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"Lady Macbeth is a powerful and dramatic character, but her death at the end of the play is no surprise to the audience." Discuss this statement with close reference to the text. "Macbeth" is one of the most famous tragedies written in the Elizabethan times by William Shakespeare for King James 1. Set in Scotland, it details the story of man, so desperate for the status of king, that he will do anything to achieve it. As an established 'good and hardy soldier', and quite content within that role, Macbeth is surprised to find some witches who predict his reign as king. 'All hail Macbeth! who shalt be king hereafter.' (Act 1 scene ) On informing his wife, Lady Macbeth, he soon embarks on a killing spree that doesn't end until both partners' demise. However, Macbeth could not have committed the first few crimes without the help and insistence of his wife. She acts as the fate the witches spoke of to make him king and yet ironically is mainly responsible for aggravating Macbeth's struggle between morality and ambition. She has a hugely diverse character, and this helps plant the seed of Macbeth's, and her own, eventual downfall. Lady Macbeth receives a letter from Macbeth at the beginning of the play, telling her of his experiences with the 'weird sisters'. 'They met me in the day of success and I have learned by the perfect'st report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.' (Act1 scene 5) After she has read the letter, she is determined to make the witches' prophesy come true. She imagines that she has the capability to be a remorseless and determined villain. However in reality this is just an act, and in fact her true self possesses no such traits. This is obvious when she makes a huge effort to get herself into a murderous state of mind, crying out, 'Come you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty!' Lady Macbeth wants to lose her femininity so she can be cold-blooded and commit murder like a man does. However, more than anything, it appears that Lady Macbeth is a very greedy woman, desirous of things that seem very much out of reach. She also prepares herself to work her husband into a murderous state of mind, as she believes him to be 'too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way.' Within the first act, she deems herself to be the more authoritative person in this couple. She believes that even if Macbeth is too scared or unwilling to kill the current king, Duncan, she can make him do it if she 'may pour her spirits in thine ear.' The domineering aspect of Lady Macbeth's character becomes even more evident when she is told Duncan is coming to stay with her and Macbeth that night because of the victory of the battle that day. When Macbeth arrives home, she advises him to put on an innocent face and leave the rest to her. 'look like th'innocent flower, But be the serpent under't.' (Act 1 scene 7) Lady Macbeth is very committed to carrying out the crime. King Duncan greets Lady Macbeth at the gates of Macbeth's castle, and in a display of hypocrisy, she gives a warm welcome to the man she is planning to murder. In Act 1 Scene 7, Macbeth recites a famous soliloquy, during which he reasons himself out of killing Duncan, and then tells Lady Macbeth by saying that they 'will proceed no further in this business.' She immediately labels her husband as cowardly as a method to get him to change his mind. She makes the example that it is unmanly to go back on promises which she claims Macbeth has made to kill King Duncan. She says if she were the mother of a baby, she would have the 'nipple pluck'd from his boneless gums And dashed the brains out' had she made a promise to do so. It seems her tactics have worked, as Macbeth is comforted by the fact that even his wife, a woman, is not disheartened by his fears. However, this quote already shows a glimpse of Lady Macbeth's unstable mind. Such a horrendous description shows Lady Macbeth's desperateness for Macbeth's commitment. She intentionally tries to ignore the possible consequences of their act and concentrate on securing her place as queen. She looks to the 'quickest way' to shorten the pair's path to the throne. Lady Macbeth at this point in the play is quite certainly unaware of what she is getting herself into, having never contemplated anything of this degree before, let alone carried it out, and so is unequipped to foresee the madness that will later ensue. To her, the death of Duncan is the only thing that must be done, and then the couple will lead a life of luxury. However, the actual deed of the murder is too much for Lady Macbeth to do herself. 'Laying the daggers ready' is all she can manage, even though she claims 'had he not looked like my father as he slept, I had done't.' She shows here her inability to be as evil as she would have liked. As Macbeth commits the murder, Lady Macbeth says, 'that which hath made me drunk, hath made me bold.' This quote shows that she may have not felt fully confident with the plot, as she needs alcohol to make her confident with what she's doing. After Macbeth has done the deed, he is in a trance, and it is left up to Lady Macbeth to place the dagger he used next to the guards and smear them with the kings blood. She then returns to Macbeth and has to clean his hands, saying 'a little water clears us of this deed.' It is terribly ironic that Macbeth, who is throughout the play 'haunted in his sleep' by what they have done, in fact ends up as the over confident one, whilst Lady Macbeth becomes so ridden by guilt, that she commits suicide. After the king's murder, Macbeth becomes restless. He begins to get more confident and feels that killing Duncan was worthless, it gave him a 'fruitless crown', because his line would not continue. The witch's prophesised that Banquo's son would be the next ruler, so Macbeth decides to kill both Banquo and his son Fleance. After this next murder of Banquo, Macbeth is extremely guilt ridden, and it is left up to Lady Macbeth to take the control of situations that Macbeth loses. The couple holds a royal banquet. Macbeth leaves the table for a moment and returns to find a bloody Banquo in his seat. It is a hallucination, but Macbeth believes it to be real and becomes very agitated and angry, yelling 'who hath done this?' Lady Macbeth is forced to take over the situation by saying her husband was 'prone' to such outbursts. This puts a great strain on her, as she was not expecting it. Macbeth's madness pushes him and his wife further and further apart, which is not at all what she wanted. Lady Macbeth had been very naive toward the situation. She didn't consider the consequences of her actions, just went ahead with the plan, blinded by her own ambitions. As she becomes more aware of what is happening, and all the killings Macbeth is committing, she becomes deranged from having to hide her true emotions for so long. After the murder of the Macduff family, she looks to Lady Macduff with some compassion that she had never felt, or at least shown before. She is being stripped of her mask of 'direst cruelty', and the evil which she one embraced was now an image of terror in her mind. It is now apparent to the audience the power she initially possessed is being lost. She no longer has any control over Macbeth and has become delirious, carrying a lit candle wherever she walks. This behavior is an attempt to try and fend off evil, the darkness, by a man-made light. Similar is at the beginning of the play where Lady Macbeth believed the symbolism of washing her hands with water would clear her of any guilt, and now she thinks that light will destroy the evil she has created. Yet this scene also shows irony, as the crime she believed she had 'washed away' was still ever present in her mind. By the end of the play, just before the British army attack Macbeth's castle, Lady Macbeth has dissociated from the horror she feels she has become. Constantly ill and weak, it is no surprise when Seton greets Macbeth with the news, 'The queen, my lord, is dead.' Showing the completely worthless state she has become, Macbeth replies with only 'She should have died hereafter.' He no longer cared for her as he had grown overly confident and no longer needed his wife. With nothing left to help Macbeth with, all she had to do with her time was to ponder over what had happened. Her power to begin with was shown to be something she invoked, an artificial sense of control, which in fact she never truly had. As more things happen, she loses her mask of evil. Thus, her death is no surprise. Although the play never actually says she committed suicide, it is fair to assume she did, based on her state of mind at that time. The murder of Duncan marked the beginning of a downward spiral, where the country would never be able to live normally as long as the Macbeth's reigned. Evil, once introduced, never goes away until it is destroyed, and Lady Macbeth's fatal flaw was to underestimate that.

