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I can very much relate to the book The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan. My mother and father are from Haiti, but my sisters and I were born in the United States. Therefore, I can very much relate to the major theme in the novel, the difficulty of preserving one's heritage and culture when one immigrates to a foreign country.

Although all four of the mothers (Suyuan, Ying-ying, AnMei, and Lindo) have terrible experiences in China, they love their native land even after they come to America. When they have children, they try to teach them about China and its customs and traditions. The children, however, are not interested in the past. Born in America, Jing-Mei, Lena, Rose, and Waverly all want to minimize their Chinese appearance and heritage. They all want to look like and be accepted as Americans. During the course of the novel, each of the daughters realizes the strength and dignity of her mother and, to differing degrees, learns to appreciate her Chinese heritage.

The four mothers all want the best for their daughters. They want them to have all the advantages that America has to offer, but they also want them to live their Chinese heritage and exemplify the Chinese values. All four mothers, however, feel that their daughters have become so Americanized that they have lost their ways. The mothers realize that the daughters struggle with who they are because they have never had to fight or suffer. Life has been easy for them; as a result, they have not built the strength or character that Suyuan, An-Mei, Ying-ying, and Lindo were forced to build because of what they endured in China and what they had to endure as first generation immigrants to America. The mothers finally tell their daughters about there suffering in hopes of inspiring them and giving them strength. When the daughters begin to appreciate the spirits of their mothers and their Chinese heritage, they become stronger and happier women. In accepting there, past and blending it with their present identify, Jing-Mei, Waverly, Lena, and Rose all become more wholesome.

Amy tan demonstrates this theme by taking a different approach on outlining the importance of emerging culture. From focusing on text and themes to critical analysis and negative opinions, these sources include various angles of which cross-cultural is viewed. With these angles, the entire idea of crossing culture becomes appreciated on a more scholarly level. First Tan defines the trans/ cultural experience. Than she shows the mother and daughter realizing their place within a society in how this reflect part of their identity. She also does this by depicting some life like ancient Chinese stories. The main conflict of the story both the mothers and the daughters struggle with identity issues the mothers attempt to balance their Chinese pasts with their American presents and the daughters attempt to balance between independence and loyalty to their heritage.

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The book is organized into four sections, two devoted to the mothers and two devoted to the daughters, with the exception of June. The first section, understandably, is about the mothers childhoods in China, the period of time during which their personalities were molded, giving the reader a better sense of their true selves, since later in the book the daughters view their mothers in a different and unflattering light. Tan does this so the reader can see the stories behind both sides and so as not to judge either side unfairly. This section, titled "Feathers From a Thousand Li Away," is aptly named, since it describes the heritage of the mothers in China, a legacy that they wished to bestow on their daughters, as the little story in the beginning signifies. For many years, the mothers did not tell their daughters their stories until they were sure that their wayward offspring would listen, and by then, it is almost too late to make them understand their heritage that their mothers left behind, long ago, when they left China.

The second and third sections are about the daughters lives, and the vignettes in each section trace their personality growth and development. Through the eyes of the daughters, we can also see the continuation of the mothers stories, how they learned to cope in America. In these sections, Amy Tan explores the difficulties in growing up as a Chinese-American and the problems assimilating into modern society. The Chinese-American daughters try their best to become Americanized, at the same time casting off their heritage while their mothers watch on, dismayed. Social pressures to become like everyone else, and not to be different are what motivate the daughters to resent their nationality. Being Haitian and American I can definitely relate to this. I have also felt like sometime I do not belong around my classmates as Tan's character has. This is partly the reason why most of my friends are also Haitian American. We share the same culture, and language, and our parents are very similar and their ideas and beliefs.

In conclusion, Tan's The Joy Luck Club is a real, extraordinary piece on how other cultures that migrate to the United States tries to conserve their energy and how the offspring's of those immigrants feel.

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DATA COLLECTION PAPER

Statement of the Problem

This research project will investigate the market in the Northern Virginia area to sustain a new Fairfax Realty Incorporated real estate brokerage firm. Fairfax Realty has been in existence for 14 years and has expanded from one brokerage firm to 7 real estate brokerage locations and real estate settlement companies. The research will establish if is will be profitable to open more branches. The second consideration that this research will have is determining the best locations in the DC metropolitan.

