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The Bubonic Plague, also known as Black Death, is one of the most mysterious and powerful epidemics known to mankind and it's impact on the Middle Ages resulted in countless deaths and left millions begging for mercy. The Bubonic Plague "cut like a scythe through Europe's cities and countryside, killing tens of millions." (Time Life Books 11).

Plagues in general have been around for 000 years, but no plague has affected an age in history to the extent that the Bubonic Plague affected the Middle Ages. "The disease occurred in huge pandemics that destroyed the entire population of cities throughout the Middle Ages." ("Plague"). The deadly disease first arrived in Europe when a ship docked in Messina, Sicily in 147. Carriers of the disease include brown rats, marmots, and prairie dogs, but in this case it was the infected rats that unleashed the Bubonic Plague upon humanity. Xenopsylla cheopis is the flea that attaches itself to the rat, thus exposing the rat to the Bubonic Plague (Osheim). During these times of suffering, Black Death or Bubonic Plague, were not common names for the epidemic. People referred to it as Pestilence or the "Great Morality" ("Plague"). The origins of this devastating disease was just the beginning to a period of panic and a period of fear

(Osheim).

Bubonic Plague did not just take the lives of people, but it made its presence felt as a variety of different symptoms destroyed every infected person's will to live. The initial symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, aching joints, and a general feeling of ill health. After the initial symptoms, the body's temperature rises to temperatures between 101 105 F. The pulse rate also begins to increase and the respiratory system begins to slow down causing difficulty to breath. Bubonic Plague is characterized by egg-sized swellings called buboes, thus the origin of its name. Buboes appear in the armpits, groin, or neck. Some cases are not as severe as others and usually the victim does not suffer from the wrath that the Bubonic Plague can attain ("Plague").

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Bubonic Plague is fatal 0-75 % of the time and it is the most common form of the plague, but not the only form. Plague also consists of other related forms including Pneumonic Plague and Septicemic Plague. Pneumonic Plague is diagnosed when the lung is the site of the infection. It is often transmitted by droplets sprayed from the lungs and mouth of an infected person. The disease is 5% fatal. Septicemic Plague occurs when the lung infection spreads to the blood. It is nearly 100% fatal, but usually the plague does not reach this phase. One form of plague may be worse than the other, but all forms ultimately result in one death after another ("Plague").

During the Middle Ages, the Bubonic Plague did not attack a certain class of people or a certain ethnicity, but instead created a path of destruction throughout all of Europe. The Bubonic Plague spread its deadly symptoms harshly and rapidly to all classes of Medieval Times whether they were king, queen, rich or poor. The Bubonic Plague affected every living person one way or another causing people to live in fear and anxiety for centuries. "Some victims could go to bed in seemingly perfect health and be dead by morning." (Time Life Books 1). The Bubonic Plague's devastation created a multitude of problems in society. The Jews were wrongly believed to be deliberately poisoning the air or water and were brutally attacked. Governments were forced to adjust to the social disruption caused by the plague. Landlords tried to collect larger sums of money from farmers which paved the way for the English Peasants Revolt in 181. The plague also impacted the arts greatly. The primary impact on painting and sculpture was the newly rich survivors willingness to buy religious art for churches even though much of the art in the duration of the Bubonic Plague's existence had much to do with death. These religious paintings were in hope of no more future plagues. The belief of the cause of the plague was a very debatable subject, but the majority of people believed that it was a punishment from God, which is the reason why they referred to the epidemic as the "Great Morality"(Time Life Books 17). In just 4 years, from 147-151, the Bubonic Plague took the lives of 50 million Europeans, one third of Europe's population. In some cities up to 50% of the population was destroyed. The conditions after and during the plague were terrible. Overcrowded cities with poor sanitation were ideal incubators for the disease. In London, the dead were buried in graves six feet deep and wide, and one hundred yards long (Time Life Books 140). Every area that had been exposed to the deadly epidemic was a deathtrap and those living shared the same fate as those dead (Time Life Books 141).

The disappearance of the plague is still a mystery, but scientists have suggested that larger uninfected rats replaced the smaller infected ones that were carrying the disease (Osheim).

All in all, the Bubonic Plague was a force not to be dealt with. It has caused centuries of misery and disarray and has killed more than any epidemic in history. The brutal tactics of Bubonic Plague caused suffering unlike any other and the impact this epidemic had on the Middle Ages, has revolutionized the contemporary world leaving everlasting effects and changing the course of history forever (Osheim).

