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Course work ¡V Cooling Coffee Cups.

Aim ¡V To investigate the effect of varying the volume of water on how quickly the water cools down.

Background Information.

Thermal Energy ¡V Transfer a drink to surrounding air.

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Convection ¡V Movement of hot materials carrying energy away.

Conduction ¡V Transfer of energy from particles in a material.

Radiation ¡V Transfer of energy via infra-red radiation.

In my experiment, I am going to look at how convection, conduction and radiation cool a coffee cup. I know that eventually the coffee cup will be the same temperature as the air around it.

Hypothesis

I think that different volumes of water will make a difference when cooling, as they will take different amounts of time. This is because of the surface areas. The less water in the coffee cup, the quicker it will cool. The thermal flasks don¡¦t loose much heat as it has an airtight lid. There is a vacuum so no particles can move around or pass to each other. This prevents conduction.

I think that the less water in the coffee cup, the less time it will take to cool. I think this because it will have a smaller surface area and will take less time. The 100ml¡¦s will take the longest to cool as it has a larger surface area and the cooling process will take longer.

Fair Testing/ Variables /Reliable Results.

The things that we will keep the same are the temperature of the water at the beginning and the temperature at the end. It had to finish when it reaches a certain temperature. Eg ¡V 40„ac

The things that we are changing are the amount of water we will put in each flask. We are going to do 0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml. We will also make the same person take the temperature so that it is fair and the results are more accurate and are all jumbled up. We are going to repeat each amount times to make sure are results are accurate.

List of Apparatus.

1. Coffee Cup (base and airtight lid).

. Measuring Cylinder.

. Thermometer.

4. Kettle (with hot water at 70 c).

5. Stopwatch.

This is a diagram of the apparatus that we used and the set up.

Method.

1. First, collect all the apparatus that are listed above.

1. Then measure out the amount of water that is needed.

E.g.0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml, or 100ml. And place the lid back on the coffee cup. Place a thermometer in the hole on the lid.

1. Start a stopwatch when the thermometer reaches 70„ac.

1. Time and take the results every 0 seconds or 1-minute.

1. When the temperature is about

40 c, then stop timing.

1. Repeat each different amounts of water times, and then do a different amount.

1. Once you have done 0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml, fill in you chart and draw up graphs to help show patterns better

Results.

Conclusion.

My results show me that as the water level increases each time, the slower it takes to cool. I think this also because the more water the larger the surface area and the longer the cooling process takes. My results in the table show me this as the 0ml chart shows that after 0 minutes it went down to 6„ac. But after 100ml had 0 minutes the temperature only went down to 55„ac This shows that it was quicker with less water.

My prediction was right, as this is what I thought would happen and it did.

In the graphs that I have drawn, I have plotted my results and drawn a line of best fit. For the different water levels, the correlation is negative which means that it goes down hill. My graphs show me that the less water that is in the coffee cup, the quicker that it cools down.

Are results show that this did happen and it matches my prediction.

Evaluation.

I think that we did a fair experiment as we said that we would use the same temperature water, and have the same person measure the temperature and we did. This has helped us make sure our results are a little bit more reliable.

As I looked at my chart and graph, I think that we had some anomalous results. This was on the 40ml experiment. After 10 ¡V 1 minutes, the temperature went down then back up again. So it didn¡¦t make the graph totally sloping and you can see that these results looked out of place. Also on the 80ml graph, you can see that one set of results are slightly under the line of best fit and the other results. (Look on graphs, the anomalous results are circled). I think that this is because the thermometer was read wrongly.

We would be able to tell this from the averages, as they would not be close numbers. Eg ¡V 46 and 67.

If I did this experiment again, I would time for longer and see how the results turned out after another 10 or 0 minutes. This would help as you could see if the temperature suddenly drops or if it goes down slowly. Also you could use a wider variety of water measurements and see what happens at 10mls or 50ml etc.

I would improve my accuracy next time by timing and recording my scores every 0 seconds instead of 1 minute and see if it made any difference. It might change the way the graph looked, as you would have more points to plot and a different line of best fit. This could make a difference.

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OSMOSIS

My aim for this experiment is to see the results of a potato tissue''s mass difference, when placed in different concentrations of sugar solutions.

