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"John Day Fossil Bed"

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The "John Day Fossil Bed" is located in National Monument, in Oregon. The sedimentary rock of the John Day River Valley in central Oregon is rich with fossil records dating from forty-five million to five million years ago (mya). This basin is so rich with specimens of such continuity and duration that paleontologists, sedimentologists, paleobotanists, and biostratigraphers can test theories against fossil records. This research paper will illustrate through geological time and uniformitarianism the importance of the "John Day Fossil Bed". An appreciation of the immensity of geologic time is central to understanding the evolution of Earth and its survival.

This article has broken down the "John Day Fossil Bed's" into four geological time and uniformitarianism formations The Clarno Formation (50-5 mya) uniformitarianism is a tropical to subtropical forests mantle. The fossil records in sedimentary rock displayed "splendid samples of seeds, nuts, fruits, leaves, branches, and roots". Many of these samples were new discoveries to science. The mammals of this period were large and to name a few are the "browsing brontotheres and amynodonts. The John Day Formation (7-0 mya) uniformitarianism deciduous forests replaced the earlier subtropical forests of the Clarno formation showing a vast biological diversity of species of the early "Miocene epoch". "More that one hundred groups of mammals have been found in this formation as well, including dogs, cats, swine, oreodonts, horses, camels, rhinos, and rodents". To help support the geological time of this period volcanic ash was located throughout the fossil bed, giving way to accurate "radiometric" dates. The Mascall Formation (15-1 mya) uniformitarianism was created after the massive volcano activity and the weathering of lava into "highly fertile soils, and from these soils arose lush, nutritious grasses and mixed hardwood forest, mush like those found today in the eastern United States". A great variety of animals like horses, camels, and deer are discovered in the sedimentary rock. Also, large mammals reappeared like the "gomphotheres (early elephants), as well as sizable rhinos and bear-dogs. The Rattlesnake Formation (8-6 mya) uniformitarianism that is named for Rattlesnake Creek, completes the paleontological story of the "John Day Basin", and based on geological time is very early. Some of the species resembles those of today, and others of a distant past. The type of animal that grazed the land suggests a much "dryer and cooler climate, dominated by grasslands. These strata represent the last major episode of deposition in the basin".

With the discovery of the "John Day Fossil Bed", the "paleontologists can detect subtle shifts in the ecosystems through time. Sedimentologists are able to map the orientation of bones in a Clarno Formation quarry, and thereby plot the eddies, backwaters, and gravel bars of a river that flowed thirty-seven million years ago. Paleobotantists determine the rate at which plant communities evolved. A biostratigrapher dates the last known occurrence of a fossil primate in North America".

Man's ability to study the past ensures mankind a better chance to survive in the future.

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