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Raphael: The Madonna of the Candelabra. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Raphael: The Madonna of the Candelabra paper right on time.

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During the Italian Renaissance Raphael was one of the most influential artists. He painted many brilliant pieces, mastering the use of depth, perspective, and the use of shadow and light. Throughout his life, Raphael used the Madonna as a reoccurring subject in his work. One example of this subject is the Madonna of the Candelabra. This dark shadowy portrayal exemplifies the pure and humanistic ideals of the Madonna that made Raphael's versions so well known and loved throughout the ages. The timeless beauty and grace that he captured and the realistic qualities of his work are unparalleled.

The Madonna of the Candelabra is oil on panel, a medium common to the time. It was completed between 151 and 1514, and stands 5 /16 by 5 7/8 inches. The Madonna of the Candelabra is a part of the permanent collection of the Walters Art Museum located in Baltimore, Maryland. When purchased by collector Henry Walters in the early 100's it was the first Raphael Madonna to be incorporated into an American collection(www.thewalters.org). This painting was originally in the Borghese Collection in Rome, and changed hands numerously before it reached its present location(Camesasca 111). The way that Raphael positioned the Christ Child and Mary suggests that she was looking towards the infant John the Baptist that originally occupied the lower right of the painting. This conclusion comes from an earlier documentation of the original work. Although recognized as authentic, the exact compilation of artists that contributed to this work has been scrutinized(Camesasca 11).

Throughout his portrayals of the Madonna, Raphael seems to strive to create a lifelike image that would actually personify the Virgin to the viewer, rather than to put her out of reach by describing her as an object and not a human being. Most of his Madonnas are a result of earlier pen sketches that he used as studies of the human form and position for his later paintings. He seemed to go over the areas that he believed needed further work with darker strokes of the pen. He always strived for the perfect rendition of a naturalistic pose. His next quandary was the landscapes that would determine the location, be it a field or as in the case of the Madonna of the Candelabra, a shadowy curtained area. He was said to have had his apprentices pose so that he could capture just the right position that Mary would assume in the painting as related to the landscape(Pope-Hennessy 180).

While Raphael was influenced by other artists of the time, such as Michelangelo and Leonardo, he remained unique in his individual style. Raphael began to use the previous renditions of the Madonna as an influence. The symbolism of the Madonna is that of beauty and grace while incorporating a sense of pureness associated with her. The use of the candles in this particular Madonna show the light of Christ that is being brought into the world by Mary. She is giving birth to the light of the world, according to the Christian faith. The halos around her head and the head of Christ add to the feeling of holiness that the painting was intended to imply. The other figures appear to be angels overlooking the mother and child, as if guardians from heaven sent to watch over them like a shepherd watches over

his sheep. There is no reason that this painting was named the Madonna of the Candelabra other than the fact of the presence of the glowing candles in the background. Raphael didn't tend to name his work, but rather they picked up their names over the years to differentiate them from the other Madonnas that he completed.

While Raphael painted many Madonnas all with slightly different schematics, the Madonna of the Candelabra is very similar to others painted during that time. When compared to the Madonna of the Fish the similarities become clear. Both of these versions of the Madonna and child include other characters in the work, be it the Archangel and the young Tobias in the Madonna of the Fish, or the two angel-like characters in the Madonna of the Candelabra. The expressions on each of the supporting characters plays the roles of adoration, respect and nervousness to approaching the throne of the Virgin. Also in both works, and most other Madonnas, the Virgin does not look directly at the infant. Her gaze is either cast downward, in the case of the Madonnas of the Candelabra and the Fish. Stylistically, however, the Madonna of the Fish is much more in depth including greater detail than what can be seen in the cropped version. This is largely due to the way that the Madonna of the Candelabra has been made into a circle deleting perhaps another character, probably John the Baptist, as earlier noted.

Although Raphael lived a relatively short life, he completed some of the most beloved paintings that have withstood the ultimate test of time. The way that he gave the viewer an intimate look into the person called "The Madonna" was like no other. He gives her a quality of life and realness that no other

artist has been able to capture since that time.

Camesasca, Ettore. All The Paintings of Raphael. New York Hawthorn Books,INC,16.

Pope-Hennessy, John. Raphael. New York University Press, 170.

