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Two painters that both worked under Spanish rule, Diego Velazquez and Peter Paul Rubens were considered two of the greatest painters in Europe. Diego Velazquez, being a more visual, rather then spiritual preferred, to paint portraits as well as genre scenes. His style one may consider calm, and easy on the eyes. Peter Paul Rubens on the other hand, painted highly sacred pieces capturing dynamic poses full of drama. Perhaps their preferences of subject matter were affected by where they mainly worked. Peter Paul Rubens came from Flanders. Found in the southern Netherlands, it was a highly Catholic area. So of course, his work was often depicted sacred subjects. Velazquez on the other hand was the court painter for King Philip IV of Spain. This being the case, he had I'd imagine, more commissions to do personal portraits. As I said earlier, the over all mood of their paintings were complete and total opposites as well. Diego Velazquez' paintings are soothing on the eyes, leading it slowly around, observing each skillful stroke, every realistically proportioned character. He worked hard to match texture's apperence. "Las Meninas" itself is a massive painting that is a combination of genre scene, group portrait, and self portrait. Peter Paul Rubens' painting, "Allegory of the Outbreak of War" on the other hand, portrayed muscular figures that were influenced by Michelangelo. He dynamic composition, bold color, and brilliant light kept ones eye constantly on the move. It is highly debated whether or not "Las Meninas" is Velazquez' personal manifesto. He seemed to have portrayed himself possibly on equal ground with the royal family to indirectly hint that he deserved more. "Allegory of the Outbreak of War" was quite a different type of Manifesto. It was a manifesto of Peter Paul Rubens' personal feelings on war rather then portraying himself. These two men are both great painters, one for painting perhaps one if not the best painting in western art and the other know for setting the standards for European art, have some similarities but also differ greatly in terms of mood, use of colors, and dynamics.

"Las Meninas" was painted by Diego Velazquez in the year 1656. It is oil on canvass and measures at 105 by 1. Velazquez seemed to be the kind of painter that could find the silver lining in everyone. "Las Meninas" is a portrait of the princess Margarita, daughter of King Phillip IV of Spain along with her maids ladies-in-waiting. It was painted during the Spanish baroque. As I mentioned earlier, this painting is a combination of genre scene, group portrait and self portrait. It is considered by some to be the greatest painting in western art. It is now found in the Prado in Madrid

Peter Paul Rubens painted "Allegory of the Outbreak of War" in 168 during the Flemish baroque. It's is about 6 by 11 4. He was considered the greatest of the Flemish baroque painters. Ruben's muscular figures were based off of Michelangelo's style while his devotion to minute detail was of northern influence. As a man, Peter Paul Rubens well educated, wealthy and well liked. This painting however was his most powerful and personal work. Having seem so much war, he used his works to present his feeling on war. It portrays Mars moving forward to bring chaos to the world as Venus tries in vein to stop him. This piece currently hangs in the Pitti Gallery, Florence

"Las Meninas" is a beautifully painted work. Not only is it considered Velazquez' greatest painting, it is considered one of the greatest in history. That's a very impressive statement. Perhaps what makes it so impressive is the artist's drive for optical realism. The forms are suggested through loosely applied paint. Also what makes this painting interesting is that nothing is emphasized, and nothing forced. Our eyes take a calm stroll through the painting, wandering from character to character in an arc like path from Velazquez, dipping down to the lowest point being the princess, and completing the arc, the eye travels back up with the girl to the right of the princess. As I said, it's a combination of genre scene, group portrait, and self portrait. And the figures are captured in a baroque moment. This painting also makes use of tenebrism and impasto. "Allegory of the Outbreak of War", however is an intense look on the brutalities of war. It uses intense color and dynamic figures to emphisize the panic of the situation. The figures and placed in figura serpentinata. As with most of Peter Paul Rubens paintings, there is a high contrast of dark and light. Another note-able characteristic is the intense use of primary colors. For example, the blue sky and intense red of Mar's cape. Both of these wonderful paintings successfully portray the characters depicted in their own world; breathing their own air. The figures are all realistically interacting with each other and of course, captured in a baroque moment.

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Both of these paintings are personal manifesto for their creators personal feelings. But that is where the similarity ends. Velazquez painted "Las Meninas" to indirectly suggest to the royal family that he believed that he deserved greater recognition and standing in the court. He does so by several rather subtle means. First of all, the portrait he created of himself. Instead of wearing an artists smock, he is wearing his royal court garbs with a knights cross over his chest. Another theorized idea is that to the right of the painter is a mirror as opposed to a painting that some may believe. In the reflection of the mirror stands the king and queen, thus Velazquez is putting himself on equal grounds with the royal family. A very bold statement. Ruben's manifesto on the other hand is of a less self promoting nature. It is more like a protest to the constant wars taking place at the time. The painting depicts Mars having left the temple of Janus open. Which should be closed in times of peace. His love, Venus tries to stop him along with her small love gods using caresses but to no avail. The Fury Alecto pulls Mars forward, to bring chaos to the world. There is a woman with broken lute signifying that harmony is impossible beside the discord of war, a mother holding her child showing that war opposes furtility and tenderness. There are many other less import forms of symbolism present but one last main figure is the sorrowful woman behind Mars and Venus, wearing all black, a torn veil, and deprived of her jewel represents unhappy Europe. Who has long suffered as a result of war.