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The Egyptians and Aryans were both early civilizations with societies that were built around rivers. However, these societies were not identical. There were some similarities in them like they both had belief in God, both at some point-developed agriculture, etcetera. These two had mostly differences, though. For instance, they had different kinds of Gods, like all religions, they also were in completely different kinds of climate and landscapes, etcetera. This essay focuses on comparisons of economic, social, and cultural diversities and similarities.

Firstly, the economics of these two early civilizations had both similar and different. Agriculture played an extremely important role in the lives of the Egyptians. Farming was developed along the Nile in 5000 B.C.E. Around 00 B.C.E., economic developments accelerated. This was the main cause of the agricultural growth. The Aryans, on the other hand, were warriors. They took over the desired lands, people, and items. When they conquered the Ganges River Valley, the land was so lust that they slowed down on conquering lands and developed agriculture. The merchants, or traders, of the Egyptians had a very important role. The Egyptian traders helped in making economic developments speed up; they were the cause of turning Egypt from a precivilization to a large government unit in a short period of time. The Aryan traders were thought of as near outcasts. They thought that merchants were the second to last rank in their social system, which basically meant that they were not respected. Both of these classes had some sort of a social system. The Egyptians had mostly peasant farmers who were heavily taxed. They would build shrines for pharaohs and do all the labor, while being heavily taxed. The last social class, besides the outcastes and the untouchables, were the farmers. The farmers and the merchants used to be the enslaved. Now, they were just looked down upon. They did not have any major taxes put on them. The landlords, or higher classes, had some advantages in each society. The Egyptians had governors who were appointed for key regions to make sure the peasants work, so they could guide them. They did not do the labor but they were still treated better. The class system got rid of landlord, per say, but some were thought to be higher ranked or more respected. The Brahmans, priests, were at the top of the social classes, and the warriors right beneath them. These were the two strongly respected groups of people. All of the buildings that the Egyptians constructed were temples, monuments, and shrines for pharaohs. They were not that advanced technology-wise. The Aryans were not that advance technology-wise either, and they had even fewer structure. The structures they had were also for the Gods, like the God of war, Indra. The Egyptians had a very strong trade. Their merchants helped them advance economically and government wise. Their trade was mostly with nearby neighbors, around the Nile River. The Aryans, on the other hand, had merchants, but did not do a whole lot of trading. Being warrior-like, they probably took over the lands, which had things that they thought they had need for or wanted. These two had similar ideas on gender division. The top Egyptians, kings and pharaohs, were all men. They also mummified only the top ranked men, which also puts women lower than the social class. Still, do not look at the Aryans like they are much better. They had elder men monopolize the authority in the household because, once the wife got married, she left her house and went to live with husband; he took complete control of her life.

The social features of these two civilizations were also similar yet different. The Aryans like stated earlier, had a social class division. They had three main groups warriors, priests, and commoner. The warriors and priest were high ranked and the commoner, who made up most of the civilization, was a poor group. This changed into four groups and some very low groups who were not even considered groups. They were Brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and farmers. The others were the outcastes and the untouchables. Now the priests and warriors were thought of as great. The lower classes, merchants and farmers, could not even marry them or be unkind to them. The outcastes and untouchable were just there; they were not even considered human. The Egyptians, on the other hand, were just split into two, or you could say three. There were the pharaohs (they may be counted), the governors, and the peasants. The pharaohs were all respected and considered to be near God or even God. The governors would guide the peasants to work (like slave drivers). The peasants worked to build shrines for the pharaohs, do farming, or any other kind of labor that there was. The Aryans were always on the move. As warriors they kept taking over land, so they knew how to get up and move if they must. The Egyptians have always lived near the Nile and depended upon it for their life. They did not have much, if any, mobility. The Aryans have most of the focus on the male figure. The man ran the family and made the decisions for the household whether good or bad. The wife tried to persuade him against it if she wanted to, but the final say goes to the man of the house. The Aryans allowed the men marry more than one woman (polygamy) and women could even marry more than one husband (polyandry). The men in the Egyptian families did all the work and were all that are talked about. The top people (pharaohs and governors) were men so it showed males were the dominant figures. The Aryans were more urbanized than the Egyptians because they were not completely dependent on farming. Being warriors, they hunted, which does not completely show urbanization but is the strongest form of urbanization in these early civilizations. For the Aryans, the elites were basically on a whole different level. The lower levels did not communicate with the classes above and vice-versa. They were basically all in there own little groups, and they stuck to those groups. They did not marry anyone above or anything like that. The Egyptians were different. The lowest classes, or peasants, were told what to do by the group above (the governors). They were saying what to do for the elites, or pharaohs. Therefore, they had some more communication in a way. In both of these civilizations the densest location was around the rivers, as the people got further away the population grew less and less dense. In both groups, the leisure was dependent on the height of the rank. The higher the rank, the more leisure time there was.