Background information on the problem

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There is an interesting set of circumstances to consider when establishing the placement of a real estate brokerage branch. Not only, does there need to be a market for customers whom are seeking homeownership. There also has to be a pool of real estate agents that can sell the homes. There is steep competition to attract the top producers to sell for your branch.

The way in which Fairfax Realty has to court the most talented agents by being completely unique. Other real estate franchises charge ridiculous fees for everything from signs to administrative work. Fairfax Realty decided to charge no extra charges for anything.

Other real estate franchises require agents to perform desk duty on a rotating basis. This practice hinders one of the most valuable assets to any real estate agent flexibility. Fairfax Realty remedied this concern by hiring full time receptionists and administrative staff.

Other real estate franchises hold mandatory Tuesday sales meetings. Fairfax Realty agents have no mandatory meeting at all. All the sales support they need is given threw the Managing Brokers and for the most part these coaching sessions are one on one addressing the needs of specific transactions.

The Methodology of the Research

The data will be gathered using a variety of different avenues and by using the Multiple Listing Services, as well as, other computer software that is available only to licensed agents to perform the composites of each area.

The demographics of the buyers will be researched in formulating the proper marketing materials.

The surveys will be collected in a very similar way to the census. The questions on the surveys will be open and closed ended. The survey will be given face to face so that the information will be readily available for use. Responses to each item will be scored using a scaled method to make it easier to find correlations.

In areas were the populations speaks a certain language, there will be bilingual staff to assist. The surveys will be printed in a number of languages and dialects to accommodate the diversity in the Northern Virginian population.

Description of the population/sample

The research project will be conducted from January 00 to January 004. I believe that is it completely necessary to research for an entire year because real estate is so cyclic. The sample will consist of 50 residences from each county in Northern Virginia.

These homeowners and prospective homeowners data will be collected through a variety of different ways mainly by information obtained by Fairfax Realty, Inc., the US Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Census, HUD and the Housing Authority.The surveys will not go too deeply into detail. The main focus is are you going to buy or sell in the near future? If you have recently done so, what where the deciding factors went into how you choose an agent and a brokerage firm.

THE STRATEGY BEHIND DATA COLLECTION

My strategy is simplistic; it is to meet the needs of the homebuyers in the Northern Virginian area. The information that will be collected will be the primary source of reasoning in the next strategic business move, this why it is imperative that there is a number of various methods utilized in gathering information. I feel that there the real estate market is very understudied even though it is an essential staple the United States economy.

To me this means going out to the homes of past homebuyers and contacting prospective homebuyers. It is also critical to have bilingual surveyors that can speak comfortably with people from many different backgrounds.

I have decided to utilize other sources such as HUD and the Housing Authority to gather information this is important because the more unbiased the information the more useful. I am attempting to find out why homebuyers use brokerage firms in a natural state and when the questions/ atmosphere is too staged than the answer tend to follow a marked pattern.

It is not the intention of Fairfax Realty to create a situation that serves as a false go ahead to build an additional franchise but we want to look at the fact and make a decision based on the truth and what is best for the organization as a whole as well as the customers.

Dependent and Independent Variables descriptions

The independent variable is the homebuyer because home will be brought regardless to any other factors. The dependant variable is the brokerage firm/ realtor and all the things that those things encompass such as location, usefulness, etc.

DIVISION OF HOUSING-NEEDS ASSESSMENT

Website at www.ci.boulder.co.us/hshhs/Links/needs.htm

UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX

website at ecampus.phoenix.edu

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As a child, and as an adult, I have always been a little envious of child superstars. Wouldn't it be great to have all that money and fame as a child? Life would be so easy. I use to only dream something like that would happen to me. After reading F. Scott Fitzgerald's "Early Success" though, I began to change my mind. Maybe it wouldn't be so great to become a success at such an early age. I would miss out on so much.

