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The Rise and Fall of Enron

When the word "Enron" comes to people's minds all they can think about is words such as cheaters, fraud and con artists. It wasn't always this way. Kenneth Lay started this company in the 180's when they merged two gas pipeline firms, the Houston Natural and InterNorth, which were natural gas companies. Kenneth then changed the name to Enron and provided both oil and natural gas. Stocks started at less than nine dollars a share. In 15 years Enron developed a company that was the 1st largest in the world, employing over 1,000 people all over the world. Stocks were as high as 0 dollars a share. With a half of America invested in the stock market, the economy was great. Money was being spent and earned. For Enron and Kenneth Lay things were great, but like everything all good things must come to an end.

For quite some time Enron had some concerns about the large amount of money they were investing into projects and not enough profits coming out them. People also worried that if enough of these wrong investments were made, it would add up to a lot of debt. Enron started to lie about their profits and hide the debts by putting them in small corporations with the intent to pay them back at a later time. Stock prices started to drop to about 0 dollars a share and people investing in Enron got worried. Some started to get out and Enron had no choice but to file for chapter 11 bankruptcy. Stock prices dropped to a whopping decrease with one share being worth less than a dollar. The most human face of Enron's fall were the many workers from below the executive ranks who had invested their entire 401(k)s in Enron stock and would see their retirement nest eggs, which may have been work as much a million dollars just months earlier, vanish. This effected many peoples life's that invested in Enron and left many people without money to fulfill a happy retirement and left many students with no way to pay for their tuition at collage.

The republicans and the United States support big businesses like Enron and they aid them, and because of these ties the US government could not bail Enron out without charges of corruption being close with the presidency. The Republican Party must send a message to all businesses that this kind of thing is not tolerated. President Bush says in a speech about corporate responsibility in New York "we must call business leaders to a higher ethical standard." This will not happen if these Enron executives walk away with only a little slap in the hand.

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Enron would also support many government officials in aid for their campaign. John Ashcroft requested to be taken off of this investigation after receiving 57,000 dollars in campaign money from Enron. The entire Huston justice department was taken off the case because many if not all had family or knew someone who worked for Enron.

U.S. secretary of commerce Donald Evans says capitalism has thrived in America because the government has not excessively regulated industry and because those running companies have been largely honest. But capitalism is at stake, said Evans referring to the recent Enron and WorldCom scandals. Besides protecting shareholders and employees, business leaders have a higher responsibility to be honest and protect capitalism and a free enterprise system. So should Government set even more regulations on big business or should they just enforce the ones they have? There are a lot more honest companies in the United States than there are corrupt ones. This means the American people must trust them and start to put money back into the economy.

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation's political risk insurance and loans help U.S. businesses of all sizes invest and compete in more than 140 emerging markets and developing nations worldwide. OPIC, a U.S. government agency, assists U.S. private investment overseas because it is in Americas economic and strategic interest. By charging user-fees, OPIC operates at no net cost to U.S. taxpayers, and its reserves currently exceed $4 billion. In the money that was lost overseas the Overseas Private Investment Corporation is guaranteeing 544 million dollars in loans for projects in India, the Philippines, Turkey, Venezuela and Guatemala. Enron and its various partners still owe 454 million on those Loans, agency records show. OPIC had approved another 0 million in guarantees to build a controversial natural-gas pipeline from Bolivia to Brazil and to construct an electric power plant in Brazil.

Enron developed their business in only fifteen years, and they were able to establish one of the largest business incorporations in the world. At the time stocks were at an extreme, allowing the economy to be great. That was until they were forced to file for bankruptcy, and as a result left many people in debt. The economy suffered from the mistakes of Enron along with that of, Auther Anderson, World Com, and Tyco. In order to learn a valuable lesson and better the future of American business, the government must act on the issue by making them pay for it.

Fusaro C. Peter, Ross M. Miller. What Went Wrong at Enron.Hoboken John wiley,00.

Opic. Home. www.opic.gov

David Ivanovich. Government aid to Enron could Haunt Taxpayers. The Houston Chronicle. Feb. 0, 00 www.houstonchronicle.com.