Osmosis is the passage of water molecules from a weaker solution into a stronger solution, through a partially permeable membrane. In this case, the tiny holes in the membrane of the potatoes will allow the water molecules to pass through in and out of the solution and the potato, depending on the concentration gradient of the two substances. So in this case, when the water concentration is lower in the tissue, the later will go inside the tissue of the potato, and the potato will gain mass. If there is very little different in the two water concentrations, there shouldn''t be such a big change in mass. Also if there is a higher concentration of water in the potato, then the water will go out of the potato and into the liquid solution, as osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, through a partially permeable membrane.

Prediction

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I predict that the weaker the solution is, the more solution the potato will absorb and the stronger the sugar solution the more water the potato will lose. Therefore, the weight of the potato at the end of the experiment will increase most in distilled water and decrease most in the strongest sugar solution.

Apparatus

Potato

Scalpel

Tweezers

Test tube rack

5 test tubes

Cork borer

Ruler

Scales

Sugar solutions

Method

1) Using the cork borer take six samples of potato from the same potato. Then using the scalpel cut the pieces of potato so they are twenty millimetres long. Remember to weigh the potato pieces and record their weight in a table.

) Take six test tubes and place them in a rack, then add the different sugar solutions. These are sugar solutions, 10%, 0%, 0%, 40% and 50% and one test tube filled with water.

) Place the potato pieces in the test tubes; make sure they are covered with solution. Leave them there for thirty minutes.

4) Take the potato pieces out carefully and measure their length and weight, record this in your table and repeat twice more.

Key Factor

The key factor in my experiment is the concentration of the sugar sulution ranging from 10% to 50% I also used distilled water. I think that this is a suitable range of concentrations. The factors that I will control are the points in my fair test.

Fair test

To make this experiment a fair test I will use the same……

·ᦨ Length potatoes- so that there is the same length of potato for osmosis to take place in.

·ᦨ Room temperature- so that this doesn''t affect the rate of reaction.

·ᦨ Size cork borer- so that the size of the potato doesn''t vary.

·ᦨ Amount of sugar water- so that the potato pieces have no more or less sugar solution to absorb.

·ᦨ Amount of time potatoes are left in sugar solution. - so that I can record accurate results.

Results

Set 1

Concentration of sugar solution Length

Before Length

After Weight

Before Weight

After Difference

In weight

Distilled 0 mm mm 1.16 g 1. g +0.7 g

10% 0 mm mm 1.15 g 1.17 g +0. g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.11 g 1.05 g -0.6 g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.1 g 1.0 g -0.10 g

40% 0 mm 1 mm 1.1 g 1.05 g -0.14 g

50% 0 mm 0 mm 1.16 g 0.7 g -0.1 g

Set

Concentration Length

Before Length

After Weight

Before Weight

After Difference

In weight

Distilled 0 mm mm 1.77 g 1.85 g +0.8 g

10% 0 mm 1 mm 1.71 g 1.74 g +0. g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.6 g 1.58 g -0.5 g

0% 0 mm 0 mm 1.85 g 1.74 g -0.11 g

40% 0 mm 0 mm 1.81 g 1.68 g -0.1 g

50% 0 mm 1 mm 1.4 g 1.7 g -0.1 g

Conclusion

The evidence obtained from this investigation supports the prediction I made. It also shows that the potato cells increase mass in solutions with a high water concentration and decrease in mass in solutions with a low water concentration. I have been able to identify a pattern in my results, in the difference in weight.

In this experiment, I believe that I have collected enough data to support my hypothesis. This investigation was, I think, successful. Successful meaning my results collaborated my predictions. The potato cells, working to stay alive, took in, or gave out the water depending on the concentration of the tissue and the concentration of the solution it is surrounded in. I have been able to record sufficient results by repeating the experiment three times.

Evaluation

I believe we gained accurate and sufficient enough results, shown on our graph and tables that concludes the experiment, and to prove our hypothesis. My results were very reliable, due to the precautions I took to make this a fair test. I can see by looking at my graph that there is a positive correlation for each set of results.

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Euthanasia is one of societys most popular debated moral issues. It is an issue of the courts for quite a long time, questioning the ethics and morality of the issue. It is an ongoing circle that does not considers our right, or the victims right, to freedom. It takes a large sum out of the pocket books of American taxpayers and should be finished. I believe that euthanasia is only debated and kept on the political agenda to keep the courts busy. The vast majority of the population is in favor of euthanasia. However, their elected candidates dont represent their views. Thus eliminating their power of democracy and right to freedom. In this essay I will argue that euthanasia is not a concern of religious ethics but rather an entitlement of freedom.

