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Washington State is one of many states which allows its citizens the use of initiatives and referendums. Initiatives are proposed laws which registered voters may get placed on the general ballot after following proper procedure, which includes getting enough signatures (equal to eight percent of the voters in the previous gubernatorial election) supporting the initiative. There are two types of initiatives indirect initiatives and direct initiatives. Indirect initiatives are sent to the legislator, where it is either adopted and made law, refused and sent to the general ballot, or amended in which case both the original and amended versions appear on the ballot (Nice, Pierce, & Sheldon, 1).

Initiatives keep government officials in check, cut down on political corruption, and provide a way for the average citizen to take an active role in their state's government. However, this form of direct democracy has taken on a new role in state politics, other than what was originally intended by early supporters of the initiative. In many cases, initiatives have been abused and have been misleading or detrimental to the economy. Citizens' lack of understanding, misleading corporate campaigns, and the frivolous use of initiatives have led to initiatives taking on a negative image in the eyes of many politicians and informed citizens. Initiatives have already caused several problems in Washington State, and state legislatures need to consider putting more restrictions on the initiative process. Also, by examining problems regarding the use of initiatives in other states, it can be seen that Washington needs to place more regulations on their initiative process before these problems repeat themselves in Washington.

Thomas Jefferson once said, I know of no safer depository of the ultimate power of society but the people themselves" (Kenin & Wintle, 178). Realistically though, to what degree can the average citizen participate in an efficient, smooth running government without messing things up? One of the major problems with the use of initiatives is that often times the citizens making and voting on the measures are not politically and economically informed enough to make beneficial decisions regarding policies in their state. Many citizens vote in favor of initiatives that cut taxes because they appear beneficial to them, but they do not realize that in the long run they may end up having to pay more as government is forced to make up for the loss in revenues by cutting programs or by raising costs in another area. The public often demands a decrease in taxes, but still expects government to maintain its programs which aid the citizens of the state (The Initiative & Referendum Institute, 1). This problem has become evident to the people of Washington State as they have begun to feel the negative impact of Initiative 65, which they voted into effect in November of 1. Initiative 65 set the Motor Vehicle Excise Tax at $0 for every vehicle, which prior to I-65 had been set in relation to the cost of the vehicle (.% of the the value of the vehicle, plus a license fee of $.75). I-65 also made state and local tax and fee increases subject to voter approval, to make sure that the government could not easily compensate by adding new taxes in other areas. Due to I-65, the revenues from the Motor Vehicle Excise Tax, which funds police, firefighters, transportation, and public health, have been cut by $764 million a year (Office of Financial Management, 1). Washington States current budget problem should come as no surprise, as the legislature struggles to come up with funding for the growing public transportation problems. Now voters of Washington State are going to feel the effects as government funded agencies, such as educational facilities, health institutes, and road management, are forced to scale back. I-65 is a prime example of voters wanting tax cuts without the consequences. Decisions that alter the states revenues so drastically undermine the activities of Washington State's legislative and executive officials. Aside from the indirect initiative, legislators do not get much of an opportunity to address complex issues addressed in initiatives, which will simply be voted for or against by the electorate. There needs to be regulations in place which prevent initiatives from making such influential changes in state funds and policies, or else Washington State is going to continue to have major budget problems that are not easily fixed.

Though not as harmful, citizens often waste the money and time of the government with initiatives that are unnecessary or pointless. In the past 100 years, approximately ,000 initiatives have been placed upon ballots throughout the states. Of these ,000, only about 40 percent were adopted (The Initiative & Referendum Institute,1). Though many of the initiatives which were turned down probably addressed relevant issues, there were also many that were completely unnecessary for voters to waste time with.There are always people in society who have a "pet project" or strong views regarding relatively unimportant matters, and allowing these people such easy access to law making can allow them to be an even bigger nuisance to the government. One extreme example is a proposed Maine ordinance, which would bar women from publicly displaying their breasts. Though it was easily defeated, there was much public debate that went on regarding the measure (Mullins, 18). Though relatively harmless, large numbers of these propositions can end up wasting a lot of time, especially if a measure is particularly offensive and there is much public protest to the matter. Instead of addressing major problems in local government, many initiatives pursue pointless and sometimes frivolous matters. Because of this change in the use of initiatives, the government needs to be allowed more control over which initiatives are allowed on the ballot.

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Another problem with initiatives is that the supporters of an initiative often take advantage of citizens' lack of awareness, and structure their campaign in a way that is misleading. The average citizen is not going to take the time to read the lengthy pamphlet explaining all of the initiatives they will be voting on, unless they know it will directly affect them. Instead, voters must rely on the media and campaigns they have heard surrounding each issue. There are often hidden agendas that are purposefully avoided in the campaigning agenda for initiatives, or are stated in such a way that they are misleading. In 16, voters in Arizona approved Proposition 00, which used the slogan get tough on crime in their campaigning. Most voters were only aware of the section which would mandate harsher sentences for crimes committed under the influence of drugs. What most voters probably didnt realize, was that the proposition would also legalize marijuana for medicinal uses. This was because the ad campaign focused only on the tougher punishment section, but did not address the section legalizing medical marijuana at all. This law was later overturned by the Arizona legislature, but stands as proof that in many cases citizens are not completely aware of what an initiative entails. Also, the reading level of initiative measures on Massachusetts and Rhode Island ballots was estimated at the fifteenth-grade level (third year college) (Magleby,184). There needs to be some form of mandate which prevents hidden agendas of initiatives. Perhaps all initiatives should be given to a non partisan organization which summarizes all major points of the initiative. It may also have a limit on length so that citizens can better understand what they are voting on, or look over it to see if there is something in the initiative which they had not heard about. There needs to be some form of safeguard against hidden agendas in an initiative.

The initiative keeps government in check, and is a good way by which citizens can participate in their government. But as the use of initiatives has changed over time, the laws which regulate them need to change as well. Because of misinformed and uneducated voters, there needs to be safeguards preventing the abuse of initiatives. The current budget issues confronting Washington State as a result of an initiative should spark more debate regarding initiative reform over the next few years. Perhaps the answer, however hypocritical, is an initiative proposing initiative and referendum regulatory issues. Whatever means by which it can be accomplished, policy regarding initiatives and referendums need to be better regulated in Washington State. Bibliography

Kenin, Richard, & Wintle, Justin (Eds.). (178). The Dictionary of Biographical Quotation of British and American Subjects. New York Random House.

Magleby, David B. (184). Direct Legislation Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States. Baltimore and London The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Mullins, William. (18). "Voters See Initiatives as an Advertisement for the General Interest A Vote of No Confidence in Their Legislators". The World Paper. http//www.worldpaper.com/. March 1, 00.

Nice, D., Pierce, J., & Sheldon, C. (Eds.). (1). Government and Politics in the Evergreen State. Pullman Washington State University Press.