Finally, the cultural side of both of these civilizations had many differences. The dominant religious figures in Egyptian societies were the pharaohs. They were thought of, at first, as close to God, and they needed to be praised to keep the land around the Nile fertile. As time progressed, they were thought to be Gods. They had temples and shrines built for them. Without fail, they would be mummified and put into a casket and then into a pyramid or shrine. They were very important figures. The Aryans had some Gods, like the God of war Indra. He was considered to be king in the early times and later devotees of Hinduism gave him a lower status. The Aryans praised him as the ruler of the skies. The Egyptians had a great deal of art. Their alphabet was "artsy" because they used pictures, not letters, to write the alphabet (Hieroglyphs). Their temples and pyramids had definite arts inside and outside. The outside would have a shape or a picture. While in the insides there were pictures to tell a story. The Aryans' art was in their structures of Gods. They were not like the "artsy" Egyptians but when they made their sculpture, they had a lot of detail and hard work put into them. The Egyptians had more tolerance of other cultures than the Aryans. The Egyptian trades made them look like they could handle other cultures and get along with one another. They also had to have interest in other foreign cultures and ideas to trade with them. There was no reason to trade unless you wanted something. The Aryans believed if you migrated into the Aryan land and you were not Aryan, you were lower than the outcastes and untouchables. This shows that they probably had no interest in foreign cultures or ideas. The culture was the same throughout these nations even when looking at the different gender and social classes. These two, as stated earlier, had strong beliefs in religion.

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The Egyptians and Aryans were quite similar when looking at the broadest kinds of comparison. They all had strong beliefs in the same basic things, and they both had class systems. When looking deeper into each category there are quite a lot of differences in the way they were made up and how they came to be. Egyptian and Aryan societies have many kinds of similarities and differences as early civilizations..

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Course Goals

This course investigates the dynamics facing modern organizations. Building on the basics of organizations attained in Management Concepts (a prerequisite), this course is a survey in organization theory, providing an introduction to definitions of organizations, organization structure, design, change, innovation, and effectiveness. Students will be challenged to integrate theories of organization with current issues in business and the contemporary environment.

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At the close of the course students are expected to have an understanding of the following skill set

 The ability to articulate a working definition of organization.

 Knowledge of alternative organization designs.

 How to read an organization environment -- be a "boundary spanner."

 How to explore alternative organizational structures and to match appropriate designs with business purpose and environmental conditions.

 Knowledge of the forces acting to both resist and promote organizational change.

 How, as a manager, to be an effective change agent.

 Benefits and challenges in forming strategic alliances.

 An ability to stay current on business issues through print, and internet sources.

Format and Logistics

The class will integrate three sources of required course materials

1) The text, Essentials of Organization Theory, by Richard Daft, must be purchased. It will form the basis for the organization of the class and the frameworks for understanding contemporary organization issues.

) Fortune magazine subscription, also required; subscription information will be distributed the first class. Through the Fortune education program students will sign up for the semester. Articles will form the basis for discussion in a majority of classes, along with "class contribution" assignments.

) 4 Harvard Business School cases must be purchased at the bookstore. They are

 Eastman Kodak Co. Managing Information Systems through Strategic Alliances

 Jacobs Suchard

 Taco Bell, Inc. (18-14)

 Three in the Middle The Experience of Making Change at Micro Switch

Management 4850, Fall 1

Professor Altman, Page

Internet access is required for this class. Periodical internet assignments and research projects are an integral part of the class. If you do not have internet access at home, COBA labs are available.

The class meets Tuesdays, from 60 p.m. to 0 p.m. Students are expected to begin promptly at 60 a.m. Late appearances and absences will be reflected in class contribution grades. If a student must miss class, notice must be provided to the instructor via phone message or email in advance of the class meeting. If an assignment is due on a missed day, the student must deliver the assignment to the instructor prior to the beginning of class.

It is sometimes difficult, particularly with an evening class, to be on time. Latecomers, however, are extremely disruptive for learning. In order to not disrupt the class- the door will be closed promptly at 60 p.m. At or shortly after 650 p.m. a minute break will be taken to open the door, and allow latecomers to get settled in their seats. The door will be closed again and students will only be allowed in, again, at break. The end of break will be the last opportunity to join the class. Given this class meets only once a week, students are encouraged to come even if they must be late; still the above rules will be strictly enforced for latecomers.

Student Conference Hours

Tuesdays 15-515 p.m.

Thursdays 15 a.m. - 115 p.m.

Or by appointment

Office BA 17B

Phone 40-6-7775

Or metro 817-67-71, ext. 7775

Fax 40-565-44

Email altman@unt.edu

Email and phone messages are checked M-Th and Sunday and all effort will be made to return messages within 4 hours. Be sure to email or call with plenty of advance time if you need help with an assignment or will be missing class.

ADA Compliance

The College of Business Administration at the University of North Texas complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act in making reasonable accommodation for qualified students with a disability. If you have an established disability as defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act and would like to request accommodation please see the instructor within the first two weeks of class. My office hours and location are listed on this syllabus.

Management 4850, Fall 1

Professor Altman, Page

Scholastic Dishonestly Policy

The UNT Code of Student Conduct and Discipline provides penalties for misconduct by students, including academic dishonesty. This code will be strictly enforced in this class. Any student engaged in academic dishonestly in this class will receive a failing grade on that assignment, potentially a failing grade in the class; and be referred to the Dean of Students for appropriate disciplinary action.

