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Since the early nineties, a debate in Congress over the situation of the National Endowment of the Arts funding has been raging. Opinions on both sides of the argument have been passionate and hotly debated. The issues have divided conservatives and liberals as well as the religious and the secular. This issue is of great importance to the general public because millions of taxpayer's dollars are at stake in the debate. The argument is also significant because it questions the values and ethics in society as well. What may be passionate art to one individual may be considered offensive and perhaps disgraceful to another. Traditionalists believe that the government funding of art programs is inappropriate and promotes artistic expression in much too vulgar ways. On the other hand, culturalists believe that through government funding, Americans will learn ways of expressing their ideas through artistic excellence, thus preserving and enhancing our nations diverse cultural heritage. The argument on the government funding of the National Endowment of the Arts is brewing with compelling ideas and beliefs. Can the government set standards to filter what art it will financially support? I support all artists that have a quest to express their views, opinions, and beliefs. However, I do not believe that a taxpayer's hard earned money should go towards funding art. Government funding for the arts must be reduced or eliminated.

The NEA was created to keep traditional art form alive. The Endowment was created by Congress and established in 165 as an independent agency of the federal government. In its 7 years of existence the NEA has funded about 0,000 projects. Famous Hollywood star Alec Baldwin has led a campaign in America to fight to preserve federal funding and advocate the goals of the NEA. The supporters of Baldwin's campaign feel that the government should continue the lead to assure that the American people and their children will maintain "cultural intelligence, heightened sensitivity, and our deepened collective sense of humanity." They also claim that federal funding "disseminates culture throughout the country." As the managing director of Baltimores Center Stage put it, Art has power. It has the power to sustain, to heal, to humanize . . . to change something in you. Because art is so powerful, we dare not entangle it with coercive government power. That means no censorship or regulation of art."

Culturalists for the continuation of government support of the National Endowment of the Arts agree that the government mostly funds the research world today. For example, the National Institute of Health disburses billions of dollars in grants to research teams they feel are doing groundbreaking research. Men such as Baldwin ask why art should be an exception. They argue that government choices for the arts are not good and that all forms of artistic expression should be deemed appropriate. In former president Bill Clinton's State of the Union Address he reaffirmed his decision to fund art by stating, "Our economy is measured in numbers and statistics, and it is very important. But the enduring worth of our nation lies in our shared values and our soaring spirit." However, the government, as well as Baldwin and his campaigners, fails to realize that the hard earned tax dollars of the American public are precious. Taxpayers should most certainly have some say in the decision making of the government's money supporting the NEA.

The controversy concerning the government's financial support of the National Endowment of the Arts can be traced to 10. Artist Karen Finley performed a dramatization of the plight of women by performing naked on stage and covered with melted chocolate. During the same year, Karen Finley and three other artists in the California area were eventually denied funding because the NEA holds grants to a "general standard of decency." However, the four "artists" brought the case to two lower courts in California, arguing against the government's control over the freedom of speech. The California court's decision in favor of the artists led to the controversy that is as present as ever today. What may be expressionistic art for one individual may be considered completely grotesque or worthless to another. Thus, the battle over government spending on the arts may never be settled due to personal opinions and the ongoing debates on what exactly is "inappropriate."

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Writer William Craig Rice argues that government funding of the art programs has not created any great progress in the heritage of America and that its programs often produce "smut." He states, "It seems to me that our history in the arts in America is profoundly decentralized. Amateurs have had a big role. Our great artists almost all came out of unpromising quarters and out of oppressed groups. Our heritage was not that of a centralized authority making our decisions for us." Much of Rice's outcry is a result of the Andres Serrano photograph that was displayed in the Woodruff Museum of the Arts, in which he made a picture of the crucifix being dipped in urine. He believes such art can have a tremendously negative affect on children who view them. He states, "Did the parents of these school children know that their nine and ten year olds' 'field trip' consisted of viewing violent, gothic, and sexual images? I don't even acknowledge that it's art. I don't even acknowledge that the fellow who did this "work" was an artist." Serrano received a $15,000 donation for this work. What disturbs me is that the government uses tax payer money to fund outrageous, worthless art. In 000 alone, the Woodruff Arts Center was presented with $50,000 to support their projects. Furthermore, The National Endowment of the Arts is not just getting a few spare dollars here and there. Over the course of 000 the NEA gave out 7,55,547 in grants. Between the years of 15-000 the NEA donated $54,18,64. I am appalled at the money the government donates to this organization. The government is wasting millions of the taxpayers' money on so-called art such as a painting called "The Virgin Mary," where the exposed Virgin Mary is smeared with elephant feces and pornographic clipping. Why support this art when the government could put the extra money towards a military pay raise or even do the unthinkable and give it back to the rightful owners, the taxpayers. Baldwin and other supporters of the NEA make the point that the agencys current budget of just under $100 million is a pittance in a $7 billion industry. Hes right. So couldnt the wealthy leaders of that industry come up with enough money to replace the NEA budget? The First Amendment well protects privately produced art.