WWW.thewalters.org. 00.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on the rise and fall of enron. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality the rise and fall of enron paper right on time.

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The Rise and Fall of Enron

When the word "Enron" comes to people's minds all they can think about is words such as cheaters, fraud and con artists. It wasn't always this way. Kenneth Lay started this company in the 180's when they merged two gas pipeline firms, the Houston Natural and InterNorth, which were natural gas companies. Kenneth then changed the name to Enron and provided both oil and natural gas. Stocks started at less than nine dollars a share. In 15 years Enron developed a company that was the 1st largest in the world, employing over 1,000 people all over the world. Stocks were as high as 0 dollars a share. With a half of America invested in the stock market, the economy was great. Money was being spent and earned. For Enron and Kenneth Lay things were great, but like everything all good things must come to an end.

For quite some time Enron had some concerns about the large amount of money they were investing into projects and not enough profits coming out them. People also worried that if enough of these wrong investments were made, it would add up to a lot of debt. Enron started to lie about their profits and hide the debts by putting them in small corporations with the intent to pay them back at a later time. Stock prices started to drop to about 0 dollars a share and people investing in Enron got worried. Some started to get out and Enron had no choice but to file for chapter 11 bankruptcy. Stock prices dropped to a whopping decrease with one share being worth less than a dollar. The most human face of Enron's fall were the many workers from below the executive ranks who had invested their entire 401(k)s in Enron stock and would see their retirement nest eggs, which may have been work as much a million dollars just months earlier, vanish. This effected many peoples life's that invested in Enron and left many people without money to fulfill a happy retirement and left many students with no way to pay for their tuition at collage.

The republicans and the United States support big businesses like Enron and they aid them, and because of these ties the US government could not bail Enron out without charges of corruption being close with the presidency. The Republican Party must send a message to all businesses that this kind of thing is not tolerated. President Bush says in a speech about corporate responsibility in New York "we must call business leaders to a higher ethical standard." This will not happen if these Enron executives walk away with only a little slap in the hand.

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Enron would also support many government officials in aid for their campaign. John Ashcroft requested to be taken off of this investigation after receiving 57,000 dollars in campaign money from Enron. The entire Huston justice department was taken off the case because many if not all had family or knew someone who worked for Enron.

U.S. secretary of commerce Donald Evans says capitalism has thrived in America because the government has not excessively regulated industry and because those running companies have been largely honest. But capitalism is at stake, said Evans referring to the recent Enron and WorldCom scandals. Besides protecting shareholders and employees, business leaders have a higher responsibility to be honest and protect capitalism and a free enterprise system. So should Government set even more regulations on big business or should they just enforce the ones they have? There are a lot more honest companies in the United States than there are corrupt ones. This means the American people must trust them and start to put money back into the economy.

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation's political risk insurance and loans help U.S. businesses of all sizes invest and compete in more than 140 emerging markets and developing nations worldwide. OPIC, a U.S. government agency, assists U.S. private investment overseas because it is in Americas economic and strategic interest. By charging user-fees, OPIC operates at no net cost to U.S. taxpayers, and its reserves currently exceed $4 billion. In the money that was lost overseas the Overseas Private Investment Corporation is guaranteeing 544 million dollars in loans for projects in India, the Philippines, Turkey, Venezuela and Guatemala. Enron and its various partners still owe 454 million on those Loans, agency records show. OPIC had approved another 0 million in guarantees to build a controversial natural-gas pipeline from Bolivia to Brazil and to construct an electric power plant in Brazil.

Enron developed their business in only fifteen years, and they were able to establish one of the largest business incorporations in the world. At the time stocks were at an extreme, allowing the economy to be great. That was until they were forced to file for bankruptcy, and as a result left many people in debt. The economy suffered from the mistakes of Enron along with that of, Auther Anderson, World Com, and Tyco. In order to learn a valuable lesson and better the future of American business, the government must act on the issue by making them pay for it.

Fusaro C. Peter, Ross M. Miller. What Went Wrong at Enron.Hoboken John wiley,00.

Opic. Home. www.opic.gov

David Ivanovich. Government aid to Enron could Haunt Taxpayers. The Houston Chronicle. Feb. 0, 00 www.houstonchronicle.com.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on A Christmas to Remember. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality A Christmas to Remember paper right on time.