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A Christmas to Remember

When I was younger, there were two things that I looked forward to each year Christmas, and the thoughts of getting the most popular toy topped the list; spending time with my grandfather was a close second. When I was six, in December of 10, I found out that I was going to spend Christmas at my grandparents' house. It was everything I could possibly hope for. Little did I know at the time, it was going to be a Christmas I would never forget, and that would change me forever.

Christmas, for me, meant the pretty presents, wrapped in shiny paper with huge bows on them, which sat under the tree. It meant the Christmas tree, so beautifully decorated. It meant the splendid Christmas meal made of turkey, ham, vegetables and my mom's apple pie. But most of all, the holidays meant the shiny new presents that I would be receiving I would sit around for weeks, trying to come up with a Christmas list good enough to rival what I knew my friends would be getting as well. That year I had to have a Gameboy, and the Super Mario World game that went along with it. I realize, now, that I was very spoiled, but I didn't care. The holidays were a time about me, and only me. And this Christmas was going to be the best one of all, spent with my grandpa.

A lot of young kids are intimidated by their grandparents, whether it be the typical "old person smell," the inability to relate to young people, or just the fact that they are boring. Not me though, I had the coolest grandfather in the world. He used to dress up like in different costumes just because he felt like it. The two of us always went out hunting or fishing or sometimes just to sit out on their pond and talk. Some girls are "Daddy's girls," but I was a "Granddaddy's girl." I had never spent Christmas with my grandparents before and could only imagine just how wonderful it could be there. Early in December, my mom told me that we were going to be spending my entire holiday break in Arkansas with my grandparents. In hindsight, I should have known that something was wrong for both my parents to take a month off of work but I wasn't thinking about that. I wasn't thinking about anything but my grandpa!

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The end of school came and went, and in no time we were in the car driving from Dallas, Texas to Magnolia, Arkansas. I watched out the window as we left the flat lands of Texas and entered the small hills of Arkansas. There was even snow on the ground! Upon arriving to the house, I could sense something was different. The atmosphere of the house wasn't quite as joyful and boisterous as usual. My grandfather wasn't his usual self; he was trying to be the energetic man we all knew, but it just wasn't the same. Even when my aunts, uncles and cousins got to town, things were still very hushed. My cousins and I all knew something was wrong, we just couldn't quite figure out what it was. I constantly heard the hushed whispers of my mom with my grandma and my two uncles.

Within a couple days everything came to light. In the middle of the night a few weeks before Christmas, the lights were turned on and my grandfather was taken to the hospital. Even in my groggy state, I knew that things were going to change a lot in the next few days. At the hospital I was informed that my grandfather was not expected to live much longer. He had been diagnosed with colon cancer before I was born and had been in remission, but it was back and it was spreading uncontrollably. The next few days were hard on all of us. We were in and out of the hospital. I forgot that it was even Christmas time. I think my whole family did. My grandpa was constantly in surgery to try to remove the infected cancerous parts. All of this taking a toll on his body, he was put into ICU. Christmas was now only a couple days away, and being in ICU meant that there was no hope to spend the holiday with him.

Christmas day was the most disheartening experience of it all. On Christmas morning, we didn't even want to open presents. It didn't seem right to have something so joyous while he was hanging on for life in a cold stark hospital bed, but we did anyways. I got the Gameboy that I had wanted so badly, only I could have cared less about getting the toy that I had been so excited about only weeks earlier. Rather than cooking at home we went to the hospital and ate in the cafeteria. Reflecting back, I think it was hardest on my grandmother. They had spent nearly 50 Christmases together and for the first time, she was getting a glimpse of what it would be like to spend the rest without him.

The next morning, my grandfather passed away. The complications of his cancer, along with his age, had been too much on him and his body just gave out. I am thankful that I got to spend the last Christmas with the man that I loved so much. There isn't a Christmas that goes by that I don't think about my grandfather, and all of the experiences I have shared with him. Christmas in Arkansas has become a tradition in our family. That year Christmas stopped being about pretty bows and wrapping paper, and started being about memory. I learned that memory is a way of holding on to the things you love, and the things you wish to never lose. In a world changes way too fast, the best we can do is wish each other Merry Christmas and learn that life does, in fact, move on.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Critique of T. S. Eliot's "Hamlet and His Problems". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Critique of T. S. Eliot's "Hamlet and His Problems" paper right on time.