Both of these paintings are great examples of how artists can work their personal feelings otherwise known as manifesto into their paintings. One may consider them complete opposites when it come to the overall feeling mood of their works. They are considered equally great because Velazquez may have created one of the greatest paintings in all of western art but Rubens is credited with creating the first real European style.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on legal studies - equality for women. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality legal studies - equality for women paper right on time.

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{D} EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN ACHIEVING

EQUALITY FOR WOMEN IN SOCIETY.

As I have already stated, women have come a long way in the fight for equality. With

numerous legislation, only some of which I have mentioned above, the legal system

Help with essay on legal studies - equality for women

of today has been effective in striving to achieve equality for women.

Although women and men are still not posed as wholly equal, the role of women over

time has most definitely changed.

Consider this statement

"The role of women in society has not changed, particularly in the domain of the

family. Women are still unequal, under the thumb of men, with the sole burden of

child rearing and housekeeping. The legal system has failed to make substantial

changes in correcting these inequalities."

I wholeheartedly disagree.

The role of women in society has indeed changed drastically. Women have gone

from being considered as stupid, housebound, child rearing objects for their relevant

man to own, to in some instances holding high positions in a traditionally male

dominated work environment and having the choice to marry and/or have children.

With the advancement of trade unions and lobby groups, anti-discrimination acts,

affirmative action in the workplace and equal access to education to say the least,

the legal system has obviously addressed the problem of inequality between sexes.

Women have come from having very little rights at all, to having the same access to

morality as men. Some men would argue that women are not under the thumb of

men, in fact in some relationships the situation is on the contrary, and the woman is

the dominant force.

The above statement declares that a woman still carries the sole burden of

child-rearing and housekeeping. In most modern homes, the workload is usually

shared between husband and wife when the matter of housework arises. With the

occurrence of maternity and paternity leave granted by most workplaces in our

society, the so-called 'burden' of child-rearing is shared between parents, and in

some cases the woman has the higher paid job, so the man stays home to care for

the child/ren.

Inequalities between men and women are evident in many areas of every day life.

The workplace is one of the most prominent areas for inequalities and

discrimination to appear, as is the issue of pay.

All teachers in NSW in 15 were granted equal pay, which was a significant

achievement especially for women. It was not until 17 that equal pay for work of

equal value was granted by the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration

Commission.

In 18 women's full-time earnings as a proportion of men's were 84%, which is an

enormous increase when compared with the fixed female wage of 54% of the male

wage in around 107.

In the past 0 years, real wages for women have risen by 17% compared to 8% for

men.

There has been significant changes in the workforce with regards to equal

opportunity and anti-discrimination. In a three year period, from 15 to 18 the

percentage of Australian organisations with formal procedures to deal with sexual

harassment has risen by %, from 70% to %. It is not a colossal increase but if

the amount of time is considered in proportion to the years women have been

oppressed without action, the figures are very pleasing.

The case of Stoker v Kellogg Pty Ltd (184) is notable in relation to discrimination

in the workplace. A female employee and two male employees were retrenched by

Kellogg. When calculating how much severance pay the three employees should

receive Kellogg determined that the standard age of pensionable retirement was 65

years for males and 60 for females. The female employee claimed that if the

standard pensionable retirement age was used to calculate severance pay, she

would be treated unfairly as the age for females differed from males. The female

employee took her case to the Equal Opportunity Commission who decided that she

had been treated less favourably than her male co-workers because there was no

compulsory retirement age and there was evidence to say that the female employee

would have worked beyond the retirement age.

This case is relevant as it tells of the injustice is the workplace towards women, and

the legal systems way of righting it, this being the Equal Opportunity Commission.

This case study further argues my point that the legal system has succeeded in

making changes to correct inequalities.

The very last sentence of the statement in question reads as "The legal system has

failed to make substantial changes in correcting ... inequalities."

It could be agreed that this is the strongest accusation in the passage, as it is bluntly

declaring, with no sense of doubt, that no changes have been made to the legal

system throughout history on behalf of women.

As I have said before, I do not support this statement.