Office of Financial Management. (1). "Potential Financial Impacts of I-65". Office of Financial Management Washington State http//www.ofm.wa.gov/i-65/65 august .htm. March 1, 00.

The Initiative & Referendum Institute. (1). "Initiative and ReferendumTalking Points". The Initiative & Referendum Institute http//www.iandrinstitute.org/quill .htm. February 7, 00.

Rosenthal, Alan. 18. The Decline of Representative Democracy. Washington D. C. Congressional Quarterly Press.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on incidents in the life of a slave girl. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality incidents in the life of a slave girl paper right on time.

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Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

No one in todays society can even come close to experiencing the heartache, torment, anguish, and complete misery suffered by women in slavery. Many women endured this agony their entire lives, there only joy they found was through their children and families, who were torn away from them and sold, never to be seen or heard from again.

In the book, Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl, Linda Brent tells a spectacular story of her twenty years spent in slavery with her master Dr. Flint, and her jealous Mistress. She speaks of her trials and triumphs as well as the harms done to other slaves. She takes you on the inside of slavery and shows you the Hell on Earth slavery really was. She tells you the love and heartbreak she experienced being an unmarried slave mother.

At the age of twenty or so, Linda escapes and with no place to hide she ends up in very small garret outside her grandmothers house. The garret was only nine-foot long and seven-foot wide, so small she could not even stand up. She lived in this hole with no light, no fresh air, and she barely moved for almost seven years. Linda finally escaped the confines of the garret and made her way to the North where she and her children lived much happier and most of all they lived free.

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Linda Brent said, Slavery is terrible for men, but is far more terrible for women. She makes a good and true point, for when her life and the life of other slave women are compared to mens, mentally, slavery takes a much larger toll on the suffering of women. Women are responsible for their children, and the children of their masters. Mothers are often left feeling guilty for bringing their children into the cruel world of slavery. As Linda Brent expresses, I often prayed for death; but now I didnt want to die, unless my child could die too . . . its clinging fondness was a mixture of love and pain . . . sometimes I wished that he (Benny) might die in infancy . . .death is better than slavery. In the book Linda has mixed feelings about her children because she so dearly loves them. She doesnt want them to suffer in slavery as she has so she wishes they would die, but she loves them and she doesnt want to lose them as many slave mothers had. I can only imagine how torn and incapable she must have felt as a slave and a mother.

Linda also speaks of The Slaves New Years Day, this was the time that slaves everywhere were sold and leased. Many mothers were torn from their husbands and their children. Linda speaks of one woman she witnessed, I saw a mother lead seven children to the auction-block. She knew that some of them would be taken from her, but they took all . . .(The woman screamed) Gone! All gone! Why dont God kill me? Linda explains that these things happened daily, even hourly. This is only a small piece of the torture it was to be a woman in slavery.

Lindas master often made perverted comments to her in which she expressed as too filthy to tell. He constantly threatened her and her life explaining that she was his to with as he pleased.

When Linda became pregnant with the son of a white man, Dr. Flint became very angry and he constantly reminded her of the fact that her baby was also his property, like a piece of land. When she had the boy she named him Benjamin, he was premature and Linda herself became very ill after the delivery. Linda refused to let anyone send for a doctor, because the only doctor that could treat her was Dr. Flint and she despised him. Finally when they thought she would die they sent for her master. He treated her and her child (Benny), and soon they recovered.

Almost three years later Linda had a daughter whom she named Ellen, which angered Dr. Flint even more. Once when Benny ran to cling to his mother when Dr. Flint was striking her, Dr. Flint knocked the child all the way across the room nearly killing him.

After the abuse afflicted on Benny, Linda finally escaped in search of a safe way to the North; she hid in various places, first, in a white friends house, where she was made very sick when concealed in a very damp place under the floor. She then remained in a locked storage room upstairs until she found out her children were sold to their father, who never really claimed them. Mr. Sands the childrens biological father handed the children and their papers over to Lindas grandmother, so they thought. The woman Linda was staying with finally thought it best for both their sakes that she left, because people were becoming suspicious.

When Linda left, her family had no where to conceal her so, they disguised her and sat her out at the snaky swamp for two days while they build her a small garret outside her grandmothers house. At the swamp she described the snakes, as being so plentiful that they had to push them away with a stick and the air so thick with mosquitoes she became ill from all the bites. They finally finished and Linda hid out in the small garret that measured about three feet in height, nine feet in length, and five feet in width. Linda spoke of the suffocating air, the dampness always about during the rains and the smothering heat in the summer. She even talked about the rats and mice crawling over her body. She told about watching her children Ellen and Benny grow up through a small peephole. Her grandmother would bring her food at night and talk with her. Even as her great aunt was dying she could not leave to tend to her; all she could do was stay in her little smothering space.

Soon Dr. Flint began saying that Lindas children belonged to his daughter and the contract of their sale was not legal because she was too young to consent to sale them. So in fear that he would take Ellen, Mr. Sands said he would send her to stay with a cousin, in the North where she would go to school. Linda and her grandmother agreed and Ellen was on her way to Boston. The night before Ellen left her mother came out of her hole and into the house to talk with her. She told Ellen, I am your mother. and Ellen replied, Are you really my mother? Ellen couldnt even remember what her own mother looked like. Linda spent that night with Ellen and they wept on each other and spoke of the things that had happened over the years. Ellen departed for Boston the following morning.

Finally, Linda received word that there was a safe way to get to the North and she left, after spending almost seven years in that tiny space. Linda finally made it to the North, safely and discreetly, no one suspected a thing. Dr. Flint assumed shed lived in the North for years, hed even gone in search of her several times. Although the North wasnt everything Linda thought it would be, she was for the most part free. The people werent as nice as she thought they would be, and many of them were still extremely prejudice.

On her train ride to New York Linda had to pay to ride in a back car full of the smells of tobacco and whiskey. Shockingly, when Linda got there her Ellen had not been living very well. She had worn thin clothes and sometimes no shoes. She hadnt even been sent to school even though she could have attended public schools for free. Ellen was extremely unhappy. She had actually been given to Mr. Sands niece as a handmaid. Although Linda was extremely angry she said nothing for fear of the selling of her daughter.

Linda found a job being a nurse to a nice family by the last name of Bruce and eventually got her daughter back and they later sent for her son to be with them. Dr. Flint continued to come to the North in search for her, but she had many friends who hid her.

In September 1850, a few years after Linda arrived in the North the Fugitive Slave Law was passed, it made it easy to legally seize and enslave any black man or woman at-large. All they had to do was apprehend the person, go before the commissioner, swear to the ownership of him or her and get a certificate of arrest. The commissioner received ten dollars for giving the certificate and five for denying it. Therefore, there were few denials. The black man or woman accused of being a fugitive slave had no right to a trial and jury.