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During the modernist period in twentieth century, T. S. Eliot, was one of the most important poets. He was also a critic of Elizabethan literature. He wrote this article on how Hamlet is lacking the "objective correlative." Objective correlative is when an author produces an emotion in the viewer, the artist simply accurately reproduces those things that created strong emotion in himself. Eliot makes some great points, but also, I have to disagree with him on some of his opinion. Eliot sees Hamlet as somewhat of an artistic failure due to its confusion between the main plot and the main character.

In his analysis, Eliot recalls the work of other authors who have also critiqued the subject of Hamlet. He states that many authors connect with Hamlet and do not come to realize their own creative potential. These authors come to think of the drama as a classic and therefore see it as an extension of their own artistic ability. Eliot goes on to talk about Thomas Kyd, who wrote Spanish Tragedy and Arden of Feversham. Eliot writes "there are verbal parallels so close to the Spanish Tragedy as to leave no doubt that in places Shakespeare was merely revising the text of Kyd" (pg. 85). I did some research on Spanish Tragedy, and Eliot does have a point. I did notice similarities. In both plays, the protagonist has lost loved ones to murder and suicide, and these losses drive them to madness.

Eliot states, "So far from being Shakespeare's masterpiece, the play is most certainly an artistic failure. In several ways the play is puzzling, and disquieting as in none of the others" (pg 86). I have to agree and disagree with this statement at the same time. Yes, Hamlet is Shakespeare's masterpiece, but it is not an artistic failure. Hamlet, the character, goes through many changes during the play, but in real life, if what happened to Hamlet, happened to you, you would have crazy mixed emotions as well. It is true that much of the story line in Hamlet is confusing and that the emphasis shifts numerous times from the actual plot to the actions of the main character, but I find that to be what draws me towards the story.

Eliot can call Hamlet an artistic failure, but then he can say "more people have thought Hamlet a work of art because they found it interesting, than have found it interesting because it is a work of art. It is the "Mona Lisa" of literature" (pg. 86). I do believe that Hamlet is an amazing psychological piece written by Shakespeare. This quote is basically stating that Hamlet is interesting to some people because of the intricate lines in the story. Other people find it interesting because it was written by William Shakespeare, and he's a "famous" author.

T.S. Eliot then goes on to explain how Hamlet's failure isn't immediately noticeable. He agrees with Mr. J.M. Robertson when he says "the essential emotion of the play is the feeling of a son towards a guilty mother" (pg. 86). I agree with this statement as well, but just like Eliot I don't believe that it's the whole story. Eliot stats, "Hamlet, like the sonnets, is full of some stuff that the writer could not drag to light, contemplate, or manipulate into art" (pg. 86). This quote goes together with how Hamlet's emotion isn't obvious. It's stating how Shakespeare just doesn't come out and say that Hamlet's source of problem is within his anger towards his mother. You understand that Hamlet is angry, when reading the whole story. It's the big picture.

Eliot finally begins discussing "objective correlative." He states

"The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an "objective correlative"; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the eternal facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. If you examine any of Shakespeare's more successful tragedies, you will find this exact equivalence (pg. 86)."

Eliot then gives examples of how this works. His examples Include the characters of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, in which Lady Macbeth is walking in her sleep, and Macbeth is hearing of his wife's death. His most important examples are within Hamlet. Hamlet's downfall is his disgust towards his mother for marrying his uncle. Eliot says, "It is thus a feeling which he cannot understand; he cannot objectify it, and it therefore remains to poison life and obstruct action" (pg. 87). Hamlet faces a difficult situation. He is angered by his mother, but his ghostly father tells him that it is not his mother's fault, it's his uncle's fault. So now he is faced with trying to murder his uncle for revenge to his father. Not to mention that everybody thinks he is crazy.

I believe that T.S. Eliot's main purpose of this article is that Hamlet is lacking the "objective correlative," and because of this, Hamlet is confusing and hard to understand. Eliot backs up this statement by giving examples of other artist's work, and using his own opinions. I happen to agree with many of his thoughts, but I do disagree with a few. Overall this article was an enjoyment to read. I especially like the part of him comparing Hamlet to Mona Lisa. That is his major strongpoint

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If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on midsummer night's dream. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality midsummer night's dream paper right on time.