In conclusion, I don't believe that everything that the NEA has sponsored has been wrong. I'm sure that they have given money to some very worthy causes. But where do you draw the line between "art" and "garbage"? I think this is a very hard line for the federal government to draw. I just don't think that this can be done. We will only have controversy after controversy. With taxes as high as they are and military pay as low as it is, I just don't see it as being very responsible to spend that much money on art, whether "good" art or "bad" art.

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Mining Development VS. Social Disruptions Assessing Both The Social Benefits & Social Costs of Titanium Extraction Efforts in Kenya

With what was initially thought to be a feasible resource extraction proposal, has in turn lead to an onslaught of both economic and social uncertainties among more then five thousand Kenyans. Tiomin Resources, a Canadian based mining company, has shown a ferocious interest to construct titanium based extraction mills along the Indian Ocean within the residence of the economically struggling providence of Africa. The proposed site(s), which rest in the fertile sand dunes along the Kenyan Coast, are thought to hold / embody one of the largest supply(s) of both titanium and zirconium bearing minerals in the world. Despite what stands to be both an economical and social jackpot for one of the largest mining Corporations in the world, has in turn generated a spin off and or threat of both economic and environmental externalities from formulating in the near future. Among the focal points of major concern(s) rest the vantage points of two distraught parties. With more than ten thousand small-scale farmers in threat of being forced of their native soil, Kenyan's argue the feasibility dynamics of such proposals aren't socially balanced. Tiomin Resources rebuttals by addressing the profitable socioeconomic impact their proposal presents if operations where established in the financially dying province of Africa. As this heated debate continues, it soon becomes a question of assessing the feasible equity each party is willing to negotiate for. Not only is it imperative to question the long-run economical balance of such proposals but so to be it fitting to address the adverse effects such operations would have on the surrounding environment & short run economical balances.

The dominant factor supporting Tiomin recent proposals to excavate within the titanium-rich sands of Kwale beach resides in the operations estimated economical worth. The three proposed sites which outlier the small coastal communities of Shimoni, Mombassa, and Mamburi are estimated to have 15-year extraction duration capable of producing in excess of 18 million tons of raw material on an annual basis. Furthermore, the $165-million dollar project would also generate more then 600 direct jobs resulting in the spin off of more then $5-million dollars being delivered to the struggling Kenyan economy. (Russell 1) Another aspect in support of Tiomin mining proposal highlights the areas geographic location. With more than thirty ports on the Indian Ocean, extraction via process time literally becomes cut in half. In addition, Tiomin has further intentions of constructing more then 5 processing mills less then 50 miles away from the Mamburi site, a proposition they feel will further jump-start and aid an end to economic struggles in the surrounding area.

"Aside from using water routes as means to transport and or relocate the extracted materials, we also have local access to more than 40 different rail stations a commodity we're not use to having and or utilizing at such leisure." (Elder )

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Not only do the proposed mining sites hold an abundance of economic value but so to do the feasibility reports concerning the surrounding environment. The mines, which sit at less then 0 meters in depth, further support any threat extraction activities would have on the nearby water quality. Not only do the mines sit exceptionally low, in comparison to other projects and or extraction sites, they also have an estimated 85% purity level. Thus, dismissing the inherent threat of debris tailing and rock pilling, common environmental impacts that follow such extraction activities. Despite impressive, high profiled numbers and promises to the surrounding economy, many questions still remain unanswered. Underlining this assertion comes the futuristic doubts and uncertainties of the more then five thousand Kenya's literally being forced to hand over their land.