After the death of Dr. Flint, and Lindas dear grandmother, Linda began thought it necessary to reading the paper everyday to see the new people checking into town. Linda especially looked for her mistresss name, Mrs. Dodge, whom shed heard, had been very low of funds and needed Linda simply to get some money. Sure enough Mrs. Dodge showed up, Linda ran with the baby she nursed to California to stay with her brother. Benny was learning a trade with her brother and Ellen was in boarding school. At last Lindas dear friend Mrs. Bruce purchased her for three hundred dollars. The Dodges were so certain that theyd never find her and so low on finances that they probably would have sold her for anything.

At last Linda and her children were free. Never to become captured by the Fugitive Slave Law and never again burdened with the thought that someone might know them and turn them in. What a relief that must have been after living such a long life as a runaway slave and poor slave mother.

As you could see Ms. Linda Brent was a very strong woman whos love for her children fueled her determination to ensure that they would not live the horrible slave life as she had for so many years. She endured many painful years with the thought of one-day securing freedom for herself and her children, which she finally obtained. But I often wondered how strongly Linda must have about the word free. As I stated in my opening sentence no one from todays society will ever come close to understanding the life of an enslaved person, and for that reason we will never understand the intense feelings Linda had about the word free.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Exclusion clauses in contract law. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Exclusion clauses in contract law paper right on time.

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Roberts v. Express Courier Services

1.1 Aim of the report

To assist the judge in deciding whether to uphold or override the original decision

1. Method

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- Library

- Precedent cases

- Internet

1. Background information

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates legal rights and obligations, which the law will enforce. If three essential elements are present, a binding agreement or valid contract will be created.

These are

1. Agreement, which is made up of offer and acceptance;

. Intention to create legal relations;

. Consideration.

In some cases, exclusion clauses are written into contract because one party wants to reduce or remove their liability if something goes wrong.

Courts tend to be hard on parties to the contract trying to hide behind their exclusion clause. The courts will not allow an exclusion clause if

1. Reasonable notice was not given,

. There was a breach of contract,

. There was misrepresentation,

4. The clause is carelessly worded-will not cover the action that caused the

damage,

5. The party wanting to hide behind exclusion clause does a breach that is

"outside the four corners of the contract",

6. The problem might be because of negligence.

1.4. Glossary

appeal a formal request by a party to review, re-hear or reconsider the decision of a lower court.

appellant a person who brings an appeal.

bailee a person who is in possession of goods.

damages (also called compensation) a court-awarded sum of money to a party in relation to compensate for loss or damage caused by another person.

defence a document filled in a court registry in a civil case outlining the facts on which a defendant relies in opposing the plaintiff's claim.

defendant a person against whom a court action is brought. Sometimes it used to refer to the accused in a criminal matter.

plaintiff a party who commences the court action.

respondent a person against whom an appeal or application is brought.

.1 Facts of the Case

Mr. Roberts hired Express Courier Services to transport his goods, which were urgently needed by customers in other states. Mr. Roberts phoned to book the service and he was assured that the delivery service was non-stop door-to-door. When the driver collected Mr. Roberts' goods, he issued an invoice to Mr. Roberts, which Mr. Roberts did not read. Several clauses written on the back of the invoice claimed to exempt Express Courier Services from liability for any loss or damage to the goods whilst in transit.

Because it was Christmas time and Express Courier Services was extremely busy, they had hired a subcontractor to transport Mr. Roberts' goods. Because Express Courier Services' Depot was shut, the subcontractor stored the goods overnight in his garage. During the night, his garage burned down and Mr. Roberts' goods were destroyed. Mr. Roberts sought legal advice.

. Legal Issues

• Can Express Courier Services hide behind the exclusion clauses?

• Was there a breach of contract?

• Was there a misrepresentation of the terms of the contract?

• Does the subcontractor liable for the loss of the goods?

. Sources

Contract Law is based on the use of precedent cases such as

Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty. Ltd. v. May & Baker (Australia) Pty. Ltd. (166) 115 CLR 5.

Bontex Knitting Works Ltd. v. St. Johns Garage (14) A11 ER 60.

Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd. v. Rambler Cycle Co. Ltd. (15) AC 576, at p. 588.

Hain Steamship Company Ltd. v. Tate & Lyle Ltd. (16) A11 ER 57.

.4 Application Of Legal Principles

The appellant must prove that they can use the exclusion clause in the contractual statements to protect themselves, whereas the respondent must prove that the cause of the damage was of that goes to the root of the contract.

Prior to Roberts v. Express Courier Service, the contract law is established in the precedent case Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty. Ltd. v. May & Baker (Australia) Pty. Ltd. (166) 115 CLR 5.

The majority of the judges, Barwick C.J., McTiernan, Taylor and Owen JJ, of this case found that TNT impliedly undertook to take all reasonable care of the goods. Nothing shows that the contract permitted a servant or agent of TNT to take goods home overnight. That was inconsistent with TNT's primary obligation. It was implicit that the goods would go to the depot. This is unaffected by the clause in the contract giving TNT a discretion as to the 'method' of carriage. A breach of contract like this, where what happened was neither authorised nor permitted by the contract is outside 'the four corners of the contract'; it stops parties using their exclusion clause to remove themselves from liability. Referring to the decision made by the Judicial Committee in Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd. v. Rambler Cycle Co. Ltd. (15) AC 576, at p 588, Barwick C.J. stated, "The effect of this conclusion is, of course, that T.N.T. cannot protect itself by seeking to rely upon the exemption clauses…"

Judge Windeyer, however, found in his finding that there was no express obligation for TNT to take goods to the depot. This is said to be implied from TNT's working practices, but at best for May & Baker it can only be said that the contract was for goods to be handled by TNT according to their customary methods. That does not help May & Baker, because on the evidence TNT's customary methods included sub-contractors like Pay keeping goods overnight.

Express Courier Service breached the contract and it is outside 'the four corners of the contract'; however, as an executive who often transport goods, Mr. Roberts should have known better that in some cases where the depot is closed, the merchandise might be stored in the subcontractor's garage.

Misrepresentation of the term of the contract occurred when Mr. Roberts expected the goods to arrive in other states from where it was picked-up as soon as possible. As he was assured by Express Courier Service on the phone when he booked the service that the delivery service was non-stop door-to-door; without mentioning the possibility of storing the merchandise in subcontractor's garage. Appellant could not rely on the exclusion clause because the subcontractor innocently misrepresented the nature of the exclusion clause by storing the merchandise in his garage.