Fitzgerald had dreams of becoming a successful writer. He struggled for a couple of years in jobs he didn't like just to make ends meet. Then almost overnight, at the young age of twenty-four, he became a success when his first novel was accepted to be published. Fitzgerald made a lot of money and even had people ask him for advice. He felt on top of the world; his dreams had come true. However, as time went on, the success lost its glamour. He no longer felt like he was being himself, for he had changed from an amateur into a professional writer. Fitzgerald realized that success "is a short and precious time - for when the mist rises in a few weeks, or a few months, one finds that the very best is over" (00). When his novel was published Fitzgerald exclaimed, "I had reached a stage of manic depressive insanity. Rage and bliss alternated hour by hour" (0). He was on an emotional roller coaster; but why? He had accomplished his dreams, hadn't he? To answer this question I began to take a look at my own life.

My dream was to go to college after I graduated high school and eventually become a child psychologist, but that is not what happened. Shortly after I graduated, I moved out on my own and worked hard to support myself. During this time, I had made some friends who lied to me and eventually used me. I had a lot to learn about the harsh world I lived in. I soon met my husband; we married and had two children. Neither my husband nor I had much money, so we had to struggle to meet our needs. I was a very impatient person and complained often about our situation. I soon went into a deep depression. Nothing was going the way I had planned. I felt hopeless. I couldn't even take care of my own children. My husband had to stay home from work many times to help with the children, and as a result he was laid off. At that point I hit rock bottom. Then an opportunity came for my husband to go to school and be retrained for a great career. Instead of being happy for him though, I was mad and jealous. I wanted to be the one to go to school, not him. It was also going to take him two years to finish school and get a job. I thought, two more years of struggling? I didn't think I could do it, but I had no choice.

Although those few years were the most difficult in my life, I learned to accept my situation, and I matured greatly. Patience was not one of my virtues, but as time went on, I discovered that if my family was going to succeed it was going to take time. We had to take many small steps and have a lot of patience to reach our goals. I eventually became happy for my husband, who was doing so well in school. My children were also teaching me coping skills I never knew I needed. The struggles I endured made me a stronger person and taught me the values in life. I had made the transformation from a child into an adult; I had become confident in who I was.

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Fitzgerald, however, looked back in his life and realized he was successful at too young of an age. He began to see that "The compensation of a very early success is a conviction that life is a romantic matter. In the best sense one stays young. When the primary objects of love and money could be taken for granted and a shaky eminence had lost its fascination" (0). Fitzgerald would often look back on his life, wistfully remembering himself as the young man who still had struggles and dreams to work for and accomplish. He felt empty, for he had no more dreams to live for.

Fitzgerald once said, "Premature success gives one an almost mystical conception of destiny as opposed to will power. The man who arrives young believes that he exercises his will because his star is shining. The man who only asserts himself at thirty has a balanced idea of what will power and fate have each contributed, the one who gets there at forty is liable to put the emphasis on will alone" (0). There are many lessons to be learned as people start life on their own, out of the comfort and shelter of their parents. When one becomes successful at a young age, there has not been a chance to learn the values of life. Making it through hardships is what forms a mature person. To me, being successful means being able to cope with the hand life has dealt and being content with it. Becoming successful at an older age allows one to apply the values and lessons that he or she has learned through out life. If I had gone to college right after high school, I might have missed the many lessons I've learned, and I'm sure I still have many more to learn for I am only twenty-four. These lessons and values are essential in one's life in order to be truly successful and to be able to enjoy what has been so hard earned.

7 words

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Early Success." Findings Readings for Critical Writing. Ed. Lewis Meyers. Lexington D.C. Heath, 16. 1-0.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Ikea. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Ikea paper right on time.

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What type of organizational culture is most representative of IKEA family, Eiffel

Tower, guided missile or incubator?