With Tiomins rigorous efforts to establish operations, the livelihoods among the thousands of Kenya's calling Kwale Beach "home" continues to remains in limbo. Among the variety of growing concerns, none of which is more dominant than the threat of economic disruptions. Because more than 80% of the proposed mining sites lie on and or sit in relative distance to rural farmlands, the inherent threat is the Kenyan economy stands to lose its prolific source of generated income. Aside from Tiomin offering less then $140 dollars an acre to all private landowner's, the number remains to both inadequate and equally skewed. Only a small portion of farmers rightfully own more than 10 acres of land in the local areas. Because of this, the compensation in which Tiomon is preparing to offering doesn't pose to be a valid investment for most if any of the localized farmers at all. Another aspect of equal measure focuses on the projects environmental feasibility. Two of the three proposed sites, Mombassa and Mamburi, both contain and or surround conservation parks. Shimba Hills, a national park located less then five miles outside of Mombassa, is thought to be dramatically impacted with the construction of such an operation. Another problem focuses on the Shimoni site and its relative distance to the conservation marina within the Indian Ocean. "These specific waters contain one of the world's largest concentrations of both dolphin and coral life. There remains without any question, the physical disruption to such a delicate environment would in fact be impossible to avoid." (Mungai ) It is also expected that initial steps taken to mine would also disrup and dramatically impact the water quality in general location(s). By excavating raw titanium, the radioactive elements and cancer causing carcinogenic commonly found in such minerals also raises serious questions with regards to the projects overall safety. (ENS 1)

As the issue remains to be debated upon, two parties feel they stressed enough adequate certainties to either promote or diminish the inherent notions to dig. As follows, it then becomes a matter of examining the social costs and or benefits verse the adverse effects such operations could possibly have on such a lavish environment. Despite what remains to be a clear-cut, straightforward issue, economic feasibility, valid compensation, and community interests need to be better evaluated for such a dramatic physical change and or transition to take place.

-SOURCES CITED-

1. Russell, P. Rosalind. "Kenyan Mining Project Brings Criticism in Spades." Canadian Spotlight News, November 0th 000. Document Retrieved April 15th 001 @ www.canadanews.about.com/gi/news/~a6et7e4.htm. (1-)

. Elders, R. Scott. "Mining and Economic Development in Kenya At What Cost?" International Center For Human Rights and Democratic Development, February 000. Document Retrieved April 14th 001@ www.rights&democracy.org/0-05-00/ligio/kenmine/hmtl. (1-4)

. Mungai, Naftali. "Titanium Mining in Kenya Digs Up Environmental Fears." Environmental News Service, April 5th 000. Document Retrieved April 16th 001 @ www.ens.lycos/ens/apr000/000l-04-05-04.html. (1-)

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Visit modern day Japan and it is easy to be attracted to the flashing lights, and futuristic-looking cities. But stroll through a traditional Japanese garden, with its tranquil atmosphere and closeness to nature, and one can walk into the past. It is easy to imagine kimono-clad men, their heads shaven bald except for a queue on the top of their heads, two swords hanging by their sides, shuffling around in wooden sandals. This is feudal Japan, where everyone and anyone live by bushido, the way of the samurai. Merchants and traders coming back from Japan described it as an exotic and fantasy-filled land. So why was popular opinion (up until as recently as the early post-World War II period) of the Japanese so negative? The Japanese were considered so alien and so fundamentally different to the West to the point that they were deemed non-human. James Clavell, an author fascinated by Asian culture, reverses this perception of the Japanese in his novel, Shogun.

Shogun, based in part upon historical fact, is centered upon three different characters John Blackthorne, the Japanese warlord Toranaga and a Japanese woman, Mariko. Set in the 1600s, the novel depicts Japanese life during this period in such great detail that it can be used as a reference book. The main character, John Blackthorne, is an English pilot of a Dutch ship shipwrecked with the survivors of his crew in Japan. He is at first appalled at Japanese customs and behavior, but he slowly adapts and accepts his new home. Toranaga is a powerful warlord who is trying to unify Japan under his rule, and Mariko is a woman torn between two lives. The clash between East and West is the centerpiece of this novel; it has much to teach the audience about the different attitudes of 17th century Japan and Europe.