Defences

In the case of T.N.T v. May & Baker, TNT tried to use the defence that the subcontractor, Pay, was responsible for the damages. According to Barwick C.J., the respondent had no contract with Pay. The situation was self-induced in that Pay continued to pick-up other goods when he should have know that in doing so, he would be late in delivering respondent's goods to TNT's depot. In Hain Steamship Company Ltd. v. Tate & Lyle Ltd. (16) A11 ER 57 Lord Wright said (16) A11 ER, at pp 607, 608, "An unjustified deviation is a fundamental breach of a contract of affreightment. Owing to the peculiar…"

A common carrier by land is deemed to contract to carry by his customary route if no route be expressly stipulated. An illustration is Bontex Knitting Works Ltd. v. St. Johns Garage (14) A11 ER 60; aff'd (144) 1 A11 ER 81 The goods were stolen from a van when the driver left it unattended for an hour and went to lunch. An exemption clause did not avail the defendants because the contract had expressly provided for the delivery of the goods "forthwith and immediately". Lord Wilberforce, in Suisse Atlantique Societe case said "The decision may be justified on the basis that there was a breach…". His ratio then used as the ground for the judges' decisions in the Bontex Knitting Works Case (14) A11 ER 60; (144) 1 A11 ER 81, Scott L.J. saying that there had been "a radical departure from the terms of the contract". That there was a "breach of an express agreement for immediate delivery".

The second situation, though, when he found the goods were burned in his garage at 5.40 p.m. was not self-induced; the onus of proof was on him to show that he took proper care of the goods. However, there is no evidence that he was careless, and he had no reason to foresee a fire. Therefore, the subcontractor's liability would be as a bailee of the goods, the same as that of Pay's in T.N.T v. May & Baker (166). The subcontractor in Express Courier Services is not liable, and Express Courier Services must pay the damages.

.0 Conclusion

The court would find for the Appellant as Express Courier Service has breached the contract. For the subcontractor, the court would find that his liability is as a bailee of the goods. He would not get any compensation from Express Courier Service for the loss of his truck; nevertheless, he does not have the responsibility to compensate Mr Roberts as he had no contract with Mr Roberts, and he had no reason to foresee a fire. However, Mr. Roberts contributed to his own loss by not reading the exclusion clauses written on the back of the invoice. Therefore, he is 0% to be blame, and damages, less 0%, would be awarded in the form of compensatory damages in the form of general damages for loss of merchandise and suffering.

4.0 Recommendation

TNT already has greater bargaining power than May & Baker, using the exclusion power would increase their bargaining power even more. When signing the contract, May & Baker intended their goods to be arrived at the consignee within the time in the contract, not stored overnight in Pay's garage. Examining the nature of dispute in Thomas National Transport (Melbourne) Pty. Ltd. v. May & Baker (Australia) Pty. Ltd. (166), the judges' decision, that parties to a contract cannot hide behind exclusion clause if they breached the term of the contract, has made contract law more fair. Therefore, TNT v. May & Baker should be used as a precedent case for new cases with similar facts.

Please note that this sample paper on Exclusion clauses in contract law is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Exclusion clauses in contract law, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Exclusion clauses in contract law will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The old man and the sea. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The old man and the sea paper right on time.

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Eighty-four days had passed since Santiago, the old fisherman, had caught a fish, and he was forced to suffer not only the ridicule of younger fishermen, but near-starvation as well. Moreover, Santiago had lost his young companion, a boy named Manolin, whose father had ordered him to leave Santiago in order to work with more successful seamen. But the devoted child, still loved Santiago, and each day brought food and bait to his shack, where they indulged in their favorite pastime talking about the American baseball leagues. The old mans hero was the New York Yankees Joe DiMaggio. Santiago identified with the ballplayers skill and discipline, and declared he would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing some time.

After visiting one particular afternoon, the boy left Santiago, who fell asleep. Lions immediately filled his dreams. As a boy he had sailed to Africa and had seen lions on the beaches. Now, as an old man, he constantly dreamed of the great and noble beasts.

He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of Great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach ... He loved them as he loved the boy.

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Before dawn of the next day, the fisherman, as usual, hauled his salt-encrusted skiff onto the beach and set out by himself. But today, in hopes of breaking his unlucky streak, he was determined to sail into deep waters, out much farther than the other anglers would go. He followed the sea birds and flying fish; they would tell him b y their movements where the fish congregated.

He watched the turtles swimming near his boat. He loved the turtles, with their elegance and speed...

Most people are Heartless about turtles because a turtles heart will beat for hours after he has been cut tip and butchered. The old man thought, I have such a heart too ...

Early on, Santiago managed to land a ten-pound tuna. Thinking this a good omen, he used the fresh meat to bait one of his lines. By now he was far away from land, and much farther out than all the other fishermen. Resisting the temptation to sleep or to let his mind wander, Santiago concentrated on his lines reaching deep into the dark green waters.

At noon he felt a bite. Testing his line, he guessed that it must be a marlin nibbling at the tuna bait. He must be huge, the old man thought, and waited anxiously for a strike. Suddenly, the fish took the bait entirely and began to swim furiously out to sea, dragging the boat behind him. The fish was so powerful that Santiago was helpless to stop him; he could only brace himself against the weight placed on the taut line that cut across his shoulders and hold on until the fish exhausted its strength. Darkness fell, and still the fish swam steadily out to sea. The seaman spent a grueling night with the line looped painfully round his back. Though he was weak, old and all alone, Santiago knew many tricks, and possessed skills the young men yet lacked. Besides, he loved the sea with a passion and had faith that she would handle him with reverent, though bitter, kindness. Once, when the fish gave a sudden tug, the line slashed Santiagos cheek. Fish, the old man vowed softly, Ill stay with you until I am dead.

Then he began to pity the great fish that he had hooked. He is wonderful and strange and u) who knows how old he is, he thought ... Perhaps he is too wise to jump. He could ruin me by jumping or by a wild rush. But perhaps he has been hooked many times before and he knows that this is how he should make his fight. He cannot know that it is only one man against him, or that it is an old man ...

His choice had been to stay in the deep dark water far out beyond all snares and traps and treacheries. My choice was to go there to find him beyond all people.... Now we are joined together and have been since noon. And no one to help either of us.

By morning of the second day the fish was still beading northward; vigorous, seemingly tireless strokes of its tail guided it forward. There was no land in sight. A stiffening cramp in Santiagos left hand, a wicked slice in his right, and his shivering from cold was hampering his work. I wish I had the boy, he said aloud.

All at once the fish surfaced and leaped into the air. Santiago marveled at the enormous, lavender marlin, two feet longer than the boat itself - the biggest fish the old man had ever seen.

Once again the fish set out, relentlessly towing the boat. Santiago could do nothing but hold on and wait.

Sitting in the hot afternoon sun, Santiago cut strips from the tuna and chewed them slowly. He drank sparingly. Throughout his ordeal, he spoketo his only friends the birds that came to rest on the side of the skiff. He spoke to his brother, the great fish. He also addressed his cramped hands and arms, as though they, like himself and the fish, were in their own, detached struggles for survival. His mind constantly returned to baseball, the lions - and Manolin. Over and over he longed for the boy to be with him, to help him land the fish and to take his mind from his cut hand and aching back. He wondered how the Yankees were doing, envying the younger fishermen who could afford radios in their boats to listen to the games. He thought of DiMaggio, wondering if the Yankee Clipper would stay with a fish as long as Santiago had stayed with this one. I am sure he would and more since he is young and strong, he thought. Also his father was a fisherman.