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A Christmas to Remember

When I was younger, there were two things that I looked forward to each year Christmas, and the thoughts of getting the most popular toy topped the list; spending time with my grandfather was a close second. When I was six, in December of 10, I found out that I was going to spend Christmas at my grandparents' house. It was everything I could possibly hope for. Little did I know at the time, it was going to be a Christmas I would never forget, and that would change me forever.

Christmas, for me, meant the pretty presents, wrapped in shiny paper with huge bows on them, which sat under the tree. It meant the Christmas tree, so beautifully decorated. It meant the splendid Christmas meal made of turkey, ham, vegetables and my mom's apple pie. But most of all, the holidays meant the shiny new presents that I would be receiving I would sit around for weeks, trying to come up with a Christmas list good enough to rival what I knew my friends would be getting as well. That year I had to have a Gameboy, and the Super Mario World game that went along with it. I realize, now, that I was very spoiled, but I didn't care. The holidays were a time about me, and only me. And this Christmas was going to be the best one of all, spent with my grandpa.

A lot of young kids are intimidated by their grandparents, whether it be the typical "old person smell," the inability to relate to young people, or just the fact that they are boring. Not me though, I had the coolest grandfather in the world. He used to dress up like in different costumes just because he felt like it. The two of us always went out hunting or fishing or sometimes just to sit out on their pond and talk. Some girls are "Daddy's girls," but I was a "Granddaddy's girl." I had never spent Christmas with my grandparents before and could only imagine just how wonderful it could be there. Early in December, my mom told me that we were going to be spending my entire holiday break in Arkansas with my grandparents. In hindsight, I should have known that something was wrong for both my parents to take a month off of work but I wasn't thinking about that. I wasn't thinking about anything but my grandpa!

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The end of school came and went, and in no time we were in the car driving from Dallas, Texas to Magnolia, Arkansas. I watched out the window as we left the flat lands of Texas and entered the small hills of Arkansas. There was even snow on the ground! Upon arriving to the house, I could sense something was different. The atmosphere of the house wasn't quite as joyful and boisterous as usual. My grandfather wasn't his usual self; he was trying to be the energetic man we all knew, but it just wasn't the same. Even when my aunts, uncles and cousins got to town, things were still very hushed. My cousins and I all knew something was wrong, we just couldn't quite figure out what it was. I constantly heard the hushed whispers of my mom with my grandma and my two uncles.

Within a couple days everything came to light. In the middle of the night a few weeks before Christmas, the lights were turned on and my grandfather was taken to the hospital. Even in my groggy state, I knew that things were going to change a lot in the next few days. At the hospital I was informed that my grandfather was not expected to live much longer. He had been diagnosed with colon cancer before I was born and had been in remission, but it was back and it was spreading uncontrollably. The next few days were hard on all of us. We were in and out of the hospital. I forgot that it was even Christmas time. I think my whole family did. My grandpa was constantly in surgery to try to remove the infected cancerous parts. All of this taking a toll on his body, he was put into ICU. Christmas was now only a couple days away, and being in ICU meant that there was no hope to spend the holiday with him.

Christmas day was the most disheartening experience of it all. On Christmas morning, we didn't even want to open presents. It didn't seem right to have something so joyous while he was hanging on for life in a cold stark hospital bed, but we did anyways. I got the Gameboy that I had wanted so badly, only I could have cared less about getting the toy that I had been so excited about only weeks earlier. Rather than cooking at home we went to the hospital and ate in the cafeteria. Reflecting back, I think it was hardest on my grandmother. They had spent nearly 50 Christmases together and for the first time, she was getting a glimpse of what it would be like to spend the rest without him.

The next morning, my grandfather passed away. The complications of his cancer, along with his age, had been too much on him and his body just gave out. I am thankful that I got to spend the last Christmas with the man that I loved so much. There isn't a Christmas that goes by that I don't think about my grandfather, and all of the experiences I have shared with him. Christmas in Arkansas has become a tradition in our family. That year Christmas stopped being about pretty bows and wrapping paper, and started being about memory. I learned that memory is a way of holding on to the things you love, and the things you wish to never lose. In a world changes way too fast, the best we can do is wish each other Merry Christmas and learn that life does, in fact, move on.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Critique of T. S. Eliot's "Hamlet and His Problems". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Critique of T. S. Eliot's "Hamlet and His Problems" paper right on time.