The East and West have always had and always will have differences between their cultures, but as the writer JJ Clarke puts it, the East has become the West's 'other'. The differences are essentialized, the East is everything the West is not, and vice versa. Nothing illustrates this better than the different attitudes towards death the Japanese notion of death is fundamentally different from that of the West. However, Clavell demonstrates that this is not true.

The Japanese named the great storm in 181, which destroyed the vast Mongol invasion fleet and saved Japan from obliteration, kamikaze, or 'divine wind'. The name was revived during World War II and applied to the pilots who flew their planes loaded with explosives directly into U.S. warships. These modern-day samurai sacrificed their lives in service to their Emperor. In the West's point of view, nothing characterizes the Japanese better than their fondness for death. Their suicidal behavior is deeply rooted in bushido, along with their strict sense of honor and discipline. In his novel, James Clavell makes it very apparent that an honorable death is the focus point in a samurai's life. In a particularly graphic example, he writes " '[I] know how to die how a samurai should die.' […] Then he slid the knife deep into the left side of his stomach. He ripped it full across with both hands and took it out and plunged it deep again, just above his groin, and jerked it up in silence." . As Mariko puts it, "A samurai dies with dignity. [...] It is his right and duty to die with honor." . To a samurai, death is closely intertwined with honor and glory. A samurai's life is devoted to the service of his master, loyalty being one of the fundamental aspects of bushido, he must be ready to die at any moment for his master.

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While in today's society this glorification of death is a totally unfamiliar and alien notion, Western culture too glorified death up until recently . One need only read the famous martial speech from Shakespeare's Henry V to understand the West's previous 'eagerness' to die a glorious death

Whoever does not have the stomach for this fight, let him depart. Give him money to speed his departure since we do not wish to die in this mans company. Whoever lives past today and comes home safely will rouse himself every year on this day, show his neighbor his scars, and tell embellished stories of all their great feats of battle. These stories he will teach his son and from this day until the end of the world we shall be remembered. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers, for whoever has shed his blood with me shall be my brother. And those men afraid to go will think themselves lesser men as they hear of how we fought and died together.

John Blackthorne, the 'hero' of the novel, has very similar attitude towards death. Clavell makes it clear that Blackthorne's attitude towards death is not at all different from the samurai, on many occasions he is prepared to die fighting with honor rather than shame himself, for example "if he (Blackthorne) had to die he preferred to die now with pride than later." . Blackthorne's attitude towards death and dying gloriously in battle agrees, if not exceeds, his samurai 'colleagues'. He views suicide as cowardly, he would much rather die in battle. Blackthorne remarks of a man who is about to commit seppuku, or ritual suicide, in the heat of battle "If he wants to die for Christ's sake, […] why doesn't he help his men? If he wants to die, why doesn't he die fighting, like a man? .

Loyalty is also a value that the West holds in very high esteem. Take for example the legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, probably the best-known piece of folklore in Western literature. These tales are filled with stories of the knights' devotion to King Arthur, all swearing undying loyalty to King Arthur's crown. Speaking of knights, chivalry, the code of knighthood, closely resembles bushido, and the two social classes are quite alike. Both codes have a strict sense of honor, discipline and loyalty. The samurai are the Eastern Knights of the Round Table, and the European knights are akin to the Ch shingura (League of Loyal Hearts).

The problem with stereotyping a people is that it makes too big a generalization. It 'characterizes' an entire people, there is no room left for individuality. By stereotyping the Japanese as suicidal, one can assume that they are totally alien and foreign to the West, since the Western notion of death is to avoid at all costs. But since James Clavell demonstrates that the West once thought as the Japanese did, he is matching the Japanese with the West. By presenting the similarity in thinking between the Japanese and the West, Clavell confirms that they are not total polar opposites.

By proving that the West and the East are indeed similar in more ways than one, James Clavell is trying to make the audience realize that the Japanese are human, that they as a people and their way of thinking are not totally alien to the West. In reality, humans are all the same, the only differences between one person and another are cultural. So why do racism and discrimination exist? Can one culture be 'superior' to another?

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Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...

Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...

Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...

Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...

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Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...