In NSW alone there is a legal service just for women - the Women's Legal Resource

Centre based in Sydney. This service provides help, legal advice and referrals for

women who seek assistance. Its outstanding service is a telephone hotline, which

enable women from all over Australia to access legal advice, such as rural women,

isolated women and women in difficult situations. This service also helps migrant

women by providing advice in several languages.

Along with the above service there is also a Domestic Violence Advocacy Service

(DVAS) based in NSW. This is the only community legal centre in Australia that

provides representation as well as legal advice for women in a threatening

environment.

There have been many changes to the status of women over time and most have

been induced by the legal system itself. One of the functions of law is to reflect the

values and ethics of society. Laws concerning women have changed according to

different cultural values concerning women.

The biggest problem that our society has today is dealing with the common

stereotype of women that has been passed down through the ages, that is

that a female is subservient to a male. Over time, society has thrown off the

shackles of that stereotype and is gradually accepting that man and woman are

equal beings. We can clearly see that the legal system is addressing the issue put

forward by the statement, and will continue to correct inequalities between men and

women until the desired utopia is reached.

Colonial Eve, Sources on Women in Australia 1788 - 114.

Edited by Ruth Teale.

Oxford University Press 178

Uphill all the way A Documentary History Of Women in Australia.

Kay Daniels and Mary Murnane.

University of Queensland Press 180

Excel Preliminary Legal Studies

Belinda Brassil & Dimity Brassil

Pascal Press 000

Heinemann Legal Studies Preliminary Course

Michael Brogan, Veronica Siow, Therese Ejsak, Wayne Gleeson 000

Women's Rights

Patrick Rooke

Wayland (Publishers) Ltd. 17

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Object Oriented Programming.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Object Oriented Programming. paper right on time.

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Class

A class is a general specification of a set of objects that defines their common structure (data), behaviour (methods) and relationships. For example

Object

An object is an abstraction or simulation of physical things such as people and machines or intangible things such as events or processes that captures their characteristics and behaviour. An object has state, behaviour and identity e.g.

Persistence

Persistence allows the state of the object to be saved to non-volatile storage such as a file or database and later restored even though the original creator of the object no longer exists. An example would be

Encapsulation

This is a modelling and implementation technique, known as information hiding, which separates the external aspects of an object from the internal implementation details of the object e.g.

Inheritance

Inheritance is a relationship between classes where one class is a parent of another. It implements "is a" relationships between objects. Inheritance takes advantage of the commonality amongst objects to reduce complexity. One class inherits part or all of the public description of another base class and instances inherit all the properties and methods of the classes which they contain e.g.

Polymorphism

A concept in type theory according to which a name (such as a variable declaration) may denote objects of many different classes that are related by some common super-class. Thus any object denoted by this name is able to respond to some common set of operations in different ways. For example

Object Oriented Life Cycle

The OO Life Cycle of a software development project can have several incremental steps. Each of these increments consists of Iteration Cycles whereby specific phases of development are carried out. Each cycle consists of an Analysis, Design, Implementation and Testing phase where certain deliverables are produced. The iterations are repetitive by nature as the project evolves over time.

Analysis

The analyst looks at the existing real world scenario for which a computer based solution may be appropriate. This stage consists of parts.

1) Domain Modelling or Elaboration

Use Case diagrams are produced to indicate the main actors and functions of the system and determine the scope of the eventual system, both what can in included and what should be excluded.

A Conceptual Model used be developed with highlights the main classes and their attributes.

A Behaviour Model consisting of a state diagram showing how the events of the system affect the objects.

Domain Analysis

Domain analysis is concerned with devising a precise, understandable, and correct model of the real world. Object oriented analysis provides the designer with an understanding of the problem in preparation for design.

• Object discovery

• Identifying relationships

• Defining operations

• Identifying attributes

• Re-using abstractions with inheritance

• Applying patterns to recurring problems

) Software Specification

System requirements are extended to include further detail of the intended software solution to the business problem/requirements.

Use Case in further detail including exception conditions and common behaviour.

Analysis Model.

Behaviour Model or sequence diagram.

Deliverables

• High level Use Case model

• Project plan

• Expanded Use Case model

• System scenario diagrams

• Event list

• Software requirements specification

Design

During system design, the architecture of the system is chosen. The architecture establishes common tactical policies that must be used by different elements of the system. Using the analysis model and expanding it to cater for the operations required by the system.

Model the behaviour through collaboration diagrams and work out which classes are responsible for which operations. Use Case models are used to design storyboards for the User Interface of the system.

System Design

During system design, the architecture of the system is chosen. The architecture establishes common tactical policies that must be used by different elements of the system.

• Organizing the system into subsystems

• Identifying concurrency

• Allocating subsystems to processors and processes

• Selecting data store implementation strategies

• Selecting control strategies

• Establishing trade-off priorities

• Applying patterns to common design problems

• Collect classes into packages and subsystems

• Refine class package structure to reduce coupling and enhance re-usability

Object Design

Object design determines the full definition of the classes and associations used in the implementation as well as the interfaces and algorithms of the methods used to implement the operations.