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William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream takes place during, quite obviously,

a midsummer night in Athens. As the scenes change from the royal court of Theseus to

the magical wood of Oberon, the four lovers Hermia, Lysander, Helena, and Demetrius;

the mechanicals Bottom, Snout, Flute, Snug, Starveling, and Quince; and Titania,

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queen of the fairies, change as well. The changes that occur in these characters'

behaviors must happen in order to achieve both the comedic effect Shakespeare

intends and the happy ending the audience desires. The lovers and mechanicals

change in the wood because they enter the world of the fairies during midsummer

madness, and Titania transforms in the wood because she enters the world of the

mortals when she falls in love with Bottom.

The four lovers undergo transformation first, when they reach the wood of

Oberon and Titania. In the beginning, both Lysander and Demetrius love fair Hermia.

However, Hermia loves Lysander and Helena loves Demetrius, who does not love her in

return. After Puck places a love spell on Lysander and Demetrius, they both fall in love

with Helena. Helena feels the men are mocking her in her love for Demetrius. A

confused Hermia begins to resent Helena, and Helena believes Hermia is also making

fun of her. Things become extremely confusing and one expects uproarious laughter

from the audience. When Oberon discovers Puck's mistake, he reverses the spell, only

this time, he shifts Demetrius's original love for Hermia to love and devotion for Helena.

With the changes that transpire in the wood, as the result of Puck and Oberon's

mischief, the play ends happily for the four lovers. Since Demetrius now loves Helena,

Theseus overrules her father, Egeus, and allows her to marry Lysander, instead of

forcing her to join a convent or die for her true love.

While the men change their feeling for the women, the women remain constant

in their love for their men, yet they change their feeling toward each other. They both

feel that one mocks the other in an attampt to have the love of both Demetrius and

Lysander. What is ultimately important though, is that Helena and Hermia are steadfast

in their love for Demetrius and Lysander, respectively.

The mechanicals also undergo transformation in the wood outside Athens. As

Quince, Snug, Snout, Bottom, Starveling, and Flute meet to rehearse their play, they

each transform into the characters they are to be. As a result of Puck's roguishness,

Bottom's head turns into an ass's head, which becomes a hilarious pun on Bottom's

name. When the players convene at Theseus's palace, they also transform into the

play-within-the-play's characters, and some portray parts different from what they

rehearsed in the woods, which only adds to the comedic hilarity of the mechanicals. In

the woods, Snout becomes the lion, Bottom plays Pyramus, and Flute portrays Thisbe, a

woman. The transformation of Flute to Thisbe is quite interesting because his change

does not just involve behavior, but also sex. Poor young Flute must pretend to be a

woman and speak in high voice. Also in the woods, thanks to Puck, Bottom's head

turns into that of an ass. When he is returned to his original form, after having been

pampered by the fairies of Titania, he remembers his transformation as dream, which

only confuses him further, adding to the comic effect. His memory of the dream can only

be described as ironic when he says, "Man is but an ass if he go about to expound this

dream" (MND IV, i, 06-07). Bottom recounts the tale as something halfway between

dream and reality and wants to fashion the memory into a ballad for Theseus. In the

court, Bottom changes into Pyramus, when he is not interjecting himself into this lines,

Snout plays the wall (instead of the lion), Quince performs the prologue, Starveling

becomes moonshine (not the backwoods liquor, but the light of the moon), and Snug

plays the lion, but only after introducing himself as Snug, so as not to scare the ladies.

One final character to transform in the wood is Titania, queen of the fairies.

Oberon places a spell upon her so that, when she wakes, she will fall in love with

Bottom, who has an ass's head. Oberon does this only to spite her for not giving him

the changeling boy. Titania loves Bottom and has her fairies, Peasblossom, Cobweb,

Moth, and Mustardseed, attend to his every need. Titania's utter love and devotion for

an ass's head adds to the comedy of the play and reinforces the theory that love is blind.

Having lost her sight in love, she cannot see Bottom as an ass, only as the object of her

affection. When Oberon removes the spell, she regains her sight and is disgusted with

Bottom. Oberon only removes the spell because he is jealous of Titania's affection for

Bottom. His jealousy is one of the few constants in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

As one can easily see, with the transformation of love and hate in A midsummer

Night's Dream, the comedy intended by Shakespeare would be just that--a dream. Also,

the ending would become problematic, as Bottom would have an ass's head and Hermia

would be forced into an unwanted marriage, a convent, or death and Helena would be

left to live on with her unrequited love. The transformations of each of the characters in

A Midsummer Night's Dream are crucial to the comedy and happy ending of the play.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Threat of Anne Hutchinson. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Threat of Anne Hutchinson paper right on time.