At one point, Santiago fell into a daydream about an arm-wrestling match hed had as a young man. The contest with the great Negro ... who was the strongest man on the docks had lasted twenty-four hours, but Santiago had held out - and won.

Amid these reveries, night fell again. Santiago allowed himself a moments sleep, and dreamed of the lions. All night he instinctively played the line.

At sunrise on the third day, the marlin began to circle; and after hours of struggling, the drained and dizzy fisherman finally managed to bring the fish close to the surface. Then, on one of its many passes by the side of the boat, the old man took aim and drove the harpoon with all his strength into its side. The fish came alive, with death in him; it shook violently, rose high out of the water, hung in the air, and then fell in a great mist of salt spray. Its struggle over, now it floated, motionless... I think the great DiMaggio would be proud of me today, said the old man.

After resting his sore muscles and sipping some water, Santiago examined his catch. Far too big to be brought into the boat, the fish had to be lashed alongside it. Santiago soaked his hands in the salt water and tried to keep his head clear. He mused on his great prize, which seemingly sailed next to his boat. Is he bringing me in or am I bringing him in? the old man thought. Let him bring me in if it pleases him. I am only better than him through trickery and he meant me no harm. Still, the fish would bring him fame and fortune when he arrived in Havana Harbor.

But Santiagos problems were far from over; he was still a days journey from land, and he knew that the fishs blood would attract sharks.

And after a short time, the swift, hungry makos and hammerheads did come. Without fear, they began tearing hunks of flesh from the marlin. Despite Santiagos all-day resolute efforts to kill and beat them off, sharks continued to close in, hitting the carcass again and again. His hands and arms bleeding and raw, the weary sailor was beaten - the sharks would leave him nothing but a huge skeleton. He bowed his head Im sorry, fish.

Not until deep into the night did Santiago steer his skiff into the quiet village harbor. Dutifully, he beached his skiff, dragged his mast and sails into their shed, and finally crawled off to his shack, to welcome slumber.

The next morning, Manolin came to Santiagos shack and found his old friend. The boy saw that the old man was breathing and then he saw the old mans hands and he started to cry. All the way down the road, as he retrieved some coffee for Santiago, he cried.

When Santiago woke, the boy told him that hed been presumed lost at sea, and that search planes had been dispatched to find him. The other fishermen had seen the marlins skeleton and were astonished at its size - eighteen feet from nose to tail. Manolin brought the old man food, nursed his wounds, and firmly told the fisherman, Now we fish together again. Then he left Santiago, to sleep. And the old man dreamed about the lions.

Commentary

Everything about The Old Man & The Sea is classically simple. The style is pure Hemingway short, straightforward sentences with one-syllable words. The storyline is linear - easy enough for a child to follow - and the themes are clear and basic, touting manly courage, endurance, and noble suffering.

In fact, the novel would be little more than an adventure story were it not for Santiagos dialogues with himself - his repetitive and symbolic musings, daydreams and plotting.

Unlike other fishermen, who see the ocean merely in terms of economic gain, Santiago looks on the sea and its inhabitants with love and respect. Notably, he prefers to call the sea la mar, its feminine form, rather than the harsher, masculine el mar.

Some readers may see Christian symbolism in the story Santiago means St. James in Spanish; the battle with the fish lasts three days; Santiago, arriving at the shore, carries his mast, like a cross, on his shoulders, and, like the biblical Christ, stumbles under its load. Later, the fisherman lies down exhausted on the floor of his hut with his arms stretched out stiffly and the palms of his hands up.

But the giant fish - representing the hopes and dreams of mankind - and the old mans relationship with it, is what creates the extraordinary pathos of the novel. And, in the end, even Santiagos (humankinds) modest expectations are snatched from his grasp.

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The Lost Generation

And the Code Hero

As

Depicted in

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Ernest Hemingway's

"The Sun Also Rises"

Karen L. Patterson

ENGL 441

Professor Wendy Perkins

Jake Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley are characterized as members of the

lost generation. They foolishly set out on pointless trips or get involved

in meaningless relationships to avoid feeling, dreaming or even hoping of good

things. They fit the description Gertrude Stein defines as members of the lost

generation.

Gertrude Stein defined the members of the lost generation as members of a generation that came of age during World War I. The World quickly adopted the phrase as the most accurate description of the generation that passed through the threshold of adulthood at this time working, fighting or dying in the war. The horrific conflict shattered this generation's faith in traditional values such as love, bravery, manhood and womanhood. Without these values to rely on, the members of this generation found their existence aimless, meaningless, and unfulfilling.

Their behavior and conduct during social situations, relationships and sexual

liaisons, further leads to classifying the two as part of the lost generation. Jake and

Lady Brett consider these situations as trivial matters, to be taken lightly and

without any thought about consequences or whom they hurt or damage. They have

friends who are superficial, lacking in commitment, and intent on going through life

without strong ties to anyone or anything. Both are damaged individuals, Jake

because of his impotence and experiences during the war. The war left many men

who fought, devastated by the trench warfare and the brutal deaths of their

comrades. During the war society's view on warfare and of those that fought

changed. Initially going to war was considered brave, patriotic and honorable. As

time passed the war brought out the frailty of humanity. Many people of Jake and

Brett's generation saw themselves differently after the war.

1

Attitudes and acceptable behavior before the war were cast aside. A

new era of immoral behavior, excessive drinking and a need to travel aimlessly

replaced moral behavior, the need for family, friends and commitment. Jake

Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley take membership in the lost generation to a whole

new threshold. Brett goes going through a painful separation, and loves and leaves

men as soon as relationships turn serious. Jake and Brett are in love with one

another, but cannot commit for reasons that many would fine trivial. Jake was

wounded during the war, an injury that left him unable to have sex. Jake and

Brett are in love with each other, but because Jake is impotent Brett cannot make a

commitment to him. For Brett sex and sexual conquests are the only way for her to

feel loved and in control of her life. She moves from one unfulfilling sexual conquest

to another, unheard of behavior for a woman of this generation. She takes all the

traditional values of women and casts them aside in an effort to combat her

loneliness and feelings of inadequacy. She drinks a great deal to avoid feeling the

pain she endures resulting from a series of failed relationships and sexual

conquests. Brett considers herself to be a very strong woman. She can handle

herself well in the company of all men at the same time. Brett is not a happy

woman, but the reasons for her unhappiness evades her. She realizes that many of

her relationships fail because of her reluctance to commit and in the end it is her

own doing. She never achieves happiness in her relationships, and in the end calls

for Jake to come and rescue her from herself. She needs to be loved and feel love

after a separation and impending divorce from her first husband. Both Jake and

Brett, as members of the lost generation, are in desperate need of happiness and

fulfillment. They travel aimlessly around the world in search of this fulfillment, but

as the novel ends we realized they never will quite achieve this goal.