• Design algorithms to implement operations

• Optimise access paths to data

• Implement software control by refining strategies selected during system design

• Adjust class structure to increase inheritance

• Design implementation of associations

• Determine the exact representation of object attributes

Implementation/Testing

The software is physically written by the programmer using the pre-selected programming language. The programs will have integral documentation and as the system is being developed test and user documentation will also be produced. Once tests are passed by the system it is installed on the clients site. Classes are tested independently for ease. Inheritance allows for less duplication of testing. System can then be phased in for full production.

Maintenance

System is handed over to the customer and will be altered/amended over time due to new user/client requirements. Due to OO and a modular approach the system will be easily maintained. Existing documentation (class diagrams) will make it simple to identify any subsequent changes to attributes and the whole OO life cycle can be used again to incrementally and iteratively implement new enhancements to the system.

Advantages of Traditional Life Cycle

Tasks in phases can be assigned to specialised teams.

Project progress evaluated at the end of each phase.

Manage projects with high levels of risks.

Clearly defined deliverables at each stage.

Project Managers can clearly see and understand the progress

Of such a linear approach.

Disadvantages of Traditional Life Cycle

Real life does rarely follows such a simplistic sequential life cycle.

Iterations are inevitable.

Time passes between the system analysis/design and implementation stages.

The life cycle does not respond well to business changes during the project.

Advantages of Object Oriented Approach

Reusability of components saves time and money.

Encourages modularity.

System maintenance is easier since objects are independent.

Disadvantages of Object Oriented Approach

Harder to project manage as the approach can seem never ending.

Difficulties inherent with persistent objects.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Dropouts ineligible for driver's license. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Dropouts ineligible for driver's license paper right on time.

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When a teenager turns sixteen, a driver's license is the only thought on their mind. A driver's license gives a teen a sense of freedom and a sense of independence. To receive a driver's license, a teen must pass a series of tests including a written test, and a behind the wheel test. Along with these tests, in the state of West Virginia, the teen must also be a student in high school. A 18 law passed in West Virginia states that high school dropouts younger than the age of 18 are ineligible for driver's license from the state of West Virginia. I disagree with this law because it aids in the prevention of these high school dropouts from becoming a productive member of society and getting a job, it assist in the relief of the over crowding of schools and if a teen qualifies for the drivers license.

Most job applications require a reliable source of transportation. This included public and personal transportation. But sometimes the buses are late, or they don't run on certain days and it leaves a teen without a driver's license with any way to get to work. When a parent works full time and a teen needs a ride to work, it is hard for a parent to try and accommodate that teenager. With high school drop outs having so much free time on their hands, a driver's license is a necessity for transportation. Current Issues and Enduring Questions by Sylvan Barnet and Hugo Bedau states, "To prevent a person of sixteen from having a driver's license prevents a person from holding certain kinds of jobs and it's unfair," (p.7) I agree with this statement because it prevents a teen from holding a job in a different city or county. Most adults would state that when a teen is not in school, they are up to "no good" and will join a gang or get into trouble. But not in all cases is that true. With teens not in school, and most parents threatening not to support them anymore, a job becomes more and more appeasing and therefore is required for the enjoyments of life. It is unfair to the teen and also the responsible guardians of this individual, and thus the law should not be enforced and rescinded from state legislature.

I agree with Barnet and Bedau when they said, "What is needed is not legal pressure to keep teenagers in school, but schools that hold the interest of teenagers," (p, 7). Students, who do not want to be in school, don't have to be. I understand that it is required to remain in school until the age of sixteen, but after the age of sixteen, they are free to make their own decisions. Barnet and Bedau faced that issue when they state, "A sixteen year old usually is not mature enough to make a decision of this importance," (p.7). If a student isn't mature enough to make the decision to drop out of school, how are the going to make the mature decisions when driving. States give teenager's driver's license at the age of sixteen because they believe that teens are old enough to make mature decisions. With the students who don't want to be in school, it leaves more comfortable class rooms where teachers can concentrate on the students who want to learn and be successful in school. "A law of this sort deceives adults into thinking that they have really done something constructive for teenage education, but it may work against improving the schools. If we are really serious about education youngsters, we have to examine the curriculum and the quality of our teachers," (p.7) states Barnet and Bedau. As a teenager that just graduated high school, I had thoughts about dropping out of school, not because of the surroundings or the bad experiences, but because of the public school system. It is so horrible now due to the over crowding of schools and not enough teachers for comfortable classroom environments that it made high school a challenge to those who needed the one on one interaction with the teacher. With the teenagers who don't want to be at school, it gives those students a chance to get ahead in school.