Those who oppose the practice of euthanasia argue that helping the terminally ill bring about their own deaths, or allowing them to determine the how and when, is not only inhumane, but is also an act of playing God. This may be true, assuming that one believes in God. However, looking at the case at hand logically, one could put forward this counter argument if it is the case that God is "I AM THAT I AM (Bible, Exodus 14), it then follows that God is everything. If God were everything or controls everything, then he would not only be or control disease but also death. If it is the purpose of disease to bring about death, then the actions or the will of God would be reflected by the resulting death that comes about through disease. So if the infected person chose to not allow the disease to take its course, then would that person not be playing God, or interfering with the will of God? If the person chose to partake in the action of euthanasia, could this action not be considered an act of aiding or following the wishes of Gods will? Freedom activists view euthanasia in a very different way. They believe that everyone has the right to choose how they live and die. Euthanasia allows the people, who are simply living to die, to maintain dignity by accelerating their own end. Thus letting them die in peace, rather than suffering to the end. It eliminates the own as well as others perception of dying to be a burden, physically and financially. Each person has value and is worthy of respect, has basic rights and freedoms and the power to control his or her destiny. Victims in the advanced stages of terminal illness will have limited muscle control and experience excruciating and unrelenting pain. Not everyone dies well. A small portion of terminal pain cannot be fully controlled, even with the best care. Other distressing symptoms such as sickness, incontinence or breathlessness cannot always be relieved.

For health care workers, the issue of the right to die is most prominent when a patient in their care (1) is terminally ill, () is in intense pain, and () voluntarily chooses to end his life to escape prolonged suffering. In these cases, there are several theoretical options open to the health care worker. First, the worker can ignore the patients request and care can continue as usual. Second, the worker can discontinue providing life-sustaining treatment to the patient, and thus allow him to die more quickly. This option is called passive euthanasia since it brings on death through nonintervention. Third, the health care worker can provide the patient with the means of taking his own life, such as a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called assisted suicide, since it is the patient, and not technically the health care worker, who administers the drug. Finally, the health care worker can take active measures to end the patients life, such as by directly administering a lethal dose of a drug. This practice is called active euthanasia since the health care workers action is the direct cause of the patients death. Two additional concepts are relevant to the discussion of euthanasia. First, voluntary euthanasia refers to mercy killing that takes place with the explicit and voluntary consent of the patient, either verbally or in a written document such as a living will. Second, non-voluntary euthanasia refers to the mercy killing of a patient who is unconscious, comatose, or otherwise unable to explicitly make his intentions known. In these cases it is often family members who make the request. It is important not to confuse non-voluntary mercy killing with involuntary mercy killing. The latter would be done against the wishes of the patient and would clearly count as murder.

If we live in a free nation, then one should be able to take their own life if they will eventually die anyways. Especially if they are in extensive pain and the suffering will only continue if they proceed to live. So if it is established that they will die they should exercise their freedom and they should be allowed to die early. Euthanasia is more a question of freedom rather than an ethical question of God.

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Germinal

The novel Germinal is about winning justice for workers who existed in conditions a little better than slavery. The novel begins in March of 1866. Late March early April together forms the revolutionary month called "Germinal" the month of germination. Germinal symbolizes the springtime of the social revolution, and it was the calendar used during the French revolution. Germinal is the month in which plants first begin to sprout from the ground. The image of this sprouting plant life is used throughout the novel particularly at the end to symbolize the increasing consciousness of the workers as they realize the reasons of their suffering and organize to do something about them.

The novel displays a constant conflict between the wealthy mine owners and the poor mine workers. Zola makes it a point to compare the differences between the workers and the owners. Such as the Gregoires who don't work but acquire everything and are wealthy, and the Maheu's who work and have nothing to show for it. The majority of the conflict is seen through the eyes of the miners who struggle with everything from starvation to death to strikes and revolts. Zola himself states that the subject of Germinal is the revolt of the workers, the nudge given to society, which for a moment cracks, in a word the struggle between capital and labor.