-The type of organizational culture, which is most representative of IKEA, is family

culture. A family culture is characterized by a strong emphasis on hierarchy and

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orientation to the person. I believe that family culture is most representative in IKEA

because of its leader and founder, Ingvar Kamprad, philosophy. Ingvar is viewed as a

caring parent and one who knows what is best for the personnel and the company as

whole, He implemented his philosophy of how to run the business in the simplest way

possible and that is why Ikea's management style is described as informal, open and

caring. What can be understood from these success factors is that Kamprad plays a big

role in the success of the company. He has always been the "center" of the business, and

will probably continue to be until he passes away. Komrad has provided economic

stability and career paths for his employees and the coming generations. Kamprad has

been involved in the company as a leader from the start. He has always been the front

figure for IKEA and is a very charismatic leader. In his business, he has been responsible

for the company's culture, so the presence of strength and character in him, is one of the

most significant factors in the development of the culture. Kamprad strong belief in his

tasks create a kind of magnetism to which followers are drawn.

. In what way has international culture proved to be a challenge for IKEA?

-International culture proved to be a challenge for Ikea because they were set on there

way of doing business. Komprad was set on his organizational culture philosophy, and

was not going to change it. According to the text book, one of Ikea's manager said, "

When we entered a new country we did things our way. The idea was to be Ikea

everywhere After all, our furniture is a cultural statement." Going international with that

kind of attitude toward other cultures proved the Ikea way to be wrong to a certain point.

For example Ikea had a difficult time in instituting their Ikea philosophy. Ikea found that

the Germans are very disciplined and precise. They do exactly what they are told by there

boss, and they need everything in writing. This was a challenge for Ikea, because part of

their philosophy was that employees should take responsibility for themselves, and they

don't need a manual or guide in order to do their work. While in France, the Ikea

management was perceived as weak or indecisive because of their informality philosophy

in the work place. The French are used to having formal rules and a strong hierarchy.

. What are the three things that Ikea had to learn in order to do business effectively

in the United States?

- Ikea had to first change its range of furniture's, because although they were

attracting business, the range of furniture was unsuited to the Americans standards. Some

examples of the poor furniture standards for the Americans are

ɨ Ikea's largest beds were five inches narrower than the king size beds that most

Americans preferred.

ɨ Ikea's sofa and armchair were too lightly designed for the Americans.

ɨ Ikea didn't offer any furniture suitable for home entertainment centers.

Another thing that Ikea learned in order to do business effectively was the realization of

the Americans need for convenience in Ikea's store. The Americans like the stores to be

big, with enough information to reduce any additional efforts on their part and to save

time. In order to accommodate the Americans, Ikea decided to change its store layout to

cater to the Americans need.

The third thing that Ikea had to change to do business effectively in the United States was

to grant more autonomy to the American country management. By doing so, the

management team had a little bit more flexibility in running the business effectively.

4. How well has the company been able to deal with the diversity issue? What else

does it still need to do?

Ikea has been able to make some change regarding diversity issues, but is still facing

a lot of challenges. For example Ikea has initiated an American performance review

procedures, which requires documenting the employees' performance, but the Swedish

management team is very uncomfortable with the idea. The Ikea corporation challenges

for diversity are opportunity for advancement, pay increases, and having a diverse

management team.

Many employees feel that there isn't any room for advancement in the company. It seems

that the corporation makes it very difficult for people to advance due to the requirements

they have. Most of the senior management are all Swedish, thus putting everyone else,

who is not Swedish, at a disadvantage for any promotions in the senior management

level. Due to this strict requirement, Ikea has lost many key managers in the United

States.

As far as the pay increases, after the performance reviews were initiated in the United

States, the Swedish management team still did not provide adequate compensation based

on merit. It seems the Swedish management teams are still stuck on the original

organizational culture philosophy of Komprad.

Ikea management team is composed primarily of Swedish origins. Ikea has been trying to

focus in increasing American managers in the US stores, in order to have a balanced

diverse team.

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The Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group

1. The stand out strategy-shaping economic characteristics of the U.S. Hotel industry are

· Price Segmentation

· Customer Segmentation

· Global Presence

· Brand Management

The key success factors for competing in the "boutique hotel Niche" are to separate yourself from your competitors. There has to be a reason that people want to go and stay that the hotel. The non-hotel like food is clearly a key factor in this niche because the specific people that are being targeted are not the type of people who go for the ordinary restaurant. The people that come to this hotel are not the generic people and expect something not expected from a hotel chain.