A driver's license is a privilege, not a right. As previously stated, there are certain tests that a teen must pass to receive their driver's license. The first step is a provisional permit which requires the passing of a written test. After passing that test, another six months of behind the wheel driving with a guardian over the age of 5, is required. After that long period of time, when it is time to receive your official state driver's license, a behind the wheel test is required, and when passed, you're a new driver. After becoming a new driver, there are certain restrictions on your license including not driving with passengers under the age of 5 for the first six months that you have your license. You also cannot drive between the hours of 1 midnight and 5 a.m. for the first year that you have your license. After you have passed all these restrictions and tests, you are a qualified driver and therefore are eligible to drive. I believe that after passing all of those requirements, a teen has earned the right and privilege to drive, and therefore should be allowed to, regardless if they are currently enrolled in a high school. Barnet and Bedau addressed this issue by stating, "We earn a driver's license by demonstrating certain skills. The state has no right to take away such a license unless we have demonstrated that we are unsafe drivers," (p.7). I agree with this statement. If a student decides to drop out of school, it does not automatically qualify them as an unsafe driver, and therefore are ineligible for a driver's license. With a new driver, comes the inexperience of being on the road. With a dropout on the road so many hours of the day, the experience becomes greater and greater, therefore, making the dropout a little bit safer than the student who drives less than 10 hours a week. Adults complain that students are reckless drivers and have no sense of personal property, but when a teenager owns their own car and drive it on a regular basis, have more of a sense of personal property and what happens to it when you loose it or wreck it.

With the students who don't want to be in school, it provides for a better economy with students filling jobs, it provides for more comfortable learning environment for those students who want to remain in school and also it gives the student a sense of responsibility, having to provide for themselves and the maintenance of their personal property. These facts just prove that the 18 West Virginia law is unlawful and should be rescinded and repealed. This law does nothing for the state except bully the students into remaining in school against the will. Students who do not want to remain in school should be given the right to drop out and start a new future. School is not for every student, much less every sixteen year old who only stays in school just because they enjoy that freedom that a driver's license gives them. If a teen qualifies for a driver's license by passing all of the required tests and restrictions then they should have the privilege of driving.

Please note that this sample paper on Dropouts ineligible for driver's license is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dropouts ineligible for driver's license, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Dropouts ineligible for driver's license will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Since the early nineties, a debate in Congress over the situation of the National Endowment of the Arts funding has been raging. Opinions on both sides of the argument have been passionate and hotly debated. The issues have divided conservatives and liberals as well as the religious and the secular. This issue is of great importance to the general public because millions of taxpayer's dollars are at stake in the debate. The argument is also significant because it questions the values and ethics in society as well. What may be passionate art to one individual may be considered offensive and perhaps disgraceful to another. Traditionalists believe that the government funding of art programs is inappropriate and promotes artistic expression in much too vulgar ways. On the other hand, culturalists believe that through government funding, Americans will learn ways of expressing their ideas through artistic excellence, thus preserving and enhancing our nations diverse cultural heritage. The argument on the government funding of the National Endowment of the Arts is brewing with compelling ideas and beliefs. Can the government set standards to filter what art it will financially support? I support all artists that have a quest to express their views, opinions, and beliefs. However, I do not believe that a taxpayer's hard earned money should go towards funding art. Government funding for the arts must be reduced or eliminated.

The NEA was created to keep traditional art form alive. The Endowment was created by Congress and established in 165 as an independent agency of the federal government. In its 7 years of existence the NEA has funded about 0,000 projects. Famous Hollywood star Alec Baldwin has led a campaign in America to fight to preserve federal funding and advocate the goals of the NEA. The supporters of Baldwin's campaign feel that the government should continue the lead to assure that the American people and their children will maintain "cultural intelligence, heightened sensitivity, and our deepened collective sense of humanity." They also claim that federal funding "disseminates culture throughout the country." As the managing director of Baltimores Center Stage put it, Art has power. It has the power to sustain, to heal, to humanize . . . to change something in you. Because art is so powerful, we dare not entangle it with coercive government power. That means no censorship or regulation of art."

Culturalists for the continuation of government support of the National Endowment of the Arts agree that the government mostly funds the research world today. For example, the National Institute of Health disburses billions of dollars in grants to research teams they feel are doing groundbreaking research. Men such as Baldwin ask why art should be an exception. They argue that government choices for the arts are not good and that all forms of artistic expression should be deemed appropriate. In former president Bill Clinton's State of the Union Address he reaffirmed his decision to fund art by stating, "Our economy is measured in numbers and statistics, and it is very important. But the enduring worth of our nation lies in our shared values and our soaring spirit." However, the government, as well as Baldwin and his campaigners, fails to realize that the hard earned tax dollars of the American public are precious. Taxpayers should most certainly have some say in the decision making of the government's money supporting the NEA.