Academic dishonesty includes cheating and plagarism

The term "cheating" includes, but is not limited to, (1) use of any unauthorized assistance in taking quizzes, tests or examinations; () dependence upon the aid of sources beyond those authorized by the instructor in writing papers, preparing reports, solving problems, or carrying out other assignments; or () the acquisition, without permission, of tests or other academic material belonging to a faculty member or staff of the university.

The term "plagiarism" includes, but is not limited to, the use, by paragraph or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgement. It also includes the unacknowledged use of materials prepared by another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or academic materials.

(Source Code of Conduct and Discipline at the University of North Texas)

Management 4850, Fall 1

Professor Altman, Page 4

Class Assignments and Grading

Class Contribution This grade is composed of parts

1) General class discussion

Students are expected to have read and thought through the readings prior to class and be prepared to discuss the assignments or supplemental class material. Participation in discussion will be graded on the ability to

• identify and present the key issues in a case or text book discussion issue,

• debate topics based on the principles of management presented in the text,

• move the class along via an insightful analysis that was not provided previously by another class member,

• relate the cases and assigned materials to current issues in business and the popular press,

• QUALITY, not QUANTITY, is the key to class contribution!

For each class where class contribution is being scored (noted on syllabus), there will be a total of 4 points available

0 class missed

1 - came late and did not participate

came for whole class but did not participate

came for whole class with some participation or came late but high quality participation

4 came for entire class and high quality participation

If students feel like they have done a particularly good job of class preparation, but that they just did not get sufficient air time", they may three times during the semester hand in their preparation materials in consideration of additional points. Theses may not be the same date as the required case preparation assignment below.

1 class sessions x 4 = 5 total points available

) Case Preparation Once during the semester your HBS case analysis/discussion assignment must be turned in to be graded. Turn in your preparation at the beginning of that class, be sure to make an extra copy to refer to during the class discussion.

0 points available

) Short Class Presentations A wealth of information on how individual corporations and business organizations are structured, and change is available on the World Wide Web, in local and national newspapers and business journals. Students will be required to sign up to research, summarize and present the important points in one assigned article or internet web address to the class (each presentation is to last no longer than 10 minutes). At the beginning of the semester you will asked to state your preference (1st and nd choice) for internet, newspaper or Fortune presentation and topic off the syllabus. Professor Altman will then inform you of your assignment and date it would be useful to have a one page hand-out for the class summarizing your presentation. If you would like Professor Altman to have this sheet copied you must give it to her the class before your assignment.

0 points available

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Of all the poems in the anthology, the one I liked the most was The Cathedral Builders, by John Ormond.

I liked it because of its optimistic tone, the poets' use of descriptive language and lofty imagery.

The poet has created a tone of optimism and pride, and the relationships between the men who built the Cathedral, their families and their fellow workers, invites you to envision their lives.

In the first verse, when the men are young, the impression the poet has created is that of energy, strength and courage. The poet has created this image with careful use of language, such as the alliteration of "hoisted hewn…heaven", in the second line, and the words, "defied gravity, deified stone" which makes the reader think of heavy stone being lifted with apparent ease and enthusiasm. The descriptive language used is active in such a way as to involve the reader in the worker's lives to such an extent that we learn of their families and their lives away from the building site, which creates an empathy with them on a more personal level.

By talking about their lives, their suppers, their "smelly wives" and other similar instances of every day things, we gain an insight into their routine, which seems to last for most of their lives. By the third verse the men have grown older-"greyer, shakier, became less inclined to fix a neighbour's roof of a fine evening,". The use of colloquial language in this line seems like the way these people would have talked to one another and makes the reader feel a connection, a parallel between their lives and ours through a common language.

In the fourth verse the Cathedral is almost complete, and the words of the first line show this; "Saw naves sprout arches, clerestories soar". This lofty language heightens the sense of achievement felt by the workers, and creates an image of what the cathedral looks like at this point in time.

The brief treatment of what must have been major events in the lives of others, such as "escaping the plague" indicates how little such things mattered to the men, outside their life's work, where every day they "took to the ladders again". Eventually, only the advent of old age, and the associated aches and pains make them "decide it was time to give it up." This is use of the workers own speech, as if they themselves were telling the reader their reasons, and their feelings of acceptance of the end of their own youth and lives.

By the last verse the narrative voice is no longer the poet's- it is the men themselves telling us their story, how at the consecration, the culmination of their life's work, feels like such an immense achievement that when they look upon it in all its glory, they claim ownership for themselves with the final sentence- "I bloody did that!"

The feeling of familiarity and achievement the poem creates makes the reader feel optimistic and uplifted through the use of carefully chosen words, a similar technique employed by Robert Frost, in his poem The Road Not Taken.

In this poem the poet tries to understand and justify the choices he has made throughout his life, and tries to explain what made him choose the path he took.

The symbolism of the fork in the path through a wood emphasises the inevitability of the choice he has to make, and creates a natural image that the reader can both relate to with ease, and understand what the two paths represent to him. As the poet describes both paths we see an understanding of human nature expressed in his comparison of the two.

The first road that he describes bends away so that he cannot see where it leads; this excites his curiosity at first, but his fear of the unknown proves a greater force, and makes him eventually decide to take the other route, which he claims is "just as fair." This is ambiguous, as both just and fair can mean the same thing, and produces some confusion as to their use in this context. This might be a reference to the outcome of his decision to follow his chosen path, perhaps meaning that he chose the right one.

He also mentions that the path he has decided to take "was grassy and wanted wear", indicating that not many people had gone ahead of him. This itself might have been the reason for his choice, as the road less travelled might hold less common sights as the path that had been taken by many others.

Although, in spite of this thoughtful and considered appraisal, he then describes both paths as "really about the same" which gives the impression that he has no real preference for either choice, and that he thinks of it as trivial and of little matter to his journey.

In the next verse there is an interesting use of symbolism when he mentions, "in leaves no step had trodden black". This symbolism of the colour black could give the impression that no one who had travelled either path had come to harm in this decision, thus heartening him in his decision and reinforcing the impression that he had that both paths were equal in regard.