Service is key point as well The Kimpton Group makes sure that it gets back to the guest by the end of the day with any complaints or questions. This is very satisfying to the customers.

. Kimpton's Business level approach to competing in the industry is

· Low-cost purchase land and buildings

· Greater latitude in product/service offerings at comparable profit margins.

· Customer Service

· Effective Utilization of technology

· Brand Loyalty

· Employee training and development

· Complementary services

· Revenue management systems

· Clean and comfortable Lodging

· Strategic alliances

· Conveniences in making reservations

· Access to growth capital

· Value-added services.

These allow the Kimpton Group to keep ahead of its competitors with better numbers than the hotels it competes with.

The Companies strategy is adequately aligned with the industry and competitive conditions. The Kimpton Group competes with hotel chains that are more expensive and bigger than they are yet they are. Kimpton Group maintained a 67 percent share of the market in San Francisco and the closest hotel in their niche was sharing only a 0 percent share in the market. The Kimpton Group has managed to create a 5 star atmosphere in a 4 star hotel. They offer a warmer feeling that that of most of the other hotel.

. The Kimpton Hotel and Restaurant Group organizational structure and approach to decision making does aid in the successful implementation of its strategy. The general managers of the individual hotels are encouraged to set them selves apart from the other properties. Each manager gives the property they oversee a different touch that makes each of the properties different so that when you go to one hotel owned by the Kimpton group it is not exactly like any one that you have visited before. Each of the properties seem to take on its own personality and that is projected to the guest which gives them a different look every time they visit a new property.

Kimpton Group also follows a strategy that is call the mongoose strategy. The Kimpton Group has successfully used this strategy to effectively buy properties that fit their niche. Implementation of this strategy has allowed the group to financially benefit from their acquisitions by paying a dramatically low price for a piece of property that is worth much more.

4. The Kimpton Group has utilized its financial assets by effectively by not building from scratch every hotel it looks to build. The Kimpton Group decided that it will look for a specific type of hotel that fits its niche and then it will go after that hotel or building. One of their criteria is for certain aspects of the building that they purchase to be in relatively good order, and they usually will make the face of the hotel over. There strategy when looking for opportunities to expand is to look for the undervalued assets so that they can turn this in to a boutique hotel.

When the Kimpton Group places a location on its radar as a potential place for a new hotel it keeps that on its radar. Keeping places on its radar has paid off in the past for the Kimpton Group. They originally bid $10 million on a property on were out bid by $5 million, but they waited 7 years and were eventually able to pick up the property for $5 million dollars.

The Kimpton Group also supports its restaurants, which are considered a separate operation from the hotels. These restaurants are specifically designed not to give the people that go to the restaurants a feel of a hotel restaurant. The resaurants are kept separate from the hotel, which leaves some value chains unconnected. This is not the best use of their finances, they could connect the value chains and still have the restaurant managed and operated separate from the hotel.

Kimpton Group has successfully managed its finances to build a hotel chain that is respected and valued.

5. The Kimpton Group should start to expand out in to the south or the east where they do not currently have a presence. This successful hotel would do well in major cities where people strive to look for a four star hotel with a five star feeling to it.

I think that its further expansion into other parts of the country will not impact is strategy at all. I believe that the Kimpton Group can maintain its strategy that it was founded on while still expanding in to other parts of the country. There are many old rundown hotels all over the country that would fit its strategy.

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The Bubonic Plague, also known as Black Death, is one of the most mysterious and powerful epidemics known to mankind and it's impact on the Middle Ages resulted in countless deaths and left millions begging for mercy. The Bubonic Plague "cut like a scythe through Europe's cities and countryside, killing tens of millions." (Time Life Books 11).

