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THE HMONG PEOPLE

The Hmong people are an ancient tribal group whose origins are South China and Southeast Asia. The Hmong moved into Vietnam, Burma, Thailand, and Laos. According to Chinese historians, the Hmong people were once called Meo which means barbarians. The name evolved into Hmong, which means A Free People. The Hmong society was centered on clans that were found in remote and isolated regions of the mountains. There were 18 clans within the Hmong culture Chang, Cheng, Chute, Fang, Hang, Her, Khang, Kong, Kue, Lee, Lor, Moua, Pha, Thao, Vang, Vue, Xiong, and Yang. They lived in extended families that were closely knit and farmed the regions where they lived.

The Hmong in the U.S. came mainly from Laos as refugees after the Vietnam War. They once lived simple lives in the hills of northern Laos, but that changed once many of them were recruited by the CIA to fight for us in the once-secret wars in Laos. They fought bravely and suffered many causalities, but once The United States pulled out from Vietnam and left them. North Vietnamese and their government in Laos marked the Hmong for genocidal extinction. Because the Hmong had sided with the U.S. during the Secret War, communist forces first captured and persecuted the Hmong men and young boys who fought during the Secret War.

The men and young boys who fought had to hide in the jungle to escape from the communists. Their wives and family members would then bring them food. While they were hiding in the jungle, the communist forces started to advance into Hmong villages. After communist victory over Laos in 175, Pathet Lao forces started taking over Hmong villages. Wives and family members met up with the men and young boys in the jungle. They decided to flee the country into Thailand where they could take refuge. They packed up food and headed for Thailand. There were many obstacles the Hmong people had to face on their journey. The first main obstacle was their food shortages. Hmong people had to eat the insides of banana trees, bamboo, and leaves of trees, shrubs, and other food nature provided. Another main obstacle the Hmong people faced was encountering Pathet Lao soldiers. Pathet Lao soldiers shot down any Hmong people they saw. Hmong parents would give small doses of opium to their babies to quiet the babies down while trying to flee. Sadly, some of these babies died from overdoses. The third main obstacle was crossing the Mekong River. This task was difficult because Pathet Lao soldiers patrolled the river. They killed any Hmong people they saw trying to cross the river. A lot of Hmong people died trying to get into Thailand. Almost everyone lost a mother, father, brother, sister, or spouse during the war and during the escape to Thailand and the U.S.

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Refugee camps in Thailand were beginning to shut down. Once in a while families in the refugee camps were being transported to the United States. Deporting to the United States was like leaving a world of hopelessness and moving up a step to a whole new world. Leaving for America was like dying and being reborn again. The Hmong viewed the United States as a world of freedom. A world where there were opportunities for the Hmong children who are just growing up and will be able to make their dreams come true. There were always arguments between whether to come to the United States or stay in Thailand between Hmong family members. Many families separated and went their own way because some wanted to go to the United States and some wanted to go elsewhere. Other than going to the United States, the refugees had the opportunity to go to Australia, Europe and other places. The refugees wanted to come to the United States and other places because there they would be new opportunities where the new generations would be able to make something of their lives.

Thinking of coming to the United States was a dream come true, but actually living in the United States was a totally new experience. Hmong families thought that if they did come to the United States, they would be able to forget about the war and their past. Their hopes of forgetting the past were all wrong. No matter where they go or live their lives, their past will always be like their shadows. The Hmong life style was no longer possible because the only life that they knew was working in the crop fields. In order to successfully live in the United States one had to be educated and know the way of life in the New World. Changing the lifestyle wasnt that hard of a task, it only takes time to adjust to the lifestyle. Yet, some Hmong families were not willing to give up their religious beliefs.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Turner Thesis. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Turner Thesis paper right on time.

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Kelly Glynn

November 6, 00

nd

Turner Thesis

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In 180 the frontier closed. Three years later, Frederick Jackson Turner wrote his thesis on the impact of the frontier in American history. Believing that the frontier was a "factor in American history of the highest importance," Turner proceeded to explain the relationship between the frontier and the history of America. Turner looked at multiple aspects of the frontier, and decided that those aspects were what shaped the America of his time. It must be taken into consideration, however, that his thesis was written in 18, not 00. At that time, just as the frontier was closing, all heads were turned toward the expansion and civilization of the frontier. The land was new, opportunities flourished, and the desire for the land was great. The country was so focused on the land that it is easy to see how Turner believed the frontier aided in explaining America. In his writing, Turner best validates his thesis through the exploration of intellectual traits by discussing dominant individualism and the necessity of movement.