Jake and Brett surround themselves with friends who are as self-destructive and

as unfulfilled as them. Their conversations consist of only trivial matters, often

through a haze of alcohol. It is during this excessive drinking that many of the

confrontations between Jake and Mike and their friends take place. The drinking

in the novel is a way to avoid any real chance at friendship. Often during these

alcoholic binges numerous fights occur. Drinking causes many confrontations and

shows the true nature of each relationship. Never discussed are the true feelings

each has for one another, and during these alcoholic episodes many of these

friendships are destroyed. They are not really friends at all, but convenient

partners in a dangerous dance of immorality and excess. Alcohol succeeds in not

only bringing out true feelings, but also destroys any chance of real and long lasting

friendships. They are only friends because they share feelings of inadequacy and

unfulfillment characterized by the lost generation. They never discuss how

they really feel about each other. They only hint at how they feel about their

lifestyles and immoral behavior. These friendships are successful only because in

each relationship there is an underlying proclivity to destroy that friendship.

Alcohol makes people behave badly and to lash out at each other. Hemmingway the

author of the "Sun Also Rises" uses alcohol to show how Jake, Brett and their

friends, fill their lives with drinking, dancing and immoral behavior that became

standard behavior for the souls of the lost generation. During conversations

between Jake and his friends there is no talk of the war and its long-lasting effects.

True friend could easily discuss the impact the war had on their lives and

relationships, but when people are only superficial it is difficult to bring into

conversations how the war affected your life and relationships.

Like Brett, Jake picks up people and then casts them aside. He meets Georgette,

the prostitute, has dinner with her and then abandons her because he is distracted

by Brett. Jakes uncaring attitude towards people he encounters is indicative of the

behavior of people of the lost generation. The people of the lost generation became a

group of individuals who felt the need to travel aimlessly, not create any lasting

relationships, and never succeed at anything in life. The affects of the lost

generation came about as a result of the end of the war, when hope died as more lives were lost.

In Hemingway's novel, "The Sun Also Rises," he always includs one or

more characters he refers to as the "code hero." The code hero in Hemingway's

novel is thought to always be the main or strongest character. The code

heroes in Hemingway's novel "The Sun Also Rises," are characters that live by a

code of conduct that allows them to maintain their human dignity, at all costs. They

are as follows

The hero accepts responsibility for his own life. He doesn't blame others for his circumstances, neither God nor fate nor other human beings. The hero does not intrude into other people's lives or behave badly toward them. He is a gentleman. The hero is a professional. He does his work well, developing the talents he has and letting nothing hinder him. Moreover, he pursues both his work and his

pastimes out of love for what he does. To do otherwise is "fake," or as

4

the Existentialists would say, "acting in bad faith." The hero seeks

out tests of his courage, for it is only by testing himself that he can

lessen his fear of death, keep meaninglessness at bay, and attain self-confidence. Those who are capable of meeting these tests, of coming through harrowing life-and-death experiences without breaking, are said to exhibit "grace under pressure." The hero is a man of action, not an intellectual. He is reticent about his inner life since, for Hemingway, talk dissipates the emotional power of experience.

As a man of action, the hero makes things happen in the world. One

of the worst offenses against the code is passivity, which leads to

romantic escapism and finally to the experience of meaninglessness or, as Hemingway called it, using the Spanish word for "nothing," nada.

The hero creates his own values, which derive form his actions and his response to them. The hero is not involved in political movements, does not champion ideologies, and is not patriotic. His allegiance is to a small group of like-minded individuals. There is a definite insider/outsider, "Us vs. Them" attitude within group, who sometimes speak in a way that prevents others from understanding them.

Jake Barnes fits the profile of the "code hero," a character found in many of Hemingway novels. Never does Jake blame anyone else for his impotence. He rarely speaks of it, to do so would be rude, another of the codes not to be broken by the hero. He takes responsibility for his actions. While many around him are behaving rudely, Jake is often the one to try and diffuse each situation before it gets out of hand. Jake can be viewed as the code hero of the story. Unlike Jake who fits the description of a code hero, Brett often behaves rudely towards the men with which she had relationships. She never seeks out relationships that would that would require her to demonstrate true courage. She hides behind her love for Jake and uses it to hurt as many men as she can. She is not a code hero by any measure of the definition.

5

Bibliography

Ernest Hemingway. "The Sun Also Rises," Scribner 16.

Module One Commentary, Definition of the code hero in Hemingway's novels taken from Module One Commentary. Accessed on

November 00. http//tychousa.umuc/ENGL 441/011.

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Allen Ginsberg, a beat poet, made his debut appearance in the 160's with his

poem "Howl" (see Appendix A). The poem made headlines and began a new era of

poetry that was influenced by 'sex, drugs, and rock and roll'. Ginsberg's writings were

a combination of Blake, Whitman, Pound, and Williams, all of which he met while he

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was attending Columbia University.(Schwartzman) With his new style of writing,

Ginsberg opened many new doors for poets and writers in America. He had no fear

of writing what exactly was on his mind or what he thought. Many times, his writings

were influenced by the affects of mind - altering drugs such as inhalants, marijuana,

and LSD.(Gates) Drugs were the main influence in Ginsberg's writings, which could

be attributed to his new family life, new - found - friends from Columbia University,

and the era in which he lived.

Allen Ginsberg was a poet who, at times, seemed to care more about others

than he did about himself. From the time that his life began, he had to help look after

others. His father, a published poet and high school teacher, died when Allen was the

ripe age of ten years old.(Fass) This lack of a male figure in his life could very

possibly be the reason that he was gay. Ginsberg's mother was a radical Communist

who also was a nudist. She went tragically insane in early adulthood. It was made

obvious to his readers that Ginsberg loved his mother when he wrote a poem for

her(Appendix B). In Allen's life, the absence of parental support added to his mixed

feelings about sexuality had a heavy influence on his writings.(Fass)

Ginsberg attended school at Columbia University intending to be a left - wing

lawyer, like his father had wanted him to be, but soon he fell in with a bad crowd who

was out of the literary, cultural, political, and sexual mainstream. In 156, Ginsberg

wrote the poem "Howl"(see Appendix A), which made him notorious. It was said to be

a prophecy of the hell - and - heaven that was to break loose in the 160's.(Gates)

After that poem had received publicity, Ginsberg said that he wanted to be known as

the most brilliant man in America.(Gates) That wish was granted when Allen began to

be known as the literary voice that was most known and respected by young

Americans. He was a mystic, an original beatnik, a political protester, and probably

the free spirit that everyone at some time was has wished that they could be(Tytell).

This hippie scene in the early 60's was where he and his friend Timothy Leary

worked together to publicize Leary's new discovery, the psychedelic drug LSD.(Fass)

Allen also experimented with Benzedrine, marijuana, and cruised gay bars with his

new friends.(Kramer,XV)

Ginsberg devised his stance and long - breathed cadences from the Bible,

Blake, Christopher Smart, and Whitman -- with special effects courtesy of LSD, speed,

and laughing gas(Gates). In 17 he took Buddhist vows. If they didn't interfere much

with his appetite for sex, drugs, and hanging with rock stars, they surely deepened his

sense of the transitory nature of these pleasures, and the void beyond.(Gates) It was

not hard to see the effects of these drugs on his life. Ginsberg died at the age of 70.