The story begins in 1866 with Etienne, a young man, who will later lead the miners in a strike. Etienne is an out of work engineman he somewhat educated, but is so desperate to make money and eat that he is willing to do almost anything. He does find work in the Le Voreux mine. He too is now forced to endure the terrible conditions, risk death, and work form dawn until after dusk. Etienne soon got the feel of how the miners were permanently hungry, and living horrible lives in overcrowded houses, which were often diseased through terrible working conditions. Montsou is the town in which the story takes place. The name means "mountain of pennies" and suggests a large number of people clustered tightly together. Montsou is a company town, it is just a mass of crowded together bars and houses that the company provided the miners with. The miners were scarcely educated and knew no other life. Their main escape was in sex and alcohol, that management had provided to keep them permanently stuptified into thinking they had it good. The workers were never able to accumulate anything; they had neither the energy, money nor the organization to do so. They couldn't afford enough money to escape form the company demands. They live in company-controlled housing and really have no basis for independence. They do backbreaking work to earn their living and expect their children to do the same. We can see examples of this in the novel when La Maheude states that one reason for having children is so that they can work and bring more money to the family. The wages were fixed by the "iron law". The iron law set them at the lowest sum possible, just allowing them to eat bread and of course reproduce. "Empty stomachs keep the balance steady". They are in a sense trapped having only one alternative to mining, and that is starvation.

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The miners are responsible for shoring up the shafts with timber, but are not paid extra for this work, so every moment spent timbering comes out of their own pockets. The miners prefer to dig coal, but as conditions worsen and become hazardous the company fears that that the mine will collapse, so they propose a scheme in which timbering will be paid for separately. The result is smaller wages. At hearing this Etienne organizes a strike. At first the strike was peaceful, and was fairly successful in continuing, but they began to lack the sense of community they started with. The strike was beginning to change people. Months went by and the strike still remained. In January Etienne was still urging them to continue the strike. Eventually the miner's frustration turns to violence, which really didn't further there cause much. During all of this Etienne was speaking with Pluchart, who is an organizer for the Communist International Working Men's Association. It tried to organize laborers from many countries into a single movement to overthrow capitalism and establish socialism. Etienne talked the miners into joining, but soon the funds were exhausted and the International collapsed. Everything around the miners goes from bad to worse. No money, no food there is nothing left for them to do but to go back down into the mines, which they eventually do.

Even though the outcome of the uprising was a failure, at the end Etienne looks onward to the future sensing more revolts and the eventual victory of the working class. "Men were springing up a black, avenging army was slowly germinating in the furrows, sprouting for the harvests of the coming century". They have planted the seeds of change for future generations, so there is a sign of hope. The novel ends just as it begins, in the month of Germinal. "Out of death could spring life, just as a lifeless seed could grow into a new plant". And that is why that after all the miners went through they were still not defeated.

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Blood Brothers is set in Liverpool in the early eighties. The play follows the life of two main characters Eddie Lyons and Mickey Johnstone. The play has proved extremely popular with audiences of all ages. In this essay I aim to consider all the dramatic qualities of the play and how Willy Russell uses them to promote the dramatic effectiveness of the play. In æBlood BrothersÆ the characters fall into two stereotypical groups the working class Johnstones and their associates, and the middle class Lyons. It seems ironic that although the Johnstone family live on the breadline they start off cheerfully, compared to the Lyons who never seem content. This makes the audience what is wrong in the lives of both families and created dramatic tension. The main characters, Eddie and Mickey are people that we can relate to we feel pathos with them as they face the trials and tribulations of life. Russell uses pathos to involve the audience so they feel pity when Mickey loses his job, fear at the end of the play when the shooting scene takes place, and experience childhood joy when Eddie and Mickey share jokes. Humour, in its various forms, plays a large part in æBlood BrothersÆ. It keeps the audience interested and balances out the conflict and sadness in the play. Throughout the play we experience different types of humour such as the use of a pun when Mickey and Eddie are discussing SammyÆs head. Mickey tells Edward about Sammy having a metal plate put in his head when he had an accident. Edward says A side plate? and Mickey replies No, itÆs on top. This pun leads to misunderstanding due the childrenÆs innocence and the way they are oblivious to the double meaning makes the conversation amusing. We experience incongruity when Edward and his mother argue and Eddie says YouÆre a fuckoff! He has picked up this bad language from his new friends and it sounds totally out of place with his surroundings, which is what makes the audience laugh, as it is completely unexpected. There is an example of slapstick or visual humour when the children are playing with another gang. They are impersonating various people and Sammy pretends to be a professor with a bomb. The bomb is really a condom full of water and it explodes over the children. This makes the audience laugh without actually hearing any words spoken. However, æBlood BrothersÆ is not a straightforward comedy. There are elements of sadness, happiness, frustration and pain in the play. We experience conflict which balances the humour. There are examples of physical, verbal, overt and covert conflict throughout the play. The most notable example of physical conflict is when Mickey shoots Eddie. The audience are reminded of the superstition that the brothers would die if they were to find out they were in fact twins. This builds dramatic tension and then this tension dies away after the climax of the shooting. The verbal conflict in the play takes place mainly between the female characters. A striking example is when Mrs. Lyons goes in to Mrs. JohnstoneÆs house and they argue. The sentences are short - DonÆt lie! for example in order to create a build up of tension. This tension is released when Mrs. LyonÆs attempts to stab Mrs. Johnstone. Both these examples are also forms of overt conflict because they are meant to be seen. They release tension that builds in the preceding scenes. When Mrs. Lyons tactfully tries to stop Mrs. Johnstone holding Edward you can feel the atmosphere and sense her unhappiness and instability. This creates further tension, as the audience are frustrated because they canÆt prove what is going on. Dramatic irony is a key factor in this play. The best example is when Mickey takes Edward home for the first time saying Mam, this is my blood brother. Mickey and Eddie are unaware the full impact of this statement, but the audience are. Another example is when Edward doesnÆt tell his mother where he obtained the locket that contains a photo of Mickey and Mrs. Johnstone. He says ItÆs just a secret, everybody has a secrets, donÆt you have secrets? The audience begin to feel involved with the play and the suspense builds because they know Mrs. Lyons keeps the biggest secret of all. æBlood BrothersÆ is composed of fairly simple storylines. There is nothing too difficult to understand and it helps the audience to stay focused and involved with the action. The varied scene changes in the film work to keep the audience captivated, as does the upbeat, fast pace of the play. The music creates a dramatic atmosphere and keeps the audience on the edge of their seats. An incidence of this is when excitement is created by the sounds of a heartbeat rising to a crescendo. Overall I feel Willy Russell is very successful in sustaining the audienceÆs attention and involving them with his characters due to the effectiveness of his writing. The plotlines are simple yet captivating, and the characterisation is vivid and imaginative. It is easy to empathise with the emotions experienced by his characters which makes us care about what happens to them. Russell is also highly successful in building dramatic tension and the conclusion of the play is both shocking and thought provoking.