Turner believed that "the frontier has from the beginning promoted democracy." While on the frontier, it was difficult to become dependent on others. The area was so vast and unknown that it took many years to transform it into something barely resembling the original colonies. In this exploration, it became obvious that traveling in a large group was practically impossible. Transportation was a major issue in that there were no roads. Disease flourished, it was difficult to carry many supplies, and countless died during the first few years, just as the early colonists did when they first came to America. Because of these obstacles, many set off on their own or just with family to start their lives. All necessities would have to be produced on their own, so it is clear that they fabricated an individualistic lifestyle.

Now looking across all the history of America, there are key occurrences of individualism. The original colonists wanted to be individual of Great Britain, so they fought a war to win their independence. The government of the United States was constructed on a mostly individual pedestal- a democracy was formed so that it could hear individuals voices better than the previous government. These are Americans being individuals, straying from England and creating their own identity, just as the settlers of the frontier, being individuals, set off into the frontier to create an identity and individuality of their own.

The frontier was explored during a time known as the westward expansion. The United States expanded and moved into the frontier. There were many motives behind much of the settling of the land, but most of the motives had a backbone of the opportunity the frontier provided. It gave land to those who needed it, just as America had once done for the escapees of Great Britain back in the early 1600's. Expeditions were sent out multiple times to chart the land and its inhabitants, so that settlers of the original colonies would be able to expand into the land and move away from the restricted and confined area which had once been their home.

The need and the desire for movement are the backbone of many decisions made in early America. In the thesis, Turner uses movement as the dominant fact of American life. Throughout the colonial period of America, conflicts were so often started because of the movement into certain territory. Fighting broke out with the French as well as the Indians multiple times because the Americans moved into their land. Later, Madison made the decision, while his president was across the ocean, to purchase the Louisiana Territory. He wanted the land and believed that America wanted and needed the land, so it was acquired.

These important decisions shaped the American culture now known today. They created allies and enemies, as well as aiding in the success of growth of the American nation.

When examining Turner's thesis, one must take multiple realizations into consideration. He wrote it only 400 years after the discovery of America, only 100 years after the ratifying of the Constitution, and only years after the closing of the frontier. The knowledge of the past 00 years was unknown to him. This is why, for his time period, The Significance of the Frontier in American History was an accurate account on the relationship between the frontier and the history of America. The validation of Turner's thesis is shown in the accuracy of his statements. These statements are key concepts in the history of America, the America that he knew at the time.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Wicca Vs. Christanity - A simple comparision. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Wicca Vs. Christanity - A simple comparision paper right on time.

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Religions have always perplexed me because I never knew which one to accept as true. Until now, I never understood why there are so many different religions. Basically, all religions have one universal objective to bring together their supporters with a God/Goddess. In this essay, I will compare and contrast Christianity with a religion that was just created in the past 50 years called Wicca. In doing so, I am not trying to make one more valid than the other but rather give you broader understand about how these two religions coexist. Since religions are so broad in topic I will limit the discussion to a few of the major points in both religions. First, I will explain the Christian and Wicca beliefs surrounding God and the Devil. Secondly, I will explain their beliefs surrounding Holiday's. Finally, I will explain their beliefs surrounding the Golden Rule.

God/Devil

Christians are considered monotheistic. Monotheistic is a belief in a single ultimate, all-encompassing deity or God. They view god in three different aspects Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. They pray through these beings for spiritual guidance through life. Christian's believe in Heaven and Hell. Heaven is the eventual destination of the soul of a good Christian. Hell is where sinners, people that did not let Jesus into their lives, are sent to eternal damnation. But, Christians also believe in Salvation. If you admit your sins and accept Jesus in your heart then you will be forgiven.