On his deathbed, he wrote twelve poems including "Death on All Fronts" (Appendix A)

His last and longest talk was with William Burroughs, 8 at the time, who had

introduced him to the "druggy gay - hipster lowlife" in the 40's.(Gates) Ironically,

Allen Ginsberg died shortly before the 0th anniversary of The Summer of Love in

San Francisco. And most probably, there would have been no hippies, no flower

children, no Sixties revolution had it not been for The Beats of the 50's and early 60's,

and for Ginsberg, Kerouac, Leary, Ferlinghetti, and the others of that preceding time

of alternatives.(Fass) To add to Ginsberg's accomplishments, he also coined the term

"Flower Power" in the 160's(Vortex). This related to the time period in that it was a

term that was used quite regularly. It was used to send the message of peace.

The techniques that Allen Ginsberg used could be summed up with two words

Beat Generation. This was a literary movement that began with such writers such as

Ginsberg, Kerouac, Ferlinghetti, and Snyder. This generation and its subculture were

known for its "restlessness, and alienated nature" (Anderson,118). The beat generation

joined forces with other writers that had similar beliefs and made a group called the

San Francisco Renaissance. Ginsberg became known as a kind of literary and

psychological guru (Anderson 118). He wrote in open forms while exploring Eastern

and Western mysticism from Buddha to William Blake. While he was greatly

concerned with the human psyche, he was also concerned with action against war,

the abuse of nature, and all curbs on freedom (Anderson 118). The poem "Homework"

clearly displayed his concerns as shown in the excerpt "If I were doing my laundry I'd

wash my dirty Iran/ I'd throw in my United States, and pour on the Ivory Soap, scrub

up Africa, put all the birds and elephants back in the jungle" (Anderson 118).

In Ginsberg's writings, he used free verse (Appendix A,B) to reproduce how

people speak naturally. He wanted nothing unnatural in his poetry. It's possible that

Ginsberg got this style from Whitman, his mentor, who was the first American poet to

use free verse (Anderson 1144). Ginsberg also used imagery in many of his poems.

Several of the poems that he wrote , too explicit to repeat, gave the reader a very

clear image of what he was explaining or where he wanted the reader to feel.

In addition to Ginsberg's poetry, there were many other works that were

related to the use of drugs during the time period of the 150'5 - 160's. One of the

works was Alice in Wonderland. Thought to be an every - day children's story,

viewers can see in the movie that Alice experiences many hallucinations that could

be caused by drugs. Many critics say that the story is nothing but a story of a girl on

LSD (Vortex).

Allen Ginsberg, a mentor to many young writers and free spirits, was a man

who followed his heart, which sometimes led him down the wrong path, but helped

him to become a poet that many people look up to. His ideals were fresh and down to

earth. This and the fact that Ginsberg was against war and pollution and into the '60's

scene' made him the perfect hippie.

Of all of the things that Ginsberg contributed to America, the realism that

everyone can make a difference no matter what life style they lead was the most

important thing. Though his writings were obviously influenced by drugs, he opened

eyes and hearts to a new vision. That vision was peace, love and happiness.

Appendix A

excerpt from Howl

I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by

madness, starving hysterical naked,

dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn

looking for an angry fix,

angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly

connection to the starry dynamo in the machin-

ery of night,

who poverty and tatters and hollow-eyed and high sat

up smoking in the supernatural darkness of

cold-water flats floating across the tops of cities

contemplating jazz,

who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and

saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tene-

ment roofs illuminated,

who passed through universities with radiant cool eyes

hallucinating Arkansas and Blake-light tragedy

among the scholars of war,

who were expelled from the academies for crazy &

publishing obscene odes on the windows of the

skull,

who cowered in unshaven rooms in underwear, burn-

ing their money in wastebaskets and listening

to the Terror through the wall,

who got busted in their pubic beards returning through

Laredo with a belt of marijuana for New York,

who ate fire in paint hotels or drank turpentine in

Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their

torsos night after night

with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, al-

cohol and cock and endless balls,

incomparable blind; streets of shuddering cloud and

lightning in the mind leaping toward poles of

Canada & Paterson, illuminating all the mo-

tionless world of Time between,

Peyote solidities of halls, backyard green tree cemetery

dawns, wine drunkenness over the rooftops,

-San Francisco, 155 - 156

(Austin)

Appendix B

excerpt from Kaddish

It leaps about me, as I go out and walk the street, look back over my shoulder,

Seventh Avenue, the battlements of window office buildings shouldering each other

high, under a cloud, tall as the sky in an instant -- and the sky above -- an old blue

place.

or down the Avenue to the south, to -- as I walk toward the Lower East Side -- where

you walked 50 years ago, little girl -- from Russia, eating the first poisonous tomatoes

of America -- frightened on the dock --

then struggling in the crowds of Orchard Street toward what? -- toward Newark --

toward candy store, first home-made sodas of the century, hand-churned ice cream

in backroom on musty brownfloor boards --

Toward education marriage nervous breakdown, operation, teaching school, and

learning to be mad, in a dream -- what is this life?

(Austin)

Works Cited

Anderson, Brinn1an, and Legget, Arpin, Toth. Elements of Literature. 5th Course.

New York Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 18.

Austin, James. "Holy Soul Jelly Roll - Poems and Songs (14 - 1)". Alta Vista.

WWW.//8 http//www.rhino.com/features/liners/716lin.html

Fass, Don. "America Online - (Allen Ginsberg Tribute)". Yahoo. WWW. //8.

http//www.sftoday.com/enn/ginsberg.htm

Gates, David. "Holy the Bob Apocalypse!". Newsweek. 4/14/8.

Ginsberg, Allen. Collected Poems. New York Harper & Row Publishers, 184.

Kramer, Jane. Allen Ginsberg in America. New York Random House Inc., 16.

Schwartzman, Paul. "Beat Generation Poet Allen Ginsberg Death at 70." Ocala Star

Banner 4/6/7.

"Thru the Vortex Allen Ginsberg and his Poetry". /1/7. Yahoo WWW. //8.

http//www.geocities.com/soho/cafe/181/

Tytell, John. "Allen Ginsberg, American Poet, 16 - 17". Yahoo. WWW. //8.

http//www/levity.com/corduroy/ginsberg/home.htm

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The main appeal of The Simpsons lies with its target audience. My younger sister enjoys watching The Simpsons as she enjoys seeing Bart and Lisa getting into trouble and also because it has a lot of funny moments that even children will enjoy, for example when Barney rolls into everyone during the soccer riot. Me and my parents enjoy it as it has adult jokes and adult themes such as when Patty and Selma are seducing the repairman. Many other animated sitcoms like South Park have failed to equal The Simpsons wide age range and that is a reason why they don't match The Simpsons' accomplishments.