Plagues in general have been around for 000 years, but no plague has affected an age in history to the extent that the Bubonic Plague affected the Middle Ages. "The disease occurred in huge pandemics that destroyed the entire population of cities throughout the Middle Ages." ("Plague"). The deadly disease first arrived in Europe when a ship docked in Messina, Sicily in 147. Carriers of the disease include brown rats, marmots, and prairie dogs, but in this case it was the infected rats that unleashed the Bubonic Plague upon humanity. Xenopsylla cheopis is the flea that attaches itself to the rat, thus exposing the rat to the Bubonic Plague (Osheim). During these times of suffering, Black Death or Bubonic Plague, were not common names for the epidemic. People referred to it as Pestilence or the "Great Morality" ("Plague"). The origins of this devastating disease was just the beginning to a period of panic and a period of fear

(Osheim).

Bubonic Plague did not just take the lives of people, but it made its presence felt as a variety of different symptoms destroyed every infected person's will to live. The initial symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, aching joints, and a general feeling of ill health. After the initial symptoms, the body's temperature rises to temperatures between 101 105 F. The pulse rate also begins to increase and the respiratory system begins to slow down causing difficulty to breath. Bubonic Plague is characterized by egg-sized swellings called buboes, thus the origin of its name. Buboes appear in the armpits, groin, or neck. Some cases are not as severe as others and usually the victim does not suffer from the wrath that the Bubonic Plague can attain ("Plague").

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Bubonic Plague is fatal 0-75 % of the time and it is the most common form of the plague, but not the only form. Plague also consists of other related forms including Pneumonic Plague and Septicemic Plague. Pneumonic Plague is diagnosed when the lung is the site of the infection. It is often transmitted by droplets sprayed from the lungs and mouth of an infected person. The disease is 5% fatal. Septicemic Plague occurs when the lung infection spreads to the blood. It is nearly 100% fatal, but usually the plague does not reach this phase. One form of plague may be worse than the other, but all forms ultimately result in one death after another ("Plague").

During the Middle Ages, the Bubonic Plague did not attack a certain class of people or a certain ethnicity, but instead created a path of destruction throughout all of Europe. The Bubonic Plague spread its deadly symptoms harshly and rapidly to all classes of Medieval Times whether they were king, queen, rich or poor. The Bubonic Plague affected every living person one way or another causing people to live in fear and anxiety for centuries. "Some victims could go to bed in seemingly perfect health and be dead by morning." (Time Life Books 1). The Bubonic Plague's devastation created a multitude of problems in society. The Jews were wrongly believed to be deliberately poisoning the air or water and were brutally attacked. Governments were forced to adjust to the social disruption caused by the plague. Landlords tried to collect larger sums of money from farmers which paved the way for the English Peasants Revolt in 181. The plague also impacted the arts greatly. The primary impact on painting and sculpture was the newly rich survivors willingness to buy religious art for churches even though much of the art in the duration of the Bubonic Plague's existence had much to do with death. These religious paintings were in hope of no more future plagues. The belief of the cause of the plague was a very debatable subject, but the majority of people believed that it was a punishment from God, which is the reason why they referred to the epidemic as the "Great Morality"(Time Life Books 17). In just 4 years, from 147-151, the Bubonic Plague took the lives of 50 million Europeans, one third of Europe's population. In some cities up to 50% of the population was destroyed. The conditions after and during the plague were terrible. Overcrowded cities with poor sanitation were ideal incubators for the disease. In London, the dead were buried in graves six feet deep and wide, and one hundred yards long (Time Life Books 140). Every area that had been exposed to the deadly epidemic was a deathtrap and those living shared the same fate as those dead (Time Life Books 141).

The disappearance of the plague is still a mystery, but scientists have suggested that larger uninfected rats replaced the smaller infected ones that were carrying the disease (Osheim).

All in all, the Bubonic Plague was a force not to be dealt with. It has caused centuries of misery and disarray and has killed more than any epidemic in history. The brutal tactics of Bubonic Plague caused suffering unlike any other and the impact this epidemic had on the Middle Ages, has revolutionized the contemporary world leaving everlasting effects and changing the course of history forever (Osheim).

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Raphael: The Madonna of the Candelabra. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Raphael: The Madonna of the Candelabra paper right on time.