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During the modernist period in twentieth century, T. S. Eliot, was one of the most important poets. He was also a critic of Elizabethan literature. He wrote this article on how Hamlet is lacking the "objective correlative." Objective correlative is when an author produces an emotion in the viewer, the artist simply accurately reproduces those things that created strong emotion in himself. Eliot makes some great points, but also, I have to disagree with him on some of his opinion. Eliot sees Hamlet as somewhat of an artistic failure due to its confusion between the main plot and the main character.

In his analysis, Eliot recalls the work of other authors who have also critiqued the subject of Hamlet. He states that many authors connect with Hamlet and do not come to realize their own creative potential. These authors come to think of the drama as a classic and therefore see it as an extension of their own artistic ability. Eliot goes on to talk about Thomas Kyd, who wrote Spanish Tragedy and Arden of Feversham. Eliot writes "there are verbal parallels so close to the Spanish Tragedy as to leave no doubt that in places Shakespeare was merely revising the text of Kyd" (pg. 85). I did some research on Spanish Tragedy, and Eliot does have a point. I did notice similarities. In both plays, the protagonist has lost loved ones to murder and suicide, and these losses drive them to madness.

Eliot states, "So far from being Shakespeare's masterpiece, the play is most certainly an artistic failure. In several ways the play is puzzling, and disquieting as in none of the others" (pg 86). I have to agree and disagree with this statement at the same time. Yes, Hamlet is Shakespeare's masterpiece, but it is not an artistic failure. Hamlet, the character, goes through many changes during the play, but in real life, if what happened to Hamlet, happened to you, you would have crazy mixed emotions as well. It is true that much of the story line in Hamlet is confusing and that the emphasis shifts numerous times from the actual plot to the actions of the main character, but I find that to be what draws me towards the story.

Eliot can call Hamlet an artistic failure, but then he can say "more people have thought Hamlet a work of art because they found it interesting, than have found it interesting because it is a work of art. It is the "Mona Lisa" of literature" (pg. 86). I do believe that Hamlet is an amazing psychological piece written by Shakespeare. This quote is basically stating that Hamlet is interesting to some people because of the intricate lines in the story. Other people find it interesting because it was written by William Shakespeare, and he's a "famous" author.

T.S. Eliot then goes on to explain how Hamlet's failure isn't immediately noticeable. He agrees with Mr. J.M. Robertson when he says "the essential emotion of the play is the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother" (pg. 86). I agree with this statement as well, but just like Eliot I don't believe that it's the whole story. Eliot stats, "Hamlet, like the sonnets, is full of some stuff that the writer could not drag to light, contemplate, or manipulate into art" (pg. 86). This quote goes together with how Hamlet's emotion isn't obvious. It's stating how Shakespeare just doesn't come out and say that Hamlet's source of problem is within his anger towards his mother. You understand that Hamlet is angry, when reading the whole story. It's the big picture.

Eliot finally begins discussing "objective correlative." He states

"The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an "objective correlative"; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the eternal facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. If you examine any of Shakespeare's more successful tragedies, you will find this exact equivalence (pg. 86)."

Eliot then gives examples of how this works. His examples Include the characters of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, in which Lady Macbeth is walking in her sleep, and Macbeth is hearing of his wife's death. His most important examples are within Hamlet. Hamlet's downfall is his disgust towards his mother for marrying his uncle. Eliot says, "It is thus a feeling which he cannot understand; he cannot objectify it, and it therefore remains to poison life and obstruct action" (pg. 87). Hamlet faces a difficult situation. He is angered by his mother, but his ghostly father tells him that it is not his mother's fault, it's his uncle's fault. So now he is faced with trying to murder his uncle for revenge to his father. Not to mention that everybody thinks he is crazy.

I believe that T.S. Eliot's main purpose of this article is that Hamlet is lacking the "objective correlative," and because of this, Hamlet is confusing and hard to understand. Eliot backs up this statement by giving examples of other artist's work, and using his own opinions. I happen to agree with many of his thoughts, but I do disagree with a few. Overall this article was an enjoyment to read. I especially like the part of him comparing Hamlet to Mona Lisa. That is his major strongpoint

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on midsummer night's dream. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality midsummer night's dream paper right on time.