Alcohol and Health Two Works Cited and Two Works Consulted Alcohol has a tremendous negative impact on the body. Any quantity of alcohol that is ingested, no matter how little, may cause harm to the body and will certainly never provide any benefit. At one time, it was widely believed that alcohol was useful as a medicine and it was recommended for warming the body, helping the heart, and resuscitating those who have fainted or who are in a state of shock. Extensive research by scientists and physicians has proven that alcohol should never be utilized as a medicine. Unfortunately, alcohol brings on the risk of many diseases. Recent evidence indicates that a wide variety of diseased conditions are brought about by a substance that coats the bodys red cells, causing them to adhere to one another in clumps. These clumps, sometimes called sludge, can be created by the ingestion of alcohol(Burgess,p.10). Alcohol has a disastrous affect on all of the bodys organs, the main one being the brain. At death, the brain of the de...

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Research Essay â€" Immigrants in Australia

Australia is known throughout the world as a multicultural society, its large-scale migration program at the end of World War II is thought to be one of the major building foundations leading to our identity. Agreements were reached with Britain, some European countries and with the International Refugee Organisation to encourage migration, including displaced people from war-torn Europe . Australia’s population rose shortly after this program was introduced and the population grew from million to a staggering 1.5 million people . Since then the number slowly declined but now once again it is rising and a new yet old argument has re-emerged. The controversial argument is on whether more immigrants should be allowed into Australia at their current rate. This topic is debatable today and doubtlessly will be for many years to come, there are both advantages and disadvantages of immigrants. Immigrants can offer us a chance to broaden our cultural and religious understanding, offer a certain amount of security and will be needed to boost our population, yet on the other hand, migrants also come at the risk of people’s jobs, at the possible loss of our nation’s identity also a lot of other important factor which must be considered.

Firstly, we must clarify the difference between refugees and immigrants, for even though this may seem obvious to some, many do not know and often are badly mistaken on the difference. †A refugee is a person fleeing from their country for their safety. Where an immigrant is †a foreigner coming from overseas for either financial or personal reasons to stay in a country permanently. The tax which many people argue that they are forced to pay in order to keep immigrants in detentions centres, to keep some out and similar things, are not for exactly immigrants yet instead refugees or illegal immigrants. The amount of money in tax that an average person has to pay on legal immigrants is small to none therefore not an important matter to discuss on this issue.

Australia does have an identity to live up to, our multicultural diversity is known throughout the world and it cannot be ignored when deciding on this subject. Our nation has set a good example in the recent crisis in our world, an example which we made at a risk for we too are now a target for terrorism. Terrorism is something that affects all countries throughout the world but to some more than others, the advantage that we could gain by having a large amount of immigrants could lower our chances of having a terrorist threat. The current amount of Muslims in Australia is great but with an increase our danger lessons, leading to a great example of why we should encourage immigration.

Recent migrants in Australia have greatly influenced all of our lives both culturally and economically. Migrants have created new business for local Australians and continue to do so eg Restaurants and local shops. They have offered Australians a unique opportunity to broaden our cultural and religious understanding, which is not possible in many countries today or at least not to the same extent. It is true that many Australians believe that the increase of immigrants is at the risk of their jobs and at the cost of many others and those who will come to be. These thoughts have not gone unspoken or heard but their worries must be put at rest. Immigrants have actually filled many needed jobs for Australians that they could or would not take up thus not really effecting the amount of jobs available for the locals for example a recent survey shows that 65% of Doctors in Australia are from Asian or European descent (not from Australia) . The department of Immigration also clearly acknowledges that the majority of migrants are accepted through the †skill streamthus they are qualified and can bring their knowledge from overseas and offer their services here .

Immigrants in Australia have also proven to be prepared to work for cheap labour or lower wage jobs that many average Australians simply refuse to do, thus they are offering their services for a fraction of the amount many Australians would agree to work for â€" Making many manufacturers and companies in Australia a chance for cheap labour.

A problem which arises with immigrants coming into Australia is that they are always led to the large or more developed cities such as Sydney and Melbourne thus putting more pressure on the environment in those parts. It also raises the government’s immediate problem with the current price of houses in these parts of Australia. Experts now agree that it’s practically impossible for young/future Australians to get a decent sized house or in some cases a house at all. This problem is currently being seen to, with more things being thought of that may appeal to immigrants and other Australians to come to less urbanised areas.