A Major difference in Wicca is that they are considered Duotheistic. Duotheistic is a where a religion honors both a God and a Goddess. They also view their God and Goddess in three different aspects God is viewed as Hunter, Father and Sage and the Goddess is viewed as Maiden, Mother or Crone. Another major difference is that Wicca's do not believe in Heaven and Hell. Wiccan's believe that your soul goes to rest in a place called Summerland before it is reincarnated. In Wicca, there is no Hell so it is needless to say they also do not believe in the Devil. Wiccan's believe that you choose the light or dark path in life and that whatever you do to someone else will come back to you three-fold.

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Major Holidays

Since Christian Holidays are so well known I will go into more detail of the Wiccan Holidays and just briefly describe how they compare with the Christian holidays. Wiccan holidays or Sabbats are celebrated around the seasonal changes. Samhain or Halloween is the first of the holidays. Halloween is Wicca's New Year and it represents the passing of the old and the beginning of the new. On this night the Wiccan's believe that the dead can cross over into the living to join their relatives in festivities. The second major holiday is Yule, which is closely related to Christmas. Yule is celebrated on December 1st. This is the day that the Goddess gives birth to the Sun-God. Imbolc is celebrated on February 1st or nd and coincides with Groundhogs day. Ostara coincides with Easter. Ostara represents a time of rebirth just like the Christian Holiday. The last major holiday is Mabon which represents the Wiccan Thanksgiving. Many of the Wiccan holidays are the same as Christian Holidays and they basically celebrate the same principles.

Golden Rule

Christians have a basic law, which are the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments simply put say 1. Have no other gods . Make no "graven" images of anything . Don't take the lords name in vain. 4. Pray and rest on Sabbath day. 5. Honor your Father and Mother. 6. Do not kill. 7. Do not commit adultery. 8. Do not steal. . Do not "bear false witness" against your neighbor. 10. Do not covet your neighbor's belongings. Compared to Christians Rules the Wiccan's only have one simple rule "And it harm none, do as ye will." Generally, both religions are expressing the same thoughts. Commandments 6,7,8 and could be replaced with the Wiccan's Rede.

In conclusion, the academic study of religions explores the common components of the world's religions while also allowing us to study the unique aspects of the religion. Religions prepare us for many things in life because we may eventually work for someone whose beliefs are different than our own. It gives us more knowledge about how to relate to their culture and beliefs. People and their religions are more comparable than the public realizes.

Please note that this sample paper on Wicca Vs. Christanity - A simple comparision is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Wicca Vs. Christanity - A simple comparision, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Wicca Vs. Christanity - A simple comparision will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Human kind has entered a brand new relationship with the earth. The constant and increasing

pressures we are exerting threaten our planets ability to sustain life itself. Change-in the way we think , and

in the way we live-is needed now.

Global warming is the most urgent environmental problem the world will face in the next decade

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and the next century. Few, if any, trends are more important to our future than climate change caused by

human activities. Scientist around the world are warning us that global warming poses a major threat to our

future quality of life, previously there has been little information on this problem. Right now, the rate of

global warming may be 100 times faster than it has ever been. Very soon the earth may become hotter then

at any time in human history. In the last decades the problems of atmospheric change have been gravely

advanced by pollution resulting from human activities. These environmental changes pose a real threat to

the lives of people and wild life.

It is vital to all of us that we fully understand the complex relationship between the atmosphere

and the earth.

The earth is getting warmer. the changes are small, so far, but they are expected to grow and speed

up. Within the next 50 to 100 years, the earth will continue to heat up hotter than it has been in the past

million years.

as oceans warm and glaciers melt, land and cities along coasts may be flooded. Heat and drought

may cause forests to die and food crops to fail. Global warming will effect weather everywhere, plants and

animals everywhere and people everywhere.

Humans are warming the earth¹s atmosphere by burning fuels, cutting down forests, and by taking

part in other activities that release certain heat- trapping gasses into the air. Humans all over the world need

to get together and solve these problems.

In the southern hemisphere, the warming is the greatest over Australia, southern south Africa, the

southern tip of south America, and the area of Antarctica near Australia. In the northern hemisphere,

warming is strongest in Alaska, northwest and eastern Canada, most of the Soviet Union, and parts of

Southern Asia, North Africa and south west Europe. Climate has cooled in Great Britain and northern and

eastern Europe. In the USA scientists found no overall warming trend in weather records kept since the

nineteenth century, however keep in mind the United States covers only 1.5 percent of the earth¹s surface.