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William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream takes place during, quite obviously,

a midsummer night in Athens. As the scenes change from the royal court of Theseus to

the magical wood of Oberon, the four lovers Hermia, Lysander, Helena, and Demetrius;

the mechanicals Bottom, Snout, Flute, Snug, Starveling, and Quince; and Titania,

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queen of the fairies, change as well. The changes that occur in these characters'

behaviors must happen in order to achieve both the comedic effect Shakespeare

intends and the happy ending the audience desires. The lovers and mechanicals

change in the wood because they enter the world of the fairies during midsummer

madness, and Titania transforms in the wood because she enters the world of the

mortals when she falls in love with Bottom.

The four lovers undergo transformation first, when they reach the wood of

Oberon and Titania. In the beginning, both Lysander and Demetrius love fair Hermia.

However, Hermia loves Lysander and Helena loves Demetrius, who does not love her in

return. After Puck places a love spell on Lysander and Demetrius, they both fall in love

with Helena. Helena feels the men are mocking her in her love for Demetrius. A

confused Hermia begins to resent Helena, and Helena believes Hermia is also making

fun of her. Things become extremely confusing and one expects uproarious laughter

from the audience. When Oberon discovers Puck's mistake, he reverses the spell, only

this time, he shifts Demetrius's original love for Hermia to love and devotion for Helena.

With the changes that transpire in the wood, as the result of Puck and Oberon's

mischief, the play ends happily for the four lovers. Since Demetrius now loves Helena,

Theseus overrules her father, Egeus, and allows her to marry Lysander, instead of

forcing her to join a convent or die for her true love.

While the men change their feeling for the women, the women remain constant

in their love for their men, yet they change their feeling toward each other. They both

feel that one mocks the other in an attampt to have the love of both Demetrius and

Lysander. What is ultimately important though, is that Helena and Hermia are steadfast

in their love for Demetrius and Lysander, respectively.

The mechanicals also undergo transformation in the wood outside Athens. As

Quince, Snug, Snout, Bottom, Starveling, and Flute meet to rehearse their play, they

each transform into the characters they are to be. As a result of Puck's roguishness,

Bottom's head turns into an ass's head, which becomes a hilarious pun on Bottom's

name. When the players convene at Theseus's palace, they also transform into the

play-within-the-play's characters, and some portray parts different from what they

rehearsed in the woods, which only adds to the comedic hilarity of the mechanicals. In

the woods, Snout becomes the lion, Bottom plays Pyramus, and Flute portrays Thisbe, a

woman. The transformation of Flute to Thisbe is quite interesting because his change

does not just involve behavior, but also sex. Poor young Flute must pretend to be a

woman and speak in high voice. Also in the woods, thanks to Puck, Bottom's head

turns into that of an ass. When he is returned to his original form, after having been

pampered by the fairies of Titania, he remembers his transformation as dream, which

only confuses him further, adding to the comic effect. His memory of the dream can only

be described as ironic when he says, "Man is but an ass if he go about to expound this

dream" (MND IV, i, 06-07). Bottom recounts the tale as something halfway between

dream and reality and wants to fashion the memory into a ballad for Theseus. In the

court, Bottom changes into Pyramus, when he is not interjecting himself into this lines,

Snout plays the wall (instead of the lion), Quince performs the prologue, Starveling

becomes moonshine (not the backwoods liquor, but the light of the moon), and Snug

plays the lion, but only after introducing himself as Snug, so as not to scare the ladies.

One final character to transform in the wood is Titania, queen of the fairies.

Oberon places a spell upon her so that, when she wakes, she will fall in love with

Bottom, who has an ass's head. Oberon does this only to spite her for not giving him

the changeling boy. Titania loves Bottom and has her fairies, Peasblossom, Cobweb,

Moth, and Mustardseed, attend to his every need. Titania's utter love and devotion for

an ass's head adds to the comedy of the play and reinforces the theory that love is blind.

Having lost her sight in love, she cannot see Bottom as an ass, only as the object of her

affection. When Oberon removes the spell, she regains her sight and is disgusted with

Bottom. Oberon only removes the spell because he is jealous of Titania's affection for

Bottom. His jealousy is one of the few constants in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

As one can easily see, with the transformation of love and hate in A midsummer

Night's Dream, the comedy intended by Shakespeare would be just that--a dream. Also,

the ending would become problematic, as Bottom would have an ass's head and Hermia

would be forced into an unwanted marriage, a convent, or death and Helena would be

left to live on with her unrequited love. The transformations of each of the characters in

A Midsummer Night's Dream are crucial to the comedy and happy ending of the play.