Many also argue that we may lose our own cultural identity as more immigrants come, yet statistics from the department of Immigration prove this not to be true. The excess of births over deaths has contributed more to the population’s growth than net overseas migration (see table below ). Therefore we have no need to worry about the possible loss of our cultural identity.

As you may have also noticed, Australia’s birth-rate is slowly declining and as we are already in an underpopulated country, the need for more immigrants grows. As Australia had realised during World War II, a large population = greater economic wealth.

It is a well known fact for many Australians that we have an aging population it is a fact which we all must face. The introduction of more immigrants ensures a more stable equilibrium in our population.

As you can see there are many good and bad points for immigration in Australia and as I and many others believe, the good far out weighs the bad, the need for migrants in today’s society is just too strong for us to ignore, whether it is for economic, cultural or security reasons, immigration is vital to our countries success. Everywhere we look there are immigrants helping everyday Australians whether it’s doctors and surgeons saving peoples lives to in the steelworks - helping our economy, immigrants are an asset to our society and a must for Australia for without them Australia loses it’s identity, the nations identity.

Bibliography

(Updated Aug. 00) http//www.immi.gov.au

This site offered me a wide range of information concerning Australian immigration standards, laws, facts and some statistics. It was the most helpful.

http//www.immigrationsolutions.com.au/main.htm

This site was helpful in finding possible solutions to problems that may arise if more immigrants are allowed into Australia.

Fredrick James, Immigrants A Closer Look, Yale U. P., 187

This book helped me in gathering information on immigration in general.

Bickman Tracy, The White Australian Policy (Sydney 11)

This source helped me in my work in the places that I have cited and others as well.

World Book Encyclopaedia 7, Volume A-AY, I-IL

This encyclopaedia helped me to get a better understanding of immigration and it’s role in Australia

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In today's society it is very unfortunate that the appearance of women is so significant. Relationships strictly based on looks will most likely always exist, however, the hope that one is loved for who they are inside remains within most of us. Every individual finds being praised exceptionally flattering, whether it is for his or her appearance or for his or her personality. With a comical touch the poet ridicules the tradition of comparing one's beloved to all things beautiful under the sun, and to things divine and immortal as well. In Sonnet 10, William Shakespeare proves that love is far more precious than beauty. Although he does at no point praise his lover's appearance, he preserves her dignity and emphasizes the importance of a woman's personality, rather than physical appearance.

This sonnet plays an elaborate joke on the values of love, which are common amongst most other poems, and that are still funny to society today. Shakespeare uses metaphors throughout his three quatrains, and in his final couplet to make highly idealizing comparisons between nature and the poets' lover that were, if taken literally, completely bizarre. In the first quatrain, the speaker spends one line on each comparison between his mistress and something else; the sun, coral, snow, and wires--the one positive thing in the whole poem some part of his mistress is like

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lips' red;

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If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;

If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. (Shakespeare 1-4)

In the first and second lines, it seem as though the speaker is trying to ridicule someone. He is taking these metaphors at face value, and somewhat puzzled, decides to tell the truth. For example, Your mistress' eyes are like the sun? Shakespeare seems to be proving to this person, that his mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun. The fourth line portrays his wittiness. Logically, since snow is white, one should accept that her breasts would then be somewhat darker. Whether this is trying to tell the readers that his mistress was truly dark seems doubtful, because most likely the poet is experimenting with our imaginations, to view the thoughts of his writing style. And finally the last line, which portrays her hairs as black wires, perhaps may imply that her hair was actually tangled and unkempt. The association of black may just be referring to her natural hair colour. Shakespeare is demonstrating that, by comparing his mistress to such images, he is leading the reader to believe that he does not in fact, love this woman.

Throughout the second and third quatrains, Shakespeare expands the descriptions to occupy two lines each, so that roses/cheeks, perfumes/breath, music/voice, and goddess/mistress each receive a pair of unrhymed lines. This creates the effect of an expanding argument, and conveniently prevents the poem from becoming dry. Shakespeare depicts all the qualities that his mistress is lacking, rather than what makes her physically attractive

I have seen roses damasked, red and white,

But no such roses see I in her cheeks

And in some perfumes is there more delight

Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. (Shakespeare 5-8)