The controversy concerning the government's financial support of the National Endowment of the Arts can be traced to 10. Artist Karen Finley performed a dramatization of the plight of women by performing naked on stage and covered with melted chocolate. During the same year, Karen Finley and three other artists in the California area were eventually denied funding because the NEA holds grants to a "general standard of decency." However, the four "artists" brought the case to two lower courts in California, arguing against the government's control over the freedom of speech. The California court's decision in favor of the artists led to the controversy that is as present as ever today. What may be expressionistic art for one individual may be considered completely grotesque or worthless to another. Thus, the battle over government spending on the arts may never be settled due to personal opinions and the ongoing debates on what exactly is "inappropriate."

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Writer William Craig Rice argues that government funding of the art programs has not created any great progress in the heritage of America and that its programs often produce "smut." He states, "It seems to me that our history in the arts in America is profoundly decentralized. Amateurs have had a big role. Our great artists almost all came out of unpromising quarters and out of oppressed groups. Our heritage was not that of a centralized authority making our decisions for us." Much of Rice's outcry is a result of the Andres Serrano photograph that was displayed in the Woodruff Museum of the Arts, in which he made a picture of the crucifix being dipped in urine. He believes such art can have a tremendously negative affect on children who view them. He states, "Did the parents of these school children know that their nine and ten year olds' 'field trip' consisted of viewing violent, gothic, and sexual images? I don't even acknowledge that it's art. I don't even acknowledge that the fellow who did this "work" was an artist." Serrano received a $15,000 donation for this work. What disturbs me is that the government uses tax payer money to fund outrageous, worthless art. In 000 alone, the Woodruff Arts Center was presented with $50,000 to support their projects. Furthermore, The National Endowment of the Arts is not just getting a few spare dollars here and there. Over the course of 000 the NEA gave out 7,55,547 in grants. Between the years of 15-000 the NEA donated $54,18,64. I am appalled at the money the government donates to this organization. The government is wasting millions of the taxpayers' money on so-called art such as a painting called "The Virgin Mary," where the exposed Virgin Mary is smeared with elephant feces and pornographic clipping. Why support this art when the government could put the extra money towards a military pay raise or even do the unthinkable and give it back to the rightful owners, the taxpayers. Baldwin and other supporters of the NEA make the point that the agencys current budget of just under $100 million is a pittance in a $7 billion industry. Hes right. So couldnt the wealthy leaders of that industry come up with enough money to replace the NEA budget? The First Amendment well protects privately produced art.

In conclusion, I don't believe that everything that the NEA has sponsored has been wrong. I'm sure that they have given money to some very worthy causes. But where do you draw the line between "art" and "garbage"? I think this is a very hard line for the federal government to draw. I just don't think that this can be done. We will only have controversy after controversy. With taxes as high as they are and military pay as low as it is, I just don't see it as being very responsible to spend that much money on art, whether "good" art or "bad" art.

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Mining Development VS. Social Disruptions Assessing Both The Social Benefits & Social Costs of Titanium Extraction Efforts in Kenya

With what was initially thought to be a feasible resource extraction proposal, has in turn lead to an onslaught of both economic and social uncertainties among more then five thousand Kenyans. Tiomin Resources, a Canadian based mining company, has shown a ferocious interest to construct titanium based extraction mills along the Indian Ocean within the residence of the economically struggling providence of Africa. The proposed site(s), which rest in the fertile sand dunes along the Kenyan Coast, are thought to hold / embody one of the largest supply(s) of both titanium and zirconium bearing minerals in the world. Despite what stands to be both an economical and social jackpot for one of the largest mining Corporations in the world, has in turn generated a spin off and or threat of both economic and environmental externalities from formulating in the near future. Among the focal points of major concern(s) rest the vantage points of two distraught parties. With more than ten thousand small-scale farmers in threat of being forced of their native soil, Kenyan's argue the feasibility dynamics of such proposals aren't socially balanced. Tiomin Resources rebuttals by addressing the profitable socioeconomic impact their proposal presents if operations where established in the financially dying province of Africa. As this heated debate continues, it soon becomes a question of assessing the feasible equity each party is willing to negotiate for. Not only is it imperative to question the long-run economical balance of such proposals but so to be it fitting to address the adverse effects such operations would have on the surrounding environment & short run economical balances.