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The Threat of Anne Hutchinson

While many leaders were uneasy about the involvement of women outside the traditional female sphere, Anne Hutchinson's preaching that every individual had the ability to communicate with god posed a threat in Massachusetts. Massachusetts power and authority was based on its role was mediator between the congregation. Anne Hutchinson and her husband and family arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 164. The Hutchinson's were seen as welcomed newcomers to their new community, "large because of William's prosperity and Anne's expertise in herbal medicines, nursing the sick, and midwifery"(). Anne Hutchinson became very busy with, "in religion and theological questions, she was particularly influenced by John Cotton, a Puritan minister who was forced to flee from England to Massachusetts Bay in 16 because of his religious ideas"(). Anne Hutchinson than began intervening with Antinomians which led to her trial, conviction, and banished of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Anne Hutchinson became interested in religious issues and began weeknight meetings, which were lead by her and was accompanied by Antinomians. Anne Hutchinson was brought to trial in front of the General Court of Massachusetts Bay. Governor Winthrop lead this case in determining the fate of Anne Hutchinson, "Privately, Winthrop called Hutchinson a person of "nimble wit and active spirit and a very valuable tongue."'(). Winthrop was determined to get rid of Anne Hutchinson no matter what it took to do so.

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The case started off with Mr. Winthrop, the governor, describing to Anne Hutchinson what was going on and why she was being tried. "Mrs. Hutchinson, you are called here as one of those that have troubled the peace of the commonwealth and the churches here; you are known to be a woman that hath had a great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are causes of this trouble, and to be nearly joined not only in affinity and affection with some of those the court had taken notice of and passed censure upon"(5). Anne Hutchinson, after listening to this, becomes confused with why she is in court and for what she has done. "I am called here to answer before you but I hear no things laid to my charge"(5). I was then explained that one of the reasons for her being there was because she has broken a law, which was the fifth commandment. She was also charged for having such religious meetings in her own home. "Why do you keep such a meeting at your house as you do every week upon as set day?…(7). Anne Hutchinson than knew that she had not transgressed in this aspect and rebutted her charge. By rebutting the charge, she was further charged by Deputy Governor Winthrop, "Mrs. Hutchinson for that time she came hath made a disturbance, and some that came over with her in the ship did inform me what she was as soon as she was landed"(). She was accused "of preaching a covenant of works rather than a covenant grace"(40). The governor than brings up "That there are six witnesses who say it is true and yet you still deny it"(41).

One of these witnesses was John Cotton, who Anne Hutchinson highly respected. He was called upon to testify against Hutchinson. Cotton did his best, "tried to defend Hutchinson, mostly saying he did not remember most of the events in the question"(4). Hutchinson believed that she was given a task by god, "God had compelled her to take the course she had taken and that God had said to her as He had to Daniel of the Old Testament, that "through I should meet with affliction, yet I am the same God that delivered Daniel out of the lion's den, I will also deliver thee"'(45).

Even though Anne Hutchinson spoke the truth in her testimony at trial, there was still no avail. Governor Winthrop was still determined to do everything possible to get rid of her. As a result, she was then banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and settled "an island in Narragansett Bay near what is now Rhode Island"(). After her banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, trouble still surrounded her. "At the age of forty-five, she was once again pregnant"(47). This was not the only trouble. "In 164, Hutchinson's husband died, and she moved with her six youngest children to the Dutch Colony of New Netherlands in what is now the Bronx borough of New York City. The next year, she and all but one of her children were killed by Indians"(48). The Massachusetts Bay Colony felt that this was a sure sign from God's wrath upon all her sins.

The Puritans tried to hold their own by holding on to their power but it began to fail, "New towns increased the colony's size make uniformity more difficult, Growth and prosperity seemed to bring an increased interest in individual wealth and a corresponding decline in religious fervor, sleeping during sermons, fewer conversations between young people, blasphemous language, growing attention to physical pleasures were numerous, as were reports of election disputes, interachurch squabbling, and community bickering"(48).

Anne Hutchinson being a female and holding her own religious meetings in her own home became a threat to the people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many leaders were uneasy about her ability to communicate with God. This ability became a major threat to the Massachusetts people. Even by telling the truth, she still got what Governor Winthrop wanted, "banishment".

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