In lines seven and eight Shakespeare staggers the readers with his choice of words. Perhaps in Shakespeare's time, the smell of the breath of a lover was meant to be sweeter than all perfumes, but in this case he is verifying that indeed it is not true. Also, the use of the word "reeks" in his day was probably not quite as harsh, especially to the concept of beauty, as it is today. There seems to be little doubt that Shakespeare could have used a more flattering word if he wished to imply that his mistress was an example of possible pleasure. As for lines nine and ten, curiously, these two lines almost express the opposite of their exact meaning. One is tempted to read 'I love to hear her speak, for the sound is far more pleasing than music to my ear.' In fact, that is a stronger meaning than the more obvious one, because the claim that he loves to hear her overcomes the problem of his previous fact that music might be better. However it is charming that he still would prefer to listen to her voice. The last two lines of the third quatrain simply mean that his beloved is human and has earthly feet. The poet is stating that great comparisons are not significant, for his lover is beautiful without being a goddess. She is delightful in his eyes, and in many other ways.

Seeing as how Shakespeare did not present this woman with any realistic compliments throughout the poem, the conclusion is quite a surprise "And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare/ As any she belied with false compare" (Shakespeare 1-14). As a reader, it is surprising that the speaker is in reality, in love with this woman. Sonnet 10 confirms that despite the fact that the speaker's mistress lacks the beautiful qualities that most individuals look for, he beyond doubt loves her. The meaning behind line thirteen is that he is telling his readers that his love for this woman is precious. The word "rare" means that she is something extraordinary to him. Therefore, in Shakespeare's last line, he is revealing that he did not 'falsely portray' the women, he was trying to tell the readers all along that he did in fact love her, but not for the obvious reason of her appearance and her characteristics. The "false compare" means that by making these deceptive comparisons, he made his readers believe that he did not find this woman irresistible. Also, the narrator verified that his affection for his lover is not strictly based on lust. He seems to be looking at the beauty inside this woman, rather than her physical appearance, which not many people look at.

The conclusion of Sonnet 10 is unpredicted due to the various lines of insults brought upon the mistress by the poet throughout the entire poem. He humiliates his mistress and then shocks the reader with his final couplet, announcing that he is without a doubt in love with this woman. It is at this point that he is able to preserve her dignity, demonstrating that it is the woman's personality that he sincerely loves, and not just her appearance. In the couplet, then, the speaker shows his full intention, which is that love does not have to be about beauty, in order to be real. Women do not need to look like flowers or the sun, in order to be attractive. Although Shakespeare's Sonnet 10 does not compliment his mistress until the final couplet and has many readers fooled, he has caught the attention of the readers by focusing on the realization that this woman is definitely worth meeting. He also shows the significance of getting to know an individual when you first meet them. When you fall in love with someone, after a long period of time you tend to disregard all of the imperfect characteristics. Throughout this poem, Shakespeare makes it easier to set eyes on true love, which comes from within.

Works Cited

Shakespeare, William. "Sonnet 10." The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Ferguson, M., Salter, M.J. & Stallworthy, J. New York W.W Norton & Company, 16. 40.

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The way in which a parent raises their child has a direct impact on the way the child perceives itself as well as how siblings perceive each other. In addition, the social atmosphere surrounding the child and any major crisis's that happen in their life, contribute to this perception.

In the story " Everyday Use" by Alice Walker, the daughters, "Dee" and "Maggie" are affected by all three criteria. The mother of these girls makes a life changing action due to the perception that the daughters have of themselves and each other. She realizes that how she handles the particular situation of the "quilt" will directly effect the confidence of her youngest daughter.

The past crisis that affected the two daughters was a fire that burned down their house. This crisis not only has a direct effect on Maggie's perception of herself, but also reveals Dee's personality to her mother. The mother remembers how she carried Maggie out of the burning flames and how pitiful and scared her daughter looked. Dee, on the other hand, was standing underneath a tree watching contently as the house went up in flames. The house was embarrassing to Dee and as her mother looked at her, she thought that Dee would start dancing on the ashes.

The fire left burn scars on Maggie. Ever since than, her lack of confidence deteriorated drastically which shows immensely in her physical actions. The mother refers to this behaviour a number of times when describing Maggie to the reader. She bluntly states that because of the fire, Maggie is "homely and ashamed of her burn scars down her arms and legs" and she walks like a "lame animal, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle". When comparing physical attributes, Dee is far prettier than Maggie is. Her skin is light compared to Maggie's, she has nicer hair and a fuller figure. It is know that a woman who feels physically appealing is more confident in herself than those that are not. Maggie, with burn scars, feels inferior to her sister. Dee is over confident and has no shame.