His exclamation in the next line, "Oh, I kept the first for another day!" gives greater understanding and empathy to the reader, as this change into a conversational and personal tone shows the natural thought processes in the poet's mind as he makes excuses to justify his decision to himself, even realising that he would in all probability not return to take the other path as he has promised himself.

This rationalisation is very human, and helps the reader connect with the poet's thoughts on the subject.

In the last stanza there is an ambiguous reference, in that when the poet writes; "I shall be telling this with a sigh" there is no indication of whether this sigh is of regret, contentment, or disappointment. This ambivalent description is continued in the last line of the poem-"And that has made all the difference." This lack of indication leaves the reader to interpret whether the end is good or bad. As the tone throughout the poem is in equal parts thoughtful and reflective, it seems that at this point the poet is trying to convince himself of the significance and importance of this decision by this emphatic declaration.

The last poem I liked was Toads Revisited by Philip Larkin. I think this is a very personal and revealing poem, as it's subject could be interpreted as the poet's thoughts on work and idleness, and of his unconscious fear of weakness and boredom.

In the first stanza he presents the reader with an idyllic view of time spent not working, walking in the park in the sunshine, but there is an element of doubt prescent from the second line. "Walking around in the park should feel better than work" the use of should in this line indicates the doubt in his mind about this first impression. There is a similar treatment in the second verse, as he writes- "not a bad place to be, yet it doesn't suit me." This denial is the first indication of his fear of being "one of the men you meet of an afternoon", the ones he considers to be "stupid or weak."

The use of modern language and colloquial, conversational tone invites the reader to empathise with the poet's thoughts about the "toad work". The tone of the whole poem is quiet and passive which reflects its regretful and depressing content.

This is also shown in his repetitive use of negative phrasing when dealing with the stereotypes he describes.

His apparent contempt for those not at work seems to be a cover for his own fears about his inadequacy, as shown in his repetitive statements of denial-"Think of being them!" he writes, the exclamation showing the strength of his thoughts and also his desire for detachment from the people he describes so negatively.

By the seventh stanza he is no longer describing the lives of others, but his own fate, were it not for his work. "Nowhere to go but indoors, no friends but empty chairs" Is a reflection upon what the poet's life would be like if he were in that position. It is this thought that makes him talk against those not at work, and makes him seem to make light of the troubles of people that have been in accidents and the homeless.

I like this poem because of its simplicity and use of short phrases that make the rhythm flow in a conversational was, as if the poet were simple speaking his thoughts aloud to the reader. This is true of all three of the poems for which I have a preference. The use of modern and well chosen vocabulary is read with ease and often invites intimacy, interest and empathy.

Word count 1541

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What hard drive technology to choose, SCSI or EIDE? Are SCSI hard drives better than EIDE hard drives? This is a topic of many books and magazine articles. The purpose of this report is to give a somewhat detailed comparison between SCSI (small computer system interface) hard drives and EIDE (enhanced integrated drive electronics) hard drives.

EIDE is great a solution for those on a limited budget. If money is no consideration and youre using something more modern than DOS or Windows version , SCSI should be your hard drive of choice. Unfortunately, for most of us budget is limited, and theres a real choice to be made between a SCSI based system on one hand, and an EIDE based one with more RAM, a slightly faster CPU or better screen, on the other. You need to weigh the pros and cons in your specific situation. So why purchase SCSI? A single SCSI channel supports up to seven devices. Two channels, for a total of fourteen devices, are becoming more and more common. On the EIDE side of things, four channels are defined, giving eight devices. However, common hardware and software supports only two channels so beyond four devices things become stickier.

Real high end devices are available in SCSI drives only. Fairly common examples are extremely large or fast 10,000-rpm hard disks and DAT tape drives. For that reason alone, if you need high speed out of a hard drive, SCSI is your only choice. SCSI supports many different types of devices. The ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface) protocol EIDE can support a fairly wide range as well, but in practice only hard drives, CD-ROMs and tapes are really common. Magneto-optical devices etc. are possible and may eventually become corrupt. Scanners and so forth wont arrive in EIDE versions anytime soon, since it does not support external connections. Summarizing you could say that EIDE meets the needs of the majority, but not all, of the users.

EIDE has the problem that it targets the low end market. Some vendors and manufacturers tend to save a dollar too much. This has resulted in badly designed and downright buggy interfaces and chips. The worst excesses appear to be behind us. EIDE PIO (programmed input/output) mode 4 has proven relatively unreliable for a number of reasons. These problems have been addressed by the ATA- spec, and the even faster modes of Ultra-ATA ensure data integrity using CRC (cyclic redundancy checking) checksums. It will take time for all this to filter through to the marketplace though. In the mean time, mode 4 may or may not work reliably in your brand new setup. SCSI has no such reliability problems as long as your cables are decent and everything is properly terminated. To retain your busmastering ISA bus adapter when upgrading to a modern PCI system, be careful; this can result in data corruption, depending on the PCI to ISA bridge used on the motherboard.

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The scheme used to access disks of more than 504MB through the BIOS, has stabilized by now. Its still not ideal (you cannot switch between LBA (logical block addressing) and LARGE translation in some setups). Then again, the mapping used by different SCSI interfaces isnt always identical either. More worrying are the common BIOS bugs showing up at GB and 4GB capacity points. These are bugs, not EIDE limits per se, but that knowledge doesnt help you much if there are no updated flash BIOS available for your motherboard. The maturity of SCSI is a definite advantage here. Finally, there is an 8GB barrier on the horizon, but that one is a PC-specific BIOS limitation affecting SCSI and EIDE equally. Even today, SCSI is probably a safer choice; but whatever you choose, youre better off not buying the cheapest hardware available.