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The Threat of Anne Hutchinson

While many leaders were uneasy about the involvement of women outside the traditional female sphere, Anne Hutchinson's preaching that every individual had the ability to communicate with god posed a threat in Massachusetts. Massachusetts power and authority was based on its role was mediator between the congregation. Anne Hutchinson and her husband and family arrived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 164. The Hutchinson's were seen as welcomed newcomers to their new community, "large because of William's prosperity and Anne's expertise in herbal medicines, nursing the sick, and midwifery"(). Anne Hutchinson became very busy with, "in religion and theological questions, she was particularly influenced by John Cotton, a Puritan minister who was forced to flee from England to Massachusetts Bay in 16 because of his religious ideas"(). Anne Hutchinson than began intervening with Antinomians which led to her trial, conviction, and banished of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Anne Hutchinson became interested in religious issues and began weeknight meetings, which were lead by her and was accompanied by Antinomians. Anne Hutchinson was brought to trial in front of the General Court of Massachusetts Bay. Governor Winthrop lead this case in determining the fate of Anne Hutchinson, "Privately, Winthrop called Hutchinson a person of "nimble wit and active spirit and a very valuable tongue."'(). Winthrop was determined to get rid of Anne Hutchinson no matter what it took to do so.

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The case started off with Mr. Winthrop, the governor, describing to Anne Hutchinson what was going on and why she was being tried. "Mrs. Hutchinson, you are called here as one of those that have troubled the peace of the commonwealth and the churches here; you are known to be a woman that hath had a great share in the promoting and divulging of those opinions that are causes of this trouble, and to be nearly joined not only in affinity and affection with some of those the court had taken notice of and passed censure upon"(5). Anne Hutchinson, after listening to this, becomes confused with why she is in court and for what she has done. "I am called here to answer before you but I hear no things laid to my charge"(5). I was then explained that one of the reasons for her being there was because she has broken a law, which was the fifth commandment. She was also charged for having such religious meetings in her own home. "Why do you keep such a meeting at your house as you do every week upon as set day?…(7). Anne Hutchinson than knew that she had not transgressed in this aspect and rebutted her charge. By rebutting the charge, she was further charged by Deputy Governor Winthrop, "Mrs. Hutchinson for that time she came hath made a disturbance, and some that came over with her in the ship did inform me what she was as soon as she was landed"(). She was accused "of preaching a covenant of works rather than a covenant grace"(40). The governor than brings up "That there are six witnesses who say it is true and yet you still deny it"(41).

One of these witnesses was John Cotton, who Anne Hutchinson highly respected. He was called upon to testify against Hutchinson. Cotton did his best, "tried to defend Hutchinson, mostly saying he did not remember most of the events in the question"(4). Hutchinson believed that she was given a task by god, "God had compelled her to take the course she had taken and that God had said to her as He had to Daniel of the Old Testament, that "through I should meet with affliction, yet I am the same God that delivered Daniel out of the lion's den, I will also deliver thee"'(45).

Even though Anne Hutchinson spoke the truth in her testimony at trial, there was still no avail. Governor Winthrop was still determined to do everything possible to get rid of her. As a result, she was then banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and settled "an island in Narragansett Bay near what is now Rhode Island"(). After her banishment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, trouble still surrounded her. "At the age of forty-five, she was once again pregnant"(47). This was not the only trouble. "In 164, Hutchinson's husband died, and she moved with her six youngest children to the Dutch Colony of New Netherlands in what is now the Bronx borough of New York City. The next year, she and all but one of her children were killed by Indians"(48). The Massachusetts Bay Colony felt that this was a sure sign from God's wrath upon all her sins.

The Puritans tried to hold their own by holding on to their power but it began to fail, "New towns increased the colony's size make uniformity more difficult, Growth and prosperity seemed to bring an increased interest in individual wealth and a corresponding decline in religious fervor, sleeping during sermons, fewer conversations between young people, blasphemous language, growing attention to physical pleasures were numerous, as were reports of election disputes, interachurch squabbling, and community bickering"(48).