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During the Italian Renaissance Raphael was one of the most influential artists. He painted many brilliant pieces, mastering the use of depth, perspective, and the use of shadow and light. Throughout his life, Raphael used the Madonna as a reoccurring subject in his work. One example of this subject is the Madonna of the Candelabra. This dark shadowy portrayal exemplifies the pure and humanistic ideals of the Madonna that made Raphael's versions so well known and loved throughout the ages. The timeless beauty and grace that he captured and the realistic qualities of his work are unparalleled.

The Madonna of the Candelabra is oil on panel, a medium common to the time. It was completed between 151 and 1514, and stands 5 /16 by 5 7/8 inches. The Madonna of the Candelabra is a part of the permanent collection of the Walters Art Museum located in Baltimore, Maryland. When purchased by collector Henry Walters in the early 100's it was the first Raphael Madonna to be incorporated into an American collection(www.thewalters.org). This painting was originally in the Borghese Collection in Rome, and changed hands numerously before it reached its present location(Camesasca 111). The way that Raphael positioned the Christ Child and Mary suggests that she was looking towards the infant John the Baptist that originally occupied the lower right of the painting. This conclusion comes from an earlier documentation of the original work. Although recognized as authentic, the exact compilation of artists that contributed to this work has been scrutinized(Camesasca 11).

Throughout his portrayals of the Madonna, Raphael seems to strive to create a lifelike image that would actually personify the Virgin to the viewer, rather than to put her out of reach by describing her as an object and not a human being. Most of his Madonnas are a result of earlier pen sketches that he used as studies of the human form and position for his later paintings. He seemed to go over the areas that he believed needed further work with darker strokes of the pen. He always strived for the perfect rendition of a naturalistic pose. His next quandary was the landscapes that would determine the location, be it a field or as in the case of the Madonna of the Candelabra, a shadowy curtained area. He was said to have had his apprentices pose so that he could capture just the right position that Mary would assume in the painting as related to the landscape(Pope-Hennessy 180).

While Raphael was influenced by other artists of the time, such as Michelangelo and Leonardo, he remained unique in his individual style. Raphael began to use the previous renditions of the Madonna as an influence. The symbolism of the Madonna is that of beauty and grace while incorporating a sense of pureness associated with her. The use of the candles in this particular Madonna show the light of Christ that is being brought into the world by Mary. She is giving birth to the light of the world, according to the Christian faith. The halos around her head and the head of Christ add to the feeling of holiness that the painting was intended to imply. The other figures appear to be angels overlooking the mother and child, as if guardians from heaven sent to watch over them like a shepherd watches over

his sheep. There is no reason that this painting was named the Madonna of the Candelabra other than the fact of the presence of the glowing candles in the background. Raphael didn't tend to name his work, but rather they picked up their names over the years to differentiate them from the other Madonnas that he completed.

While Raphael painted many Madonnas all with slightly different schematics, the Madonna of the Candelabra is very similar to others painted during that time. When compared to the Madonna of the Fish the similarities become clear. Both of these versions of the Madonna and child include other characters in the work, be it the Archangel and the young Tobias in the Madonna of the Fish, or the two angel-like characters in the Madonna of the Candelabra. The expressions on each of the supporting characters plays the roles of adoration, respect and nervousness to approaching the throne of the Virgin. Also in both works, and most other Madonnas, the Virgin does not look directly at the infant. Her gaze is either cast downward, in the case of the Madonnas of the Candelabra and the Fish. Stylistically, however, the Madonna of the Fish is much more in depth including greater detail than what can be seen in the cropped version. This is largely due to the way that the Madonna of the Candelabra has been made into a circle deleting perhaps another character, probably John the Baptist, as earlier noted.

Although Raphael lived a relatively short life, he completed some of the most beloved paintings that have withstood the ultimate test of time. The way that he gave the viewer an intimate look into the person called "The Madonna" was like no other. He gives her a quality of life and realness that no other

artist has been able to capture since that time.

Camesasca, Ettore. All The Paintings of Raphael. New York Hawthorn Books,INC,16.

Pope-Hennessy, John. Raphael. New York University Press, 170.

WWW.thewalters.org. 00.

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