Even though modern EIDE interfaces (for example the PIIX used with the Intel Triton and Natoma chipsets) can handle busmastering, this is a relatively recent development. Support for SCSI has matured for years. This shows in superior features (scatter/gather), quality (drivers) and ease of use with SCSI compared to inconsistent EIDE support. Attempts to use busmastering with an ATAPI (IDE) CD-ROM still all too often fail. Even if the busmastering driver works correctly, it may still use old fashioned PIO for the CD-ROM device, because many of these simply dont support DMA, or the interface has funny restrictions with respect to ATAPI equipment.

This situation will improve in time, not least due to standardization efforts on the hardware level. Once busmastering works, it drives the CPU usage of EIDE devices to low enough levels that its not much of a consideration for single user systems. Busmastering is important in multitasking environments, since it greatly reduces the number of CPU cycles consumed by data transfers. Do not expect it to raise the transfer rates themselves. For single user machines, EIDE busmastering implementations do a decent job. Servers, on the other hand, exist to pump large amounts of data around; for these, you wouldnt consider anything but the best busmastering capable interfaces.

With SCSI you can put all your devices to work simultaneously, provided youre using an operating system supporting this feature (DOS and Win do not). The devices will interfere slightly with each other due to the limited total bandwidth of the SCSI bus (10-40MB/s for todays hardware; actually, the command overhead may be more of a problem). With EIDE, only one of the two devices on each channel (cable) can be active at a given time. Between different channels though there is no such restriction. Modern interfaces and operating systems like OS/ or Linux allow access to as many devices as youve got channels -- usually two. This can be put to good use with some careful planning.

Exceptions to this rule are some badly designed interface chips which prevent this or even corrupt data if you try (CMD640!). Probably for that reason, this feature has some support in Win5 only for the PIIX (used on Intel Triton and Natoma based mainboards). In all other cases Win5 will access no more than one EIDE device at any given time, which really impacts performance if multiple tasks are performing I/O. This is especially bad with ATAPI tapes and CD-ROMs, since commands on these devices can take a pretty long time to complete.

EIDE will certainly incorporate some form of command overlap in the future but its unlikely to be as powerful as SCSI. Access to multiple devices is important in multitasking environments, and positively vital in multi-user and server type applications. SCSI is, and will remain, more flexible here. EIDE suffers doubly because of the loveless support offered by Win5. The intelligence of the SCSI controller and protocol allows some nifty optimizations. One of the most important is tagged command queuing; a device can absorb a number of commands and execute them in a different order than they were issued. The operating system will do the same to some extent if you need to access a hard disk on, say, cylinder 0, 1000, and 500, it doesnt take many CPU cycles to figure out that youd better swap the last two. A device can always do a better job of it because it has complete information on its own internal structure and current state. Many devices arent all that intelligent about it in practice, though. The effects are difficult to quantify but usually small. This, too, is a feature that really comes into its own in multitasking situations.

The first thing to note is that no single device except a solid-state drive can achieve 16MB/s sustained throughput, let alone 40MB/s. The reason that SCSI bandwidth should be exceptionally high is that it needs to be shared by all devices on the bus. Multiple devices may very well generate a controlled data flow of tens of megabytes per second. On the other hand, the 16MB/s bandwidth of the EIDE bus is shared by just two devices, making the per device bandwidth higher than even UW-SCSI. Even so, the most recent development in EIDE is Ultra-ATA, which adds a MB/s DMA mode (DMA/) to its repertoire. This is more of marketing than practical value at present. Another example ATAPI devices (tape, CD-ROM) may or may not support advanced PIO modes, may or may not support DMA, and there are three different operating modes which can make a real difference in CPU usage (microprocessor DRQ, interrupt DRQ, accelerated DRQ). The half-hearted EIDE support offered by Win5 has already been remarked upon. Microsoft has caused a tiny uproar on the ATA mailing list by declining to commit to further development not in favor of SCSI though they want to focus their efforts on the next generation interface, which will be a fast serial one.

In conclusion, theres very little end user consciousness about important performance options in EIDE hardware and software, which of course doesnt tend to encourage rapid improvement. In the mean time, the choice for most of us is still pretty much limited to either SCSI or EIDE. SCSI would be directed more toward high speed data transactions while EIDE would be more suitable for the home user where high data transfer is not really an issue.

Work Cited

Gary Field, Peter M. Ridge. The Book of SCSI I/O for the New Millennium.

New York No Starch Press, 000.

Michael E. Powers. Clean Up Your Hard Drive, v1..

New York Michael E. Powers, 00.

Operating Systems NIIT school book

http//www.epinions.com/cmd-review-5AD-CCFE88B-87F5-prod

http//www.aiyamicro.com/scsi_101.htm

http//www.paralan.com/artech1.html

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1. Describe the setting and compare it with that of Siddhartha.

Throughout the story there were many occasions when the setting shifted from one place to another, but I think the main setting of the story was in a city. Although the author did not give much detail about city itself, I'm sure it that it was like any other. The city had many districts and the heart of the city is where one could find the business district, where merchants hurried up and down, chinked the money in their pockets, conversed in groups, looked at their watches, and trifled thoughtfully with their gold seals. There was also an obscure part of the town, which had its own bad repute. The ways were foul and narrow, the shops and houses wretched, the people half naked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. Alleys and archways, like so many cesspools, disgorged their offenses of smell, dirt, and life, upon the straggling streets; and the whole quarter reeked with crime, with filth and misery.

The city for most part of the story, particularly from the beginning till the later part was covered with a great thick fog that came pouring in every chink and keyhole and was so dense that even the houses, buildings and other structures were cramped up beside each other, appeared to be mere phantoms. To see the dingy cloud come drooping down, obscuring everything, one might have thought that nature lived hard by, and was brewing on a large scale. The fog was so thick that the ancient tower of a church, whose old bell was always looking down upon the town, became invisible.

Although the story Siddhartha also had a city as one of its minor settings, most of the story takes place in the great outdoors, where one can truly see and appreciate the real beauty and awe of nature and Mother Earth. These were the forests, the rivers and mountains; the only places Siddhartha or anyone for that matter may find peace and serenity both in his surroundings and in himself.