As warming continues, every place on the earth will be effected.

In the frozen heart of the last ice age, 18,000 years ago, the temperature was only about nine

degrees Fahrenheit colder then today. So a change of a few degrees can have a dramatic effects. Todays

most sophisticated climatic models estimate the global temperature will rise between and degrees

Fahrenheit in the next century.

This could occur as early as the year 050. Here are the large scale changes the rise might bring As water

warms it expands, taking up more space. So warmer ocean water, with added melt-water from glaciers, will

rise by twenty inches to five feet in the next 50 to 100 years.

Just a 1 foot rise in sea level can cause shorelines to recede a hundred feet, and in flat terrain, a

thousand feet. If ocean waters rise several feet, whole beaches could wash away. Many homes, hotels, other

buildings, and entire cities will be threatened. Salt water will pollute freshwater wells that millions of

people use for drinking water. Coastal marshes, which are vital nurseries for fish and other ocean life will

be endangered. Along undeveloped coast, marshes may survive because they can move inland with the

rising waters. In many places seawalls and other human structures will prevent this process and the marshes

will be destroyed.

In the United States ocean water may cover the Florida Keys and large parts of southern Florida

and Louisiana.

Two kinds of action are called for. One is to take steps to prepare for the the effects of warming

that already have begun. Agricultural scientist must develop varieties of wheat and other crops that can

grow in a longer but drier growing season.

Ways must be fond to use irrigation water more effectively. Conservation will also be important

for drinking water supplies.

Governments that control building and other development along coasts must begin to plan for

rising sea levels. In the United States, billions of dollars have been spent to replace send eroded from

beaches, and to help owners of beach front homes rebuild after storm damage. The states of Maine and

North Carolina now prohibit permanent buildings on threatened beaches.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Multi user operating system. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Multi user operating system paper right on time.

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Multi user operatins sytem

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CSCI 7 Multi-User Operating Systems

Prerequisites CSCI 15 or permission of the instructor

Catalog Description An in-depth study of operating systems concepts. Topics include processes, threads, virtual memory, file systems, distributed computing, protection, and network protocols. Chapters 1 through 1 form the basis of the course with other topics selected by the instructor.

Course Objectives

Create awareness of typical multi-user operating systems structures.

Create awareness of concurrent programming issues.

Create awareness of network protocols and network programming.

Course Outcomes

Students will

Create and coordinate concurrent processes using fork and exec system calls.

Use signals to selectively invoke interrupt handling routines.

Use file descriptors and file pointers to selectively direct program output.

Invoke job control in a UNIX shell.

Use POSIX and System V Semaphores to synchronize processes and threads.

Create threads and change thread attributes.

Use mutex and condition variables to synchronize threads.

Create client-server network applications using sockets, TLI, and STREAMS.