The dominant factor supporting Tiomin recent proposals to excavate within the titanium-rich sands of Kwale beach resides in the operations estimated economical worth. The three proposed sites which outlier the small coastal communities of Shimoni, Mombassa, and Mamburi are estimated to have 15-year extraction duration capable of producing in excess of 18 million tons of raw material on an annual basis. Furthermore, the $165-million dollar project would also generate more then 600 direct jobs resulting in the spin off of more then $5-million dollars being delivered to the struggling Kenyan economy. (Russell 1) Another aspect in support of Tiomin mining proposal highlights the areas geographic location. With more than thirty ports on the Indian Ocean, extraction via process time literally becomes cut in half. In addition, Tiomin has further intentions of constructing more then 5 processing mills less then 50 miles away from the Mamburi site, a proposition they feel will further jump-start and aid an end to economic struggles in the surrounding area.

"Aside from using water routes as means to transport and or relocate the extracted materials, we also have local access to more than 40 different rail stations a commodity we're not use to having and or utilizing at such leisure." (Elder )

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Not only do the proposed mining sites hold an abundance of economic value but so to do the feasibility reports concerning the surrounding environment. The mines, which sit at less then 0 meters in depth, further support any threat extraction activities would have on the nearby water quality. Not only do the mines sit exceptionally low, in comparison to other projects and or extraction sites, they also have an estimated 85% purity level. Thus, dismissing the inherent threat of debris tailing and rock pilling, common environmental impacts that follow such extraction activities. Despite impressive, high profiled numbers and promises to the surrounding economy, many questions still remain unanswered. Underlining this assertion comes the futuristic doubts and uncertainties of the more then five thousand Kenya's literally being forced to hand over their land.

With Tiomins rigorous efforts to establish operations, the livelihoods among the thousands of Kenya's calling Kwale Beach "home" continues to remains in limbo. Among the variety of growing concerns, none of which is more dominant than the threat of economic disruptions. Because more than 80% of the proposed mining sites lie on and or sit in relative distance to rural farmlands, the inherent threat is the Kenyan economy stands to lose its prolific source of generated income. Aside from Tiomin offering less then $140 dollars an acre to all private landowner's, the number remains to both inadequate and equally skewed. Only a small portion of farmers rightfully own more than 10 acres of land in the local areas. Because of this, the compensation in which Tiomon is preparing to offering doesn't pose to be a valid investment for most if any of the localized farmers at all. Another aspect of equal measure focuses on the projects environmental feasibility. Two of the three proposed sites, Mombassa and Mamburi, both contain and or surround conservation parks. Shimba Hills, a national park located less then five miles outside of Mombassa, is thought to be dramatically impacted with the construction of such an operation. Another problem focuses on the Shimoni site and its relative distance to the conservation marina within the Indian Ocean. "These specific waters contain one of the world's largest concentrations of both dolphin and coral life. There remains without any question, the physical disruption to such a delicate environment would in fact be impossible to avoid." (Mungai ) It is also expected that initial steps taken to mine would also disrup and dramatically impact the water quality in general location(s). By excavating raw titanium, the radioactive elements and cancer causing carcinogenic commonly found in such minerals also raises serious questions with regards to the projects overall safety. (ENS 1)

As the issue remains to be debated upon, two parties feel they stressed enough adequate certainties to either promote or diminish the inherent notions to dig. As follows, it then becomes a matter of examining the social costs and or benefits verse the adverse effects such operations could possibly have on such a lavish environment. Despite what remains to be a clear-cut, straightforward issue, economic feasibility, valid compensation, and community interests need to be better evaluated for such a dramatic physical change and or transition to take place.

-SOURCES CITED-

1. Russell, P. Rosalind. "Kenyan Mining Project Brings Criticism in Spades." Canadian Spotlight News, November 0th 000. Document Retrieved April 15th 001 @ www.canadanews.about.com/gi/news/~a6et7e4.htm. (1-)

. Elders, R. Scott. "Mining and Economic Development in Kenya At What Cost?" International Center For Human Rights and Democratic Development, February 000. Document Retrieved April 14th 001@ www.rights&democracy.org/0-05-00/ligio/kenmine/hmtl. (1-4)

. Mungai, Naftali. "Titanium Mining in Kenya Digs Up Environmental Fears." Environmental News Service, April 5th 000. Document Retrieved April 16th 001 @ www.ens.lycos/ens/apr000/000l-04-05-04.html. (1-)

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Visit modern day Japan and it is easy to be attracted to the flashing lights, and futuristic-looking cities. But stroll through a traditional Japanese garden, with its tranquil atmosphere and closeness to nature, and one can walk into the past. It is easy to imagine kimono-clad men, their heads shaven bald except for a queue on the top of their heads, two swords hanging by their sides, shuffling around in wooden sandals. This is feudal Japan, where everyone and anyone live by bushido, the way of the samurai. Merchants and traders coming back from Japan described it as an exotic and fantasy-filled land. So why was popular opinion (up until as recently as the early post-World War II period) of the Japanese so negative? The Japanese were considered so alien and so fundamentally different to the West to the point that they were deemed non-human. James Clavell, an author fascinated by Asian culture, reverses this perception of the Japanese in his novel, Shogun.