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. Describe the protagonist and compare him with Siddhartha. Who between the two do you like better?

The protagonist in the story "A Christmas Carol" was Ebenezer Scrooge. In the beginning of the story Scrooge was a squeezing, wrenching, scraping, clutching, and covetous old sinner. Hard and sharp as flint from which no steel had struck out generous fire, secret, self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shriveled his cheek, stiffened his gait, made his eyes red, his thin lips blue, and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. External heat and cold had little influence on him. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. No wind that blew was bitterer than he; no falling snow was more intent upon its purpose, no pelting rain less open to entreaty. In short he was a very cold old man!

But during the later part of the story all of these changed. After having encountered the three spirits and what they had to show him, he suddenly turned into a very kind, affectionate, cheerful, and appreciative warm old man, totally opposite his old self.

Although both Scrooge and Siddhartha have their similarities, like being totally different people in the beginning and ending up being totally different from their former selves, and both of them going on journeys to be able to find something that could make them complete again; They also have their differences, like Scrooge in "Christmas Carol" was both the protagonist and antagonist, while Siddhartha was clearly the hero of the story from start to end, although quite similar in the way they change during the course of the story, Scrooge was an evil cold man who changed his ways because of the three spirits while Siddhartha was a perfect Brahmins son who changed many times and eventually became "enlightened" in the end.

It is very hard for me to pick between the two for I see them as almost identical to each other except for a few, minor differences. But I think I would go for Siddhartha because if you were to ask me whom I'd rather be, it would be him, someone wise, handsome and enlightened.

. How did the novel begin? Do you like it? Why?

The novel began by stating that Marley was dead, describing who and what type of person Scrooge was, describing the setting, and basically introducing some of the important characters of the story.

Yes, I liked how the story began because it gave me important details that I needed to know to fully understand the story. I found out how cold Scrooge was, that the long time partner of Scrooge, Marley died, and made me meet Bob Cratchit, Scrooge's clerk and his nephew who was the first one to try to explain the true meaning of Christmas to Scrooge.

4. Present the more important events using narration.

I think there were basically three important events that occurred in the story. The first is his encounter with the first spirit the "ghost of Christmas past" who showed him his younger self, which made him remember the imagination he had as a kid, his cheerful sister, recall his happy Christmas celebration with old Fezziwig and his family during his apprenticeship and made him regret the time he chose money and material wealth over his one true love. The "ghost of Christmas present was equally important for it showed him how his clerk and his family celebrated the true meaning of Christmas by being together, being contented with what they had and by appreciating each other; it also showed him his nephew and how he, his wife and their friends celebrated Christmas by joking around, which made Scrooge realize that all his money was worthless without family and friends to share it with, and that it is only he who suffers from his ill whims. The third ghost, the "ghost of Christmas yet to come" showed him the consequences of his actions if he chooses not to change.

5. Do you like the language used by Dickens? Why?

Dickens made use of both the frozen and the deliberate type of language. Putting into consideration that Dickens grew up in the 1800's in which both frozen and deliberate types of language were almost the only type used by the people, I can understand why he used those types for this novel. But if it were up to me I would rather if he would have written it using a mixture of both the deliberate and casual types for better understanding of the present reader.

6. What is the main conflict in the novel?

The main conflict in the story is man vs. himself because the story is about how a very cold old man who hated the humbug of Christmas who eventually through the help of the three spirits who showed him different situations that make him realize what he is truly missing, changes his ways by realizing the meaning of kindness, charity, goodwill and the true meaning of Christmas.

7. Is the protagonist a typical, conventional person or different?

No, at no time did the protagonist, Ebenezer Scrooge become a typical, conventional person. I believe he was always extraordinary in the sense that at the start of the story he was different because he was a cold old man, so cold in fact that it would be hard to imagine that anyone could be so cold as to HATE the humbug, the true essence of Christmas. While in the end he was a very extraordinary because he turned into a very kind, cheerful and compassionate person with a warm, loving heart and one who celebrated the essence of Christmas the whole year round to the best of his ability which is definitely something very special!

8. How did the novel end? Do you like it?

The ending was the complete opposite of the novel's beginning. The once cold, hateful old man now knew the true spirit and essence of Christmas. I liked how it ended. As a matter of fact I was kind of scarred because I knew Scrooge and Tiny Tim had a possibility of dying in the end, but thankfully everything turned out the way I hoped it would be, a happy ending

. Give the three most important messages of the novel.

My opinion is that there are definitely more than three important messages in the novel but if I narrow it down it would be the following First, we should always remember to learn from our past experiences. This was depicted by the "ghost of Christmas past" when he brought Scrooge back to the Christmas he spent with the Fezziwigs and the time he saw himself chose material wealth over the girl who loved him!

Second Money and other material possessions are useless if you don't have any family or friends to share it with! This was thought to us when the "ghost of Christmas present showed his nephew with his wife and their friend enjoying together, and when he saw Bob Cratchit and his family experiencing true happiness together even if they were poor!

Third The whole story teaches us that the true essence of Christmas which are kindness, charity and goodwill are not things to be remembered only every December 5th of every year, rather we must remember it and keep it in our hearts the whole year round.

10. Which between the two novels did you enjoy more?

Even if I enjoyed both novels equally given the present time and occasion I would have to go for the "Christmas Carol" because now that Christmas is fast approaching I can make more use of the lessons I have learned from the later and I can relate more to Scrooge and the situation he was in this Christmas season.

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The purpose of this report is to identify the critical issues such as getting advice about how to start a business, developing a business plan, manage finance and cash flow, legal issues involved and gaining a competitive advantage. All of these critical issues could help a starting business achieve success.

Operating a small business is not just about working for yourself, it is also about having the necessary management skills, industry expertise, technical skills, finance and of course a long-term vision to grow and succeed. You should also consult an experienced business adviser, accountant or bank manager.