Relationship with Program Objectives

Problem Analysis and Solution Design Significant

Oral and Written Communication Some

Social and Ethical Issues Some

Applicability to Future Endeavors Significant

Relationship with Program Outcomes

Outcome A An ability to apply knowledge of math, science, and

Outcome E An ability to identify, formulate, and solve computing

Outcome F An understanding of professional and ethical

Outcome H The broad education necessary to understand the impact

Outcome K An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern

CSCI 14 Introduction to Computer Science | CSCI 15A Programming and Algorithms I | CSCI 15B Programming and Algorithms II | CSCI 40 Computer-Assisted Art 1 | CSCI 51A Assembly Language Programming | CSCI 54 Introduction to Applications Programming, Visual Basic | CSCI 057 Introduction to the UNIX Operating System | CSCI 65 Using the UNIX Operating System | CSCI 110 Computers Impact on Society | CSCI 11 Software Engineering | CSCI 116H Mind in the Machine-Honors | CSCI 1 Machines, Brains, and Minds | CSCI 1 Language, Intelligence, and Computation | CSCI 140 D Computer Modeling | CSCI 145 Web Page Design | CSCI 150 Programming Languages | CSCI 151 Algorithms and Data Structures | CSCI 15 Operating Systems Programming | CSCI 157 UNIX Power Utilities and Shell Programming | CSCI 165 Numerical Methods Programming | CSCI 171 Computer Architecture | CSCI 178 Introduction to Computer Networks and Network Management | CSCI 180 Project Requirements, Design, and Testing | CSCI 11 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design | CSCI 15 Object-Oriented Programming | CSCI Expert Systems | CSCI Introduction to Artificial Intelligence | CSCI 1 Computer Graphics Programming | CSCI Graphical User Interface Design | CSCI Graphical User Interface Implementation | CSCI 40 Computer Animation | CSCI 41 Advanced Animation Production | CSCI 45 Web Programming Fundamentals | CSCI 50 Compiler Design | CSCI 56 Theory of Computing | CSCI 57 Fundamental UNIX System Administration | CSCI 70 Systems Design | CSCI 7 Multi-User Operating Systems | CSCI 7 Database Management | CSCI 76 Advanced Database Management Systems - SQL and PL/SQL Programming | CSCI 77 Advanced Network Management | CSCI 78 Computer Networks | CSCI 80 Digital Logic Design Theory | CSCI 1Software Engineering | CSCI 1 Computer Security | CSCI 4 Topics in Networking | CSCI 56 Design and Analysis of Algorithms | CSCI 7 Topics in Database Systems - Oracle Enterprise DBA | CSCI 80 Computer Architecture

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on W.L. Gore. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality W.L. Gore paper right on time.

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W.L. Gore

Bill and Vieve Gore founded W. L. Gore on January 1, 158 based on the assumption that Teflon (PFTE) could be profitable as coated ribbon cable. Today W.L. Gore produces numerous PFTE derivative products such as Gore-Tex, clothing, sealants, filter bags, cartages, coatings, electronic, medical, and industrial products. What makes W.L. Gore & Associates so unique is the fact that they have never had a hierarchical titles or conventional structures. As Bill Gore, the president, states "Get big by staying small."

Bill Gore knew that products alone did not make a company. He wanted to avoid smothering the company in thick layers of formal management, thus, the lattice structure evolved. In the lattice structure interpersonal interactions, self-commitment to group know responsibilities, natural leadership, and group discipline were important factors that Bill deemed were necessary to the overall performance of the company. Direct lines of communication with no intermediary, sponsors not bosses, natural leadership, objectives set by those who must make them happen, tasks and functions organized through commitments, and no fixed or assigned authority were the key traits of the lattice structure in W.L. Gore. He felt that hierarchy stifled individual creativity and in a company based on research and development this is very important.

This structure works well for W.L. Gore because the company implemented the structure from the start, and everyone in the company works towards the same goal. They were able to achieve this through their incentives such as the associates' stock ownership program (associates own 0% of the stock!), profit sharing based on economic value added, and salary. They also kept the company small which gave associates a high degree of responsibility so that employees could be creative and productive without being held back by bureaucracy. Keeping the company small also created a "family feeling" atmosphere because everyone worked together equally and was encouraged to create value in their own way, which created job enrichment. Furthermore, W.L. Gore implemented a sponsor program based on the four principals water line, fairness, freedom, and commitment where new associates are coached and encouraged based on their strengths and weaknesses. This enabled everyone to feel important and necessary, and in turn gave them an objective that was in line with the companies overall goals and values.

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In a small company that specializes in research and development, responsiveness and coordination is key. To increase the responsiveness of the W.L. Gore team; the company reduced formalization, increased decentralization, and increase communication and information sharing. To increase coordination they implemented a high degree of socialization, communication, and leadership roles that gave guidance, commitment to success, team consensus on objectives, contribution reports for compensation, activities of employees, functional areas, and coordination on research, manufacturing, and marketing. Without increasing responsiveness and coordination within W.L. Gore, exploration, exploitation, efficiency and effectiveness would have been severely crippled.

If W.L. Gore had adopted a more traditional structure employees would have been less likely to value and drive toward the companies goals and visions. This would happen because of centralized decision-making, bureaucracy walls, the lack of communication and information sharing, and employee lack of incentive and job enrichment. Therefore, hindering the responsiveness, coordination, efficiency, effectiveness, exploration and exploitation.