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Four Functions of Management

Managing a successful business or organization requires healthy, ongoing leadership and management, planning, product and service development, marketing and financial management. To carry out these practices in a healthy manner, its important to first understand the basic territory in which these practices are carried out. There are four basic functions of management that lend themselves to accomplishing effective management. The focus of this brief is to discuss these management functions and their impact to the system requirements and design for the consumer order entry system for Verizon Communications.

Planning is selecting priorities and results (goals, objectives, etc.) and how those results will be achieved. Planning typically includes identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities, and dates for completion of tasks. Examples of planning are strategic planning, business planning, project planning, staffing planning, and advertising and promotions planning.

Organizing is allocating and configuring resources to accomplish the preferred goals and objectives establishing during the planning processes. It is also establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks, and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to jobholders.

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Leading is establishing direction and influencing people to follow that direction. An important element in leading is influencing peoples behavior through motivation, communication, group dynamics, leadership and discipline. The purpose of leading is to channel the behavior of all personnel to accomplish the organizations mission and objectives while simultaneously helping them accomplish their own career objectives.

Controlling is monitoring and adjusting resources and processes to achieve goals and objectives in a highly effective and efficient fashion. It is a four-step process of establishing performance standards based on the organization's objectives, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two, and taking corrective or preventive action as necessary. The control process is cyclical which means it is never finished. Controlling also leads to identification of new problems that in turn need to be addressed through establishment of performance standards and measures.

Within my own organization much of the planning function is performed at a much higher level within management. Executive plans are delivered at various intervals throughout the year. These plans provide us with timeframes and deliverable dates for our development and enhancement process. These plans and dates are always subject to change as economy or market demands dictate. However, my division must plan our activities and deliverables based on the content of the executive level plans. In our efforts to work within the overall plan organizing and controlling play very important roles. Resources must be allocated for various projects that are to be delivered on a specific date. Most often our commitment dates only allow for a short amount of development time. Controlling and monitoring the progress of the project is critical to its success. Occasionally problems are discovered that were not anticipated and as a result the delivery may be in jeopardy. When this occurs project managers and development leads are called together to discuss the issue, its impact, and possible solutions. It is these times when everybody involved must be sensitive to the issue and realize that time if of the essence. Effective leadership skills are vital to the situation, it is very important to communicate to the team that this is a team effort and participation and flexibility from everybody is expected. Effective leading and controlling can pull the team together to provide the most effective solution. Sometimes there may even be some options as opposed to only one solution that is acceptable to the client within the timeframe allotted. Management and supervision in my organization are clearly present. However, is widely known and accepted that without the individual contributors the organization would never meet their objectives. I can proudly say that I am fortunate enough to be part of a division where we have been successful in establishing a harmony between all the members of our development team, including managers, supervisors, and directors. References

Dessler, Gary (00). Management theory, practice, and application. Boston, MA Pearson

Custom Publishing.