Before starting a business advice about how to start a business should be sought. Getting advice how to start a business will help owners understand the responsibilities and management skills involved in running a business. Understanding the responsibilities of running a business will let the business owner know what its like to manage a business and the things that will involve in doing so. As many people go into business without knowing how to manage a business and the responsibilities involved and fail in business with the first few years. The business enterprise centres and state governments provide assistance to small businesses. This will be the difference between success and failure of a business.

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To succeed in business you need to allocate time and energy to managing the business, over and above creating and delivering the product or service.

Business management includes

• Managing yourself and your time

• Managing your staff

• Managing suppliers of goods and services

• Managing your business partners

• Managing your money

Having a business plan before you start out in business will help you manage the business successfully. This is an important step in helping a starting business achieve success. A business plan will provide business owners a clear pathway to successfully run a business. It will help the business owners have an idea what their business is going to be like and how it will be managed. A good business plan will increase your chances of business success. It will help you identify your customers, market area, pricing strategies, financial and operational goals. By completing a business plan you will better understand your competitive advantages, new opportunities, current weaknesses and longer-term objectives for the business. Having a business plan is also an important requirement for gaining finance from financial institutions.

Improve your chances dramatically by preparing and planning ahead.

• Visit First Base at a Business Advisory Service Centre.

• Get professional advice.

• Read a few books. A wide range of inexpensive titles is available.

• Attend an Introduction to Small Business workshop at a Business Advisory Service Centre.

• Talk to someone already in a similar business.

• Contact an appropriate trade association.

Planning is essential, so make the effort to

• prepare your goals and detail the steps you are going to take to reach them;

• create a written document of all the research and analysis of your idea;

• segment your plan into a strategy document covering the business activities, markets, competitor analysis and longer term industry trends;

• then complete your planning with an implementation plan which covers operations, marketing, sales, finance, personnel and training;

• the end result of your planning should be expressed in financial terms in a profit plan (or budget) and cash flow projections;

• your business plan can then become a powerful management tool not only for your dealings with bankers and financiers, but also as a regular guide on the progress of your business.

Furthermore an important decision to make when starting a business is choosing the business structure that best suits your needs. Some of the factors to consider are personal financial liability, tax implications, access to business profits, establishment costs and risk exposure. Consulting your accountant and/or solicitor will assist you in making a better decision.

There are a number of business structures available, of varying complexity, each with advantages and disadvantages. The most common business structures are sole trader, partnerships and proprietary limited company.

Avoid the seven most common traps for people just starting businesses. Take care to

• locate your business in the right place;

• know your customers and their needs;

• always be in control of your finances;

• choose the most appropriate business structure;

• read any business or lease agreement very carefully before signing (and get professional advice if in any doubt);

• buy an existing viable business, not another's failed dream;

• recognise that sales revenue must cover all the costs of running the business and is not clear profit.

Financing your business and managing the cash flow which include stock, debt collection and personal drawings will help your business succeed.

Most small businesses start without sufficient capital and many businesses fail in their early years because they are under-capitalised. Make sure that there is enough money to go into business. So manage your finances carefully by

• knowing how much money is needed and when;

• knowing where to secure funding and how;

• controlling your business finances and reviewing the position regularly.

Your business plan and cash flow projection will provide you with your first estimate of funding requirements. Regular accounting reports will update these so you can respond to adverse movements in working capital such as stocks, debtors, work in progress and overdrafts.

Cash shortages can prevent you from meeting your financial obligations and make it difficult to expand your business. In some cases it will mean you will need to close your business.

It is important to know your cash flow position. To manage your cash flow, take note of the following tips.

Account for Every Dollar and Cent

• Install an accounting system that produces relevant financial reports and meets tax requirements.

• Keep your financial records and bookkeeping up to date.

• Use the information in your accounting system to draw up a budget and cash flow forecast.

• Manage your cash inflow and outflow - be prepared for anticipated tax instalments and other payments.

• Do your banking regularly, both for security reasons as well as keeping track of your cash flow.

• Reconcile your bank statements regularly, double-checking receipts and payments with your own records.

• Ensure that you receive, record and retain all tax invoices for GST taxable purchases to support your claim for input tax credits.

• Consider visiting your accountant every three months to review your business performance.

Money Matters

• Bill your customers early and often.

• Keep a detailed account of all your debtors and act promptly on overdue accounts.

• Promptly follow up any dishonoured cheques.

• Consider offering discounts for cash sales or early payments of credit purchases.

• Consider alternatives to improve your sales terms, eg lay-by terms, payment terms, credit terms.

• Keep a detailed list of amounts that you owe. Your debts may build up without your knowing.

• Use payable credit terms to your benefit, increasing the effectiveness of your cash flow.

• If suppliers want to be paid early, ask about discounts for early payments.

Final Money Tips

• Manage your investment debt. Dont over-borrow.

• Keep some cash for rainy days.

• Dont over-commit your personal expenses.

There are many legal issues involved when starting a business. Applying for an ABN and applying for the GST and PAYG is a commonwealth government obligation. State obligations include registration of your business name, workers compensation insurance and fair trading and occupational health and safety. Apply with these legal requirements will allow you to run a legal and fair business.

Gain a competitive advantage is an important factor if you want to achieve success when starting a business. You should know who your competitors are, what the level of competition is, and how your competitors compete on price, extra services, convenience and quality? Also knowing what is so unique about your product/service will help you gain a competitive advantage. Having a thorough knowledge of this will allow you to gain a greater share of the market and increase your sales

Knowing your market will be of advantage.

• Is there a market for your product/service?

• Have you defined your market by size, geographic location, life cycle of the product or demographics?

• What will affect your market? Social trends, the economy, consumer confidence or industrial relations.

• What statistics and trends can you collect to help with market research?

• What are the characteristics of your customers - what, why, where and how often do they buy?

• What form of marketing activities will best suit your business?

david hills business studies pg 145-147

tony braxton business failure pg 150-15

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