Anne Hutchinson being a female and holding her own religious meetings in her own home became a threat to the people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many leaders were uneasy about her ability to communicate with God. This ability became a major threat to the Massachusetts people. Even by telling the truth, she still got what Governor Winthrop wanted, "banishment".

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on How bad were living conditions inTowns in the early 19th Century?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality How bad were living conditions inTowns in the early 19th Century? paper right on time.

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Within the working class areas of industrial towns such as Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool living conditions were very bad indeed in the early 1th century. Poor living conditions were due to insufficient planning, bad housing, poor sewerage disposal, inadequate water supplies, and diseases.

Bad planning led to poor living conditions in towns in the early 1th century because of a rapid growth in industrialisation. Local authorities had very little employers and experienced employers and so they had weak knowledge and judgement to enforce regulations, which would deal with new methods. Back to back housing was created to pack as many houses in as possible and cheaply as could be done, forgetting simple things e.g. deep foundations to make the housing sound, but were 'jerry built'. Yet poor sewerage disposal conditions were not new as they were the same in the countryside. Most of the rich members of the council and citizens did not want high rates of taxes but to keep them low and controlled and so consequently new sewers, water supplies and general better living conditions did not happen. Due to the over crowding, bad housing, sewers and poor water supplies many health epidemics broke out, ignorance of not understanding the diseases did not help this. Links needed to be made.

The worst aspect of early 1th century living conditions was the poor housing. Poor ventilation caused the air to be unable to circulate resulting in bad smells from out side mixing in the air, damp of the houses caused infections to the chest with the stale air and damp living conditions. Families of up to six or more were cramped into the small areas of 4mx4.m and .4mx.6m due to the lack of money. Few houses had water supply and so many had to go and get water on a daily basis. The water was often or always polluted and caring disease.

Rivers and streams carrying refuse and waste from the area often used by the poor to get water along with wells again filled with pools of refuse, or they would collect rain water in tubs and baths which got polluted by soot and smoke.

Custom Essays on How bad were living conditions inTowns in the early 19th Century?

The unpaved streets held the town's sewage in mud alleys leading to streams and rivers. There was no sewage system e.g. sewers and toilets. This was a large threat and cause of infection and diseases.

Out breaks of disease such as smallpox, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza and cholera caused problems and a major health disaster. People were not prepared to cope with the outbreaks, did not realise the awfulness of the conditions of the towns, and so did not change when diseases broke out.

However, not every inhabitant of an early 1th century town experiences bad living conditions. The rich and poor indeed became very divided even the rich became divided in to middle and upper class. The upper class being able to afford large detached house on a hill above the awful conditions of the town below and away from the waste and putrid smells. The middle classes lived in terraced houses with a garden and live in servant creating a cleaner and healthier environment. Many towns were made to spa towns like Malvern and cheltham. These were of a higher quality compared to most and better/cleaner to live in they would architecturally prettier and safer. The streets had sewage systems and sanitation to keep cleaner and healthier.

Of course, any assessment of living conditions in the early 1th century towns must make comparison with the conditions experienced by these in rural conditions. If the conditions of towns were so repulsive the state of rural villages were very bad to make people move to the towns. The countryside was very damp and unhealthy to live in as well as being cold and dirty. The cottages were small with no sanitation and leisure activities near. Most dwellers did not realise the awful conditions of towns until they arrived there but put up with the conditions for the sake of higher wages from urban jobs so towns were money and socially better than living in the countryside.

Finally, whilst in many respects little had been done to improve living conditions in towns by the mid 1th century, one step had been taken by the government in 1848. This was the 1848 public health act. This improved towns by setting up a board of health, which could be made if over 10% of ratepayers agreed. The act recommended glazed earth ware pipes for new sewerage systems, which was cheaper and more hygienic. The act made sure public health was at the top of politician's agenda to make awareness of the issue.

In the early 1th century living conditions of towns were very poor and disgusting compared with the standard of living conditions to day. Public health was a large concern and mainly caused by poor housing and sewage many of the conditions were brought from the rural dwellers and people put up with them for the sake of wages. The conditions caused a dramatic visual divide between the rich and poor. The living conditions were very bad and needed to be improved by simple measure. Ignorance was greatly to blame and so caused living conditions in towns to be worse as more people had to live in these ghastly conditions.j

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. Write a critical review of a hypothetical exhibition that contains several of the most important works of a contemporary visual artist you have studied.