Shogun, based in part upon historical fact, is centered upon three different characters John Blackthorne, the Japanese warlord Toranaga and a Japanese woman, Mariko. Set in the 1600s, the novel depicts Japanese life during this period in such great detail that it can be used as a reference book. The main character, John Blackthorne, is an English pilot of a Dutch ship shipwrecked with the survivors of his crew in Japan. He is at first appalled at Japanese customs and behavior, but he slowly adapts and accepts his new home. Toranaga is a powerful warlord who is trying to unify Japan under his rule, and Mariko is a woman torn between two lives. The clash between East and West is the centerpiece of this novel; it has much to teach the audience about the different attitudes of 17th century Japan and Europe.

The East and West have always had and always will have differences between their cultures, but as the writer JJ Clarke puts it, the East has become the West's 'other'. The differences are essentialized, the East is everything the West is not, and vice versa. Nothing illustrates this better than the different attitudes towards death the Japanese notion of death is fundamentally different from that of the West. However, Clavell demonstrates that this is not true.

The Japanese named the great storm in 181, which destroyed the vast Mongol invasion fleet and saved Japan from obliteration, kamikaze, or 'divine wind'. The name was revived during World War II and applied to the pilots who flew their planes loaded with explosives directly into U.S. warships. These modern-day samurai sacrificed their lives in service to their Emperor. In the West's point of view, nothing characterizes the Japanese better than their fondness for death. Their suicidal behavior is deeply rooted in bushido, along with their strict sense of honor and discipline. In his novel, James Clavell makes it very apparent that an honorable death is the focus point in a samurai's life. In a particularly graphic example, he writes " '[I] know how to die how a samurai should die.' […] Then he slid the knife deep into the left side of his stomach. He ripped it full across with both hands and took it out and plunged it deep again, just above his groin, and jerked it up in silence." . As Mariko puts it, "A samurai dies with dignity. [...] It is his right and duty to die with honor." . To a samurai, death is closely intertwined with honor and glory. A samurai's life is devoted to the service of his master, loyalty being one of the fundamental aspects of bushido, he must be ready to die at any moment for his master.

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While in today's society this glorification of death is a totally unfamiliar and alien notion, Western culture too glorified death up until recently . One need only read the famous martial speech from Shakespeare's Henry V to understand the West's previous 'eagerness' to die a glorious death

Whoever does not have the stomach for this fight, let him depart. Give him money to speed his departure since we do not wish to die in this mans company. Whoever lives past today and comes home safely will rouse himself every year on this day, show his neighbor his scars, and tell embellished stories of all their great feats of battle. These stories he will teach his son and from this day until the end of the world we shall be remembered. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers, for whoever has shed his blood with me shall be my brother. And those men afraid to go will think themselves lesser men as they hear of how we fought and died together.

John Blackthorne, the 'hero' of the novel, has very similar attitude towards death. Clavell makes it clear that Blackthorne's attitude towards death is not at all different from the samurai, on many occasions he is prepared to die fighting with honor rather than shame himself, for example "if he (Blackthorne) had to die he preferred to die now with pride than later." . Blackthorne's attitude towards death and dying gloriously in battle agrees, if not exceeds, his samurai 'colleagues'. He views suicide as cowardly, he would much rather die in battle. Blackthorne remarks of a man who is about to commit seppuku, or ritual suicide, in the heat of battle "If he wants to die for Christ's sake, […] why doesn't he help his men? If he wants to die, why doesn't he die fighting, like a man? .

Loyalty is also a value that the West holds in very high esteem. Take for example the legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, probably the best-known piece of folklore in Western literature. These tales are filled with stories of the knights' devotion to King Arthur, all swearing undying loyalty to King Arthur's crown. Speaking of knights, chivalry, the code of knighthood, closely resembles bushido, and the two social classes are quite alike. Both codes have a strict sense of honor, discipline and loyalty. The samurai are the Eastern Knights of the Round Table, and the European knights are akin to the Ch shingura (League of Loyal Hearts).

The problem with stereotyping a people is that it makes too big a generalization. It 'characterizes' an entire people, there is no room left for individuality. By stereotyping the Japanese as suicidal, one can assume that they are totally alien and foreign to the West, since the Western notion of death is to avoid at all costs. But since James Clavell demonstrates that the West once thought as the Japanese did, he is matching the Japanese with the West. By presenting the similarity in thinking between the Japanese and the West, Clavell confirms that they are not total polar opposites.

By proving that the West and the East are indeed similar in more ways than one, James Clavell is trying to make the audience realize that the Japanese are human, that they as a people and their way of thinking are not totally alien to the West. In reality, humans are all the same, the only differences between one person and another are cultural. So why do racism and discrimination exist? Can one culture be 'superior' to another?

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