Five Functions of Management (n.d.) Retrieved April , 00 from

http//www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~mgtexcel/Function.html

Ruggiero, V. R. (17). Thinking critically about ethical issues (4thed). [Special Edition Series].

Mountain View, CA Mayfield Publishing Co.

Skills and Practices in Organizational Management (n.d.) Retrieved April 14, 00 from

http//www.mapnp.org/library/mgmnt/

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Before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 001, most Americans thought little about counter-terrorism. Yet since the attacks, we as a nation have been on the verge of being obsessed with defeating terrorism. Under the leadership of President Bush, our government set out to actively eliminate terrorist groups. Any country harboring or aiding terrorism is a potential target. Currently, United States troops are deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq to fulfill this policy. These combat units are the tip of a spear, and in a sense, our first line of defense against terrorism. They are an integral part of our counter-terrorism efforts and are the most visible element. However, counter-terrorism is a team effort, and the team is very diverse. There are hundreds of civil, federal, and military organizations working together to combat terrorism. It is the purpose of this report to shed light upon these organizations and allow the reader to better understand the immense task at hand in countering terrorism and how these organizations are achieving that goal.

1. Definition of Terrorism

An old military adage states that to defeat your enemy, you must first understand him. This can be applied to the war on terrorism, but understanding terrorism is much more complicated than expected. For instance, there is no single definition of terrorism accepted by the international community. The United Nations cannot agree on a definition and accepts that it cannot do so. The complex nature of terrorism can be blamed for this. In fact, the labeling of an individual as a terrorist can depend on the observer. The Basque separatists in northern Spain are fighting to keep their culture intact and in some extreme cases, to create a sovereign Basque state. They occasionally use car bombs, kidnappings, and assassinations to try to break away from the Spanish government. To the Basques, this is a just fight for freedom, but to the Spanish government and people, this is a terrorist organization that poses an immediate threat. So essentially the definition of terrorism lies in the "eye of the beholder". Despite the difficulty in defining terrorism, there are elements of terrorism that are agreed upon. Most would agree upon three basic components the perpetrator, the victim, and the target of the violence (Badey, 18). Another element of terrorism is scale. Early terrorism was very limited in scale. Groups did not have the ability to range very far in their attacks. Now we live in the age of globalization, and with the rise of globalization, terrorism has become an international phenomenon. Because of this, terrorism must be dealt with on an international scale (Ganor, 18). This leads into the importance of defining terrorism and agreeing upon that definition. Without common definition of terrorism, governments cannot create effective international strategies to deal with terrorism (Ganor, 18). In the United States, the Department of State has defined terrorism, and this definition has become our single, official definition. This definition of terrorism is given in Section 1 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) in the USA PATRIOT Act of 001 (See appendix A).

Section 1(a) () (B) of the INA serves as the criteria under which potential terrorist groups are judged. This section of the INA is given in Appendix B. So what exactly constitutes a terrorist organization? As we discussed earlier, one person may view an individual as a freedom fighter while another person would view the individual as a terrorist. The actual designation of a group as a Foreign Terrorist Organization or FTO is a complex undertaking. The first step in identifying potential FTOs is through worldwide intelligence gathering that is overseen by the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the State Department or "S/CT" (Foreign, 00). The S/CT looks at not only whether or not the group has committed terrorist acts according to Section 1 of the INA, but also the planning and preparations for future attacks. After identifying potential "targets" the S/CT will gather all available information concerning the terrorist activities of the group and present this to the Secretary of State. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, decides to make the designation, Congress is notified and given seven days to review the designation, as mandated in the INA. Once approved, the designation will last two years. During the two years the Secretary of State can update the designation as required. After the two-year designation, the designation can be reinstated through the same process if the Secretary of State deems it necessary (Department, 00). On another hand, an Act of Congress can revoke any designation at any time.

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Obviously defining what terrorism is and who terrorists are is a very daunting task. But by establishing the criteria that defines terrorism, it becomes easier for government agencies to focus their search for terrorist groups. This criterion essentially serves as a guideline. Once the entire process is completed, and the government has a defined terrorist group, they can then create policy and strategies to counter and eliminate the threat.

Please note that this sample paper on terrorism is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on terrorism, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on terrorism will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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