I am proud to present George Gittoes and his exhibit "Minefields" as your featured artist for this weeks contemporary visual artist review. Previously presented at the Sir Hermann Black Gallery, University of Sydney in March and April, its success has allowed this exhibition to continue round the continent, where we have been able to view these fantastic works of art right here in our very own Adelaide. Gittoes opened his appropriately named exhibition after travelling to Cambodia, Pakistan and Afghanistan. His paintings help to describe the painful emotions experienced by the innocent victims of landmines. I quote the words of Gittoes, "For me, landmines are the most damning proof of man's inhumanity to man while the moments spent with mine victims have given me some of the most encouraging proof of the strength of the human spirit".

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I have selected a painting dedicated to each country visited for a main basis of this critical review. Each painting belongs to a designated wall dedicated to the country from which it came from. Beneath most every painting exhibited is a sketch of the original photo and a small quote from Gittoes, describing the situation of his chosen minefield characters.From 'Cambodia', I have chosen a painting called 'Blind Field' (1). Based on a Taiwanese man named Som Chit, this painting depicts his injuries sustained by Cambodian land mines. Somewhat abstract, Gittoes has painted Som Chit with shades of blue skin causing him to stand out abruptly over the vibrant background consisting of bright reds, oranges and yellows. The body of this man has been slightly twisted to appear smaller from the waist down and you hardly notice the prosthetic leg supporting the man. What seemed to stand out the most in 'Blind Field' are the blinding white sightless eyes that exist in Som Chit's scarred face.In order to absorb the full extent of this painting, it needs to be viewed up close, as compared to the original sketch below you can see that much detail has been left out and it becomes less obvious that the colours behind Som Chit are actually his home. The garish colour scheme used helps the viewer to visualize the shocking reality of mine field deformity.

As I continue into the second room (Pakistan), a great painting on the far wall first captures my attention. Even more vibrant than 'Blind Field', the mixture of colours attracted me to evaluate this glorious painting. 'What's Left?', an abstract painting depicting a woman with stumped legs and her child surrounded by an opposing mixture of children's toys and artillery. Their faces and limbs are displaced around the bed on which they lie, giving the impression of perplexity and disorder.

This painting depicts the impact of landmines on families. The mother lies helpless on the homemade bed whilst her child stands by with his hands clasped watching over his mother. This oil on canvas consists of bright rusty colours (such as oranges, reds and yellows) which have been used to give the feeling of heat and poverty.

The focal point of 'What's Left?' is, in my opinion, the enormous black eye of the wounded woman. The massively sized emotionless black pupil captures your attention and draws you into the painting itself, almost rendering the rest of the painting irrelevant. Inside this 'black pit' is a crescent moon. They say the eyes are the windows of the soul. So if this be true, I see that the woman has lost hope all which is left inside her is a constant darkness (represented by an image of nighttime).

Leaving this painting I felt somewhat desolate. 'What's Left?' really seems quite appropriate to the feelings conveyed in the painting.

Moving into the third and final room (Afghanistan), my eyes are captured by a painting directly across from the doorway. A cold blue painting that conveys such sadness I feel the need to view it in a more direct manner.

Gittoes has painted an abstract portrait of a man named Muzammil, a 5 year old man who was left blinded and legless from working in a minefield. His 5 children are so poor that they live in a community of such poverty that they don't even have any belongings. Muzammil must stumble down mine ridden paths in complete blindness.

'Blown Away' has been painted in pale watery blue and pink. The watery look gives the impression of being washed out and drained of life. The blues also represent the sadness and depression you can see printed all over this poor mans face. Such large features make the already sunken face appear more withered and old that what should be for a 5 year old man. You may leave feeling somewhat shut-out because of his closed eyes and pursed mouth.

I feel very privileged to have participated in the viewing of George Gittoes "Minefields" exhibition. By bringing such works of reality for us to view from around the world it is hard not to feel for these victims of landmines especially when the paintings convey such deep emotion. So, thanks to Gittoes exhibition, we are able to view a reality that in normal circumstances we would be blissfully ignorant of.

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