their first breakup, and how they coped with it. This personal aspect of the story allows readers to reminisce with the writer. At the end of "An Ounce of Cure" the now grown and married narrator sees Martin Collingwood at a funeral and, catches him giving her a reminiscent smile (458). "[She] gives a gentle uncomprehending look in return. [She] is a grown woman now; let him unbury his own catastrophes" (458). She has finally found her place in society and is content.

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Subject Risk Analysis and Management

Code BEO410

Assignment Session , 00

Student David Johnston

ID 665

Due Date 500pm Friday Oct. 1

Tute Thurs 00pm

Tutor Syd Lambrick

Article 1

'Managing Risk in the Funds Management Sector' is as the title would suggest, an article providing a comprehensive analysis of risk management in the active funds management industry. Morony has broken up his article into two main sections; Fiduciary risk or client risk, and firm risk. Throughout Morony's analysis, practical examples and solutions employed by Bankers Trust Fund Management (BTFM) to mange and control these risks are provided. Morony writes about identifying ways to combat risk in the funds management sector. His article is well written for its applicability to the funds management sector.

Morony, throughout his analysis, looks at ways of managing risk for fund managers in a very practical way. He starts by cementing that if risk is ignored or not controlled properly then it will damage both the business and its clients, 'if a fund manager cannot control risk then there is no way to survive in the long run'.

Morony identifies the importance of setting benchmarks for managers to match and teaching clients about these benchmarks. Negative portfolio returns in a weak market but with above-benchmark performances can yield dissatisfaction among its clients whereas positive portfolio returns in a strong market but with below-benchmark performances can result in client satisfaction. Morony identifies this dilemma among fund managers and intelligently suggests 'to resolve the tension between absolute returns and relative returns, fund mangers must provide considerable client education and explanation'. To ensure client satisfaction a key to any successful business BTFM ensure that all its clients agree to the terms of the mandate before it is signed and the fund accepted.

Market risk refers to 'the to the possibility of loss on a portfolio as a result of adverse movements in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and other market prices'. Despite all the advancements in risk management procedures, there is no one ideal to forecast portfolio performance. Morony questions the extensive use of historical data and that portfolio returns are distributed normally, moreover suggesting they exhibit leptokurtosis or 'fat tails'. The existence of these fat tails is due to extreme movements among markets being more common than normal distribution suggests. He gives us an example by sighting correlation differences during market crises 'for example, during the 18 Russian bond crises the correlation between equities and bonds moved from 0.1 to -0.56'. Correlation is used in formulating overall portfolio risk, so you could imaging the miscalculations as a result of using historical data during these volatile times. To combat this problem, BTFM 'combines the historic reaction of different markets in particularly volatile periods… to test unusual correlation patterns against current portfolio positioning'.

The concept of risk budgets is a new concept in managing risk. A risk budget is a 'mixture of simple portfolio construction limits' set out to ensure risk isn't being underestimated or overlooked. If a risk budget limit is broken then managers must explain why the portfolio should continue. Morony emphasises managers should take risks but believes in ensuring the risks are 'intentional and reflect the strength of the views of the portfolio manager'.

Firm risk is extremely important for a stable company. It is the risk to the firms revenue and reputation. Morony identifies firm risk as being either governance risk or operating risk.

To ensure the controlling of governance risk, BTFM require all staff to be trained in key business policies and procedures and sign a code of ethics. Stringent controls on employee trading are also implemented by BTFM along with security on insider trading and daily checks on portfolio restrictions. All this is to protect the firms reputation which can, if unmonitored, result in 'negative publicity and/or a decline in market confidence, and consequent business loss'.

Morony cleverly suggest that operating risk can be managed by 'identifying key individuals in the firm' and certifying their knowledge is passed on to others in the company in-case of their departure. Disaster recovery plans are also a must. Back-up computer systems and safe storage of computer data regularly downloaded. With real time information a must in such businesses, Morony concludes 'it is imperative that resources are committed to the establishment and maintenance of such a (back-up) site'.

Article

Miccolis's article 'Enterprise Risk Management in the Financial Services Industry From Concept to Management Process' is a five step process focusing on 'developing best strategies' the first stage of enterprise risk management (ERM). The financial service industry widely believes in the use of ERM in addressing major business challenges, however only a small number of companies have fully implemented ERM, especially in the insurance sector. Miccolis's article shows financial service companies, in particular insurers, a process that will help them both shape risk exploit risk for their enterprises.

Miccolis believes a firms first step to developing best strategies is to 'assess all risks in the current environment'. From here the risks are then classified into 'manageable' or 'strategic' risk factors. Strategic risk factors, unlike manageable risk factors, are addressed with a change in strategic direction.

Miccolis's article states that secondly, a company needs to 'develop a financial model that will be used in later steps to evaluate.. (these) strategies'. One problem Miccolis identifies is that some decisions may grow earnings but at the expense however, of capital return. Therefore strategies must be co-ordinated to minimise these trade-offs. In order to accomplish this, a firm must evaluate strategies in contrast to the identified risk environment. To accomplish this, a 'stochastic financial model is constructed'. This model is constructed by allocating each item on the financial statement to its operational and financial component. By doing this, all strategic risks modelled in the first stage, and their correlation are reflected in this stochastic model.

Miccolis goes on by separating the needs of both the policyholders (step ) and the owners/shareholders (step 4). Policyholders needs are focused on the 'determination of economic capital' where as the owners needs are focused on financial gains, stability, and growth. Miccolis believes these areas need different risk evaluations to maximise a firm's desired output. He also advises how insurance companies can calculate these risks to best effect.

The stochastic modelled in step could give thousands of possible combinations of strategies to evaluate, therefore, Miccolis suggests the use of 'mathematical optimisation technology'. This would speed up the process of strategy evaluation. In any case, 'the final evaluation and selection of the best combinations of strategies is accomplished through discussion by management… armed with the insight into the risks and values of each strategy'.

Refining the strategies is the last step for a business to implement the first stage of ERM. Mercolli says this is done by decomposing the prior analysis into root causes, which 'is done by turning uncertainty associated with a variable in the financial model 'on' or 'off''. By constantly applying this process and isolating the impact of each strategy, the firm can both refine its strategies and select the best ones.

Miccolis's analysis of ERM is well written for the use of financial service companies. After reviewing the article and putting it into practise, insurance managers can be confident of developing the best set of strategies to managing risk at the enterprise level and therefore increasing the enterprises value

Bibliography

Article 1

Morony, A. (18) Managing Risk in the Funds Management Sector. Web http//www.apra.gov.au/RePEc/RePEcDocs/Archive/conference_papers1/risk_funds_management_sector.pdf

Article

Miccolis, J. (Nov. 000) Enterprise Risk Management in the Financial Services Industry From Concept to Management Process. Web http//www.irmi.com/expert/articles/miccolis00.asp

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