In 'The Cartridge Family', Homer buys a gun to protect his family after a 'citywide orgy of destruction' but it causes friction with Marge who feels guns will endanger the family and therefore issues Homer an ultimatum. Your family or your gun.

In The Simpsons, nearly all the characters subvert or conform to stereotypes. This is done to show stereotypes are just lazy generalizations that are used as a way of keeping people down.

In 'The Cartridge Family' violent Scottish football fans wearing tartans and with red hair worsen a soccer riot. They say 'Call this a soccer riot' and bring out weapons. These fans are conforming to the stereotype of Scottish people and British hooligans. This stereotype has been exaggerated so that it can be brought to our attention and so we realize how silly the stereotype is.

On the other hand the father stereotype is being subverted in 'The Cartridge Family'. When the 'Ex-Con' salesman comes over Homer doesn't listen to a word he says. Instead he shouts 'Lets get that' in a very excited manner with his eyes wide open. This is subverting the stereotype because the father should be calm and have good judgement. The father should know what is best for the family. Homer doesn't. Matt Groening could be trying to tell us that all fathers are not clever or have good judgement. He could be poking fun at the fact that the father is supposed to be wise and intellectual even though this is not always the case.

The Simpsons also satirises some aspects of American mainstream culture. The main aspect critisiced in this episode is the gun culture.

In this episode, The Simpsons is trying to persuade us that guns are dangerous because in America many people own guns. To do this The Simpsons exaggerates that guns put your family at a lot of risk instead of protecting them. For example when Bart almost shoots Millhouse. The Simpsons points out that a gun owner is hypocritical. When Homer says 'Piece of mind is what you shall have' to Marge there is a juxtaposition of scenes to highlight this hypocrisy. After reassuring Marge, straight away we see Homer ask the shopkeeper for his deadliest gun. By doing this Matt Groening hopes people will think twice about keeping guns in the house. He also shows how silly it is to keep guns to protect your family by showing the gun going off and shooting Marge's photo. Even though this is unlikely to happen in real life it shows accidents do happen and that guns endanger instead of protecting.

In 'The Cartridge Family' law and politics are critisiced a lot. Matt Groening feels there are several aspects of American law and politics that have to be changed.

Mayor Quimby is supposed to epitomize the politician and because of this he leads a very seedy and corrupt private life. Mayor Quimby comes into Marge's room with a blonde woman and asks if Marge needs the room for the whole night. This is showing that politicians often abuse their power and are very dishonest because there are some real life Mayor Quimbys. For example Bill Clinton.

The Simpsons also satirises the legal world by focusing on the Five Day Waiting law. Homer must wait five days before he can be issued a gun. This is done to ensure that proper checks can be undertaken on whether someone is eligible to carry guns. However The Simpsons claims that five days is not enough to determine if someone is fit to carry guns, as this could be a life or death decision. This is highlighted by the fact that Homer says from studentcentral.co.uk 'Five days! I'm mad now'. This is saying that often people buy guns on an impulse and that they do not really think about what they are getting themselves into. Also the law is portrayed as not being very effective. Homer is an 'alcoholic', has a 'mental problem' and has beaten up important people, however this only limits Homer to guns. This is ridiculing the law as it is not working. If it were working America would not have such a high crime rate.

Unlike English mainstream culture, America does not view soccer that highly. Americans consider it boring as it is 'low scoring' and has 'draws'. Because of this The Simpsons makes fun of our soccer culture. The Simpsons satirise the fact that soccer supporters get overly emotional about the 'Beautiful Game'. Before the match, Homer turns to Marge looking very worried and claims that he will 'kill himself if Portugal win'. Matt Groening is trying to say some supporters treat soccer as a life or death situation and get too intense about their team. The Simpsons also tries to imply football is all hype. The expectation of the crowd is tremendous during the build up to the match but it all fizzles out once the boring match kicks off. The Simpsons is saying that football does not live up to the hype and euphoria created by the media.

The Simpsons parodies certain median genres or styles to show how cheesy or formulaic they are. In 'The Cartridge Family' Homer says to Marge 'There is so much I want to tell you'. This is imitating corny romance films in which a character says 'There is so much I want to tell you'. Changing the tell to yell not only makes it funny but also shows how predictable and unoriginal these films have become. The Simpsons is trying to show us that we should not accept these identical and unimaginative films because The Simpsons is successful as it is not unimaginative or formulaic.

In addition The Simpsons satirises the power of the media and the TV. During 'The Cartridge Family' everyone is watching the television silently. The Simpsons is pressing home the depressing truth that the whole family only gets together to watch TV. They do not come together for each other. Also when the whole family is watching the TV all we see is the television screen. This is suggesting that (kids especially) become very influenced by what they see. All they can see is what TV says to do and nothing else. This is also the case when Bart and Lisa run to Homer and ask to be taken to the soccer game, however they know nothing about soccer and they never would have wanted to go to the match if they had not seen the advert.

The final thing The Simpsons makes fun of is the American consumer culture. This is done as Matt Groening is unhappy that society as a whole think they need lots of things or possessions to be happy even though they don't. When the salesman comes to Homer's house, Homer agrees to buy 'Lucite' and a 'pretty alarm' even though it is obvious that those things are not needed. Groening is saying that often we don't think we need something until someone suggests it. It could be the TV or other people who suggest it but once we hear about it we feel as if it's essential to have. The Simpsons is doing this to say things aren't important. The important things are your friends and family.

In conclusion the main purpose of 'The Cartridge Family' is to persuade us not to keep guns in our possession as they are very dangerous and cause a lot of problems. The title of the episode gives this away. There is a pun on words because 'The Cartridge Family' sounds like 'The Partridge Family', which is a sitcom about a perfect family. However a cartridge reminds us of a gun.

On the whole I think this episode was quite successful as it has strong images such as the gun falling into Bart's hands and then Bart nearly shooting his best friend when he has the gun. These ideas stick in our minds so we think twice about buying guns. However the episodes strongest feature is the comedy it can generate over as sensitive a subject like keeping guns in the house

An interesting point is that The Simpsons contradicts itself. Firstly it has become what it is against. 'The Cartridge Family' makes fun of celebrities being used to sell products and the public buying these things by using the example of Pele endorsing Crestfield Wax Paper, however I have seen The Simpsons lend it's name to all sorts of products like cereal and ready meals. So in a way either inadvertently or deliberately it has become a contradiction. However I find it hard to believe that someone as clever as Matt Groening would be naïve enough to accidently let The Simpsons become the contradiction it now is.

Another point is that The Simpsons critisices the very medium it uses which is TV. Matt Groening satirises TV for making people want things they don't need however I have seen a lot of kids go and buy Simpsons toys and games after watching The Simpsons. Because of this I find it hypocritical for The Simpsons to critisice other things for doing the same thing it (indirectly) does.

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