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In her social life, Dee has what seems to be a lot of friends. It seems like a catty group that cares for how one looks, dresses and how they appear to everyone else. To add to Dee's ego, her friends worship her not only because of her physical appearance but because she reads to them. She has many boyfriends and got serious with one in particular who abandoned her for a city girl. During the time she dated him she ignored her family. The fact that her boyfriend left her for a city girl had a direct effect on her ego. Instead of trying to become a smart city girl she went a different route. This is when she turned back to her routes. As for Maggie, her social life consists of the farm and direct family. It would be hard for her to make friends because at the young age, kids are ignorant. They would tease her and make her feel more insecure. This is why she stays home.

Dee is well educated and realized that if she wanted to have a life away from the farm that she would need a good education. Her mother is hopeful of her becoming something with her life and even raised money with the church to send her away to school. Maggie on the other hand is not too bright. It never states the education that she is acquiring but she does know how to read. The problem is that she can't see well. Her mother has already arranged a marriage for her so that she will be taken care of knowing that she does not have the same potential as her sister, Dee.

The setting of the story is during the 160's. There was still a strong impact on racial discrimination. The mother states that she would never look a white man in the eye, which implies she feels inferior to the "white man". She is big, uneducated, and manly and is a single mother. Her feelings about herself are greatly projected in how she deals with her daughters. She feels that Dee is beautiful and educated, which means that Dee has potential to become a "somebody". She lets Dee do what she wants when she wants and buys her new clothes so that Dee will be happy. The mother feels that Maggie is not pretty and not smart and that is why she arranged the marriage for Maggie. She doesn't think that Maggie will find somebody on her own.

The mother's in turn caused Dee to be a user, spoiled, confident and "Know it all". Dee insisted on reading to her mother and Dee but would stop in time for them to not learn enough treating them like dimwits. She was always trying to tell them things they didn't know to make her self feel even more superior which made Maggie feel inferior. She was embarrassed about their house and when she left for school she promised to visit but not with her friends. When she did come home she couldn't stop taking pictures of the house. This shows the way she shifts her attitudes because of social pressures.

Maggie always felt in the shadows and in awe of her sister. She was scared of her sister because the way Dee controlled her mother. By always succumbing to Dee, Maggie felt that Dee was her superior and it showed when she was nervous about the arrival of her sister. Maggie believed that her sister "held life in the palm of her hand and she was always getting the short end of the stick. She never complained because she believed that this is how God worked. Dee wasn't nice to Maggie and I believe would refer to Maggie as being stupid a great deal. She stated at one point during the visit that Maggie's brain is like and elephants The mother never seemed to interfere or stick up for Maggie.

All in all, this led up to the big even with the "quilt". Dee wanted the quilt and her mother promised it to Maggie. Dee already claimed it for her own and even backed away when her mother tried to take it from her. Maggie at first was upset and slammed the kitchen door but than afterwards, knowing her fate, told her mother that Dee could have the quilt. Her mother says that she felt like something knocked her on the head I think kind of like knocking sense into her. The sense was that she finally realized that how she treated her daughters greatly affected their confidence. Dee's confidence was already so great that if her mother said "No" it wouldn't affect her. On the other hand, if the mother said "Yes" to Dee it would have just went along with all of Maggie's perceptions of her sister, never hearing the word "No", and her confidence would never grow. Because the mother said yes, Maggie grew instant confidence, was not scared of her sister anymore and actually gave a real smile to Dee when she left.

I believe the mother was so busy in life, being a single mom trying to provide for her daughters, that she didn't realize the effect she was having on them. Dee took advantage of it and Maggie accepted everything the way it was. The quilt for Dee was an object of social status that she could show her friends how concerned she was about her routes. As for Maggie, the quilt was a sentimental object. Dee still did not change from the experience but a whole new world opened up for Maggie and the mother as well. Dee is already an independent young woman and doesn't need her mother's approval or affection anymore. Maggie is still young and insecure. Now that her mother is aware of how her behaviour affects Maggie it will in turn change the way Maggie feels about herself.

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