For small companies that value and need employee creativity, initiative and motivation like W.L. Gore the lattice structure is by far the most effective way to hold its values, achieve its goals, and get the results desired. However, if the company were large such as GE the lattice structure would not be the best alternative - not to say that they would not value employee creativity, initiative and motivation. This is because there would be a lack of control. There would be way too many employees and duties to govern all of them and keep them in line with the companies goals and vision. A high degree of bureaucracy, more formalized and centralized traditional structure would work best in order to effectively run the company productively and efficiently, as well as service its customers. Nevertheless, if a small company such as W.L. Gore did not execute a lattice structure the performance and productivity of the company would lack because it would not effectively take advantage of its human capital, which is the most important competitive advantage that it would hold.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Trial Process. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Trial Process paper right on time.

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The first step in the trial process is selecting the jurors. The jurors are chosen by means specified in the particular legislation of the state. Usually the designated official such as, jury commissioner, clerk of the court, or sheriff choose jurors. They pick the jurors from voter registration lists, motor vehicle records, or even combination of these sources. These names are put on pieces of paper and drawn randomly by some means. These potential jurors compose what is known as the jury panel, or venire.

After the jurors are selected the process of voir dire examination begins. This is the process of examining each potential juror under oath to see if he or she is acceptable to both the prosecution and the defense. After the jurors are selected the trial process may begin. The indictment or information is read, and the state makes its opening statement. In the opening statement, the prosecutor explains how the state plans to introduce witnesses and physical evidence that will show that the accused committed the crime being tried.

Next, the defense makes its opening statement, it can wave this right if it desires. In the defense's opening statement they show how they will prove the accused innocent. After the opening statements conclude, the state's case is presented. At this time the state calls upon their first witness. The prosecutor begins with a direct examination of the witness. Usually, a direct examination consists of eliciting facts in chronological order from the witness. After the examination the prosecution rests and the defense is permitted to cross-examine the witness.

In the defense cross-examination, most states apply what is referred to as the restrictive rule. With this rule, the defense counsel must restrict questions brought out by the prosecutor during the direct examination. After the cross-examination the prosecutor is given a chance to conduct a redirect examination of the witness. Often the prosecutor will only question the new facts brought out in the defense's cross-examination. The defense is then given the opportunity to conduct a recross-examination of the new facts brought out in the redirect examination. When the state has concluded its case, it rests.

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The defense case is the next stage of the trial. Sometimes the defense will make a motion for dismissal "beyond reasonable doubt." If the judge concurs, the case is dismissed, and the accused is released. If the judge doesn't accept the motion, the defense then begins its case. After the defense has concluded its case, it rests.

The next phase of the trial is called the prosecutor's rebuttal. The prosecutor may elect to bring in new witnesses or evidence against the accused. The same format of direct examination, cross-examination, redirect, and recross-examination is followed. At the conclusion of the prosecutor's rebuttal, the defense can again make a motion for dismissal of charges, which is referred to as requesting a directed verdict or verdict of acquittal. If the motion is denied, the defense is entitled to the defense surrebuttal, and alternating examinations by both sides are again conducted. Finally, both sides present their closing arguments.

At the conclusion of the closing arguments to the jury, the judge orders the jury to return to the jury room and consider the facts of the case and testimony presented, and from their discussions to return a just verdict. The foreperson of the jury often begins the deliberations by taking a vote of the jury. Although the first vote can result in a unanimous verdict, usually, the first vote indicates a divided jury. The jurors then discuss the case further in an attempt to resolve their differences and reach an agreement.

When a jury can't reach a unanimous verdict it's called a "hung jury." Sometimes a hung jury causes the trial to be dismissed, but not always. Once a jury has reached a verdict, the jury is brought back into the courtroom, where the defendant, the judge, and the attorneys for the prosecution and defense are present.

The judge inquires if the jurors have reached a verdict. When they reply they have, the bailiff takes the written verdict that the foreperson has signed and attested to and hands it to the judge. The judge then reads it and hands it back to the bailiff or to the jury foreperson to read aloud in court. If and when the accused is charged guilty, some states allow the defense to ask the court to poll the jury. The judge asks each juror individually if the verdict announced his or her verdict. This is done to determine that each juror is in agreement with the verdict rendered and has not been pressured into voting a particular way by other jurors.

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