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There are many factors that influence our health behaviours in relation to the four aspects of health. Some are simple whilst others are more complicated.

Individuals in this day and age aren¡¦t undertaking a proper nutritional diet. This is because of several changes. These include

„h A huge increase in available products from supermarkets from 1,000 to a massive 0,000.

„h A huge fast food industry. Individuals are consuming too much fast food. The fast food industry turns over billions of dollars each year.

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„h Introduction of the microwave oven and freezer into the average home.

„h The introduction of highly processed foods with high levels of salt, sugar and fat.

„h Media advertising campaigns promoting the sale of unhealthy or ¡¥junk foods¡¦.

Some other factors are because of individuals busy work schedules. With these they are often unable and strapped for time to prepare nutritious meals.

With Physical activity, the problem is that many people aren¡¦t getting enough of it. The factors that influence these health behaviours are the following. If the child has overweight parents or parent and they don¡¦t take part in any physical activity, then it is more than likely that the children will model these behaviours and they will result in being overweight and physically inactive.

Another reason for a lack of physical activity is electronic entertainment. Electronic entertainment such as television and video games make the individual lazy and they become more dependent on this entertainment for amusement rather than undertaking some form of physical activity. The individual will sometimes prefer the virtual sport games rather than the actual sport or activity.

Restrictions in exercise facilities in an area or community are another factor that influences health behaviours. If there is a lack of facilities such as gyms or parks people are often deterred or are less likely to take part in physical activity. Another common factor influencing health behaviours are peoples work schedules. People with busy work schedules and late finishes often can¡¦t find the time to be physically active.

Peers will also influence health behaviours in individuals. Peer pressure has a big impact on health behaviours. Often it has a negative effect. If a peer group sees physical activity as ¡¥uncool¡¦ then it is more than likely that the individual wont take part in any physical activity.

Culture will play an important role in influencing health behaviours too. Knowledge of local games, language, religious practices and acceptable social behaviour may inhibit participation of people from particular cultural backgrounds. Also some cultures are very fond of their sporting tradition and sporting participation is strongly promoted.

Gender has a major impact on individual health behaviours. Things like the perceptions and understandings as to the involvement of boys and girls start when they are very young. Boys games usually emphasise bodily strength, power, use of large spaces, strong competition and motor activity involving the entire body. Girls on the other hand emphasise rhythm and words, use of small parts of the body, solitary practice and individual rather than group competition. Because of this stereotyping of roles, women have been discouraged from participation.

Media is yet another factor influencing health behaviours in regard to physical activity. Print and electronic media are powerful influences on developing individuals lifelong attitudes. With most of the sport coverage being that of male competition, this promotes the attitude that it is unacceptable for any other group to participate in physical activity. There is very little time for female, disabled, ethnic or elderly sport coverage and it is viewed as not acceptable.

There are a wide variety of factors influencing people¡¦s health behaviours in Australia in relation to drug use.

One factor is whether it is socially accepted or not. People will feel a lot more comfortable if it is socially accepted. (E.g. alcohol) In Australia it is culturally accepted that alcohol be consumed at celebrations etc. A more obvious factor influencing whether people drink alcohol or not is if they are over the legal age or not.

Health behaviours for the use of Tobacco like alcohol is whether it is socially accepted or not. Another factor is the individuals socioeconomic status. If they are disadvantaged then they are more likely to smoke.

There are many factors influencing individuals health decisions to use illicit drugs. Some reasons are positive like fighting infection or minor pain. Others aren¡¦t.

One factor is curiosity. Some people try drugs for curiosity on a one off or short term period to satisfy their curiosity.

Another factor and possibly the most common is peer pressure. Individuals will try drugs because of an extreme amount of pressure put on them by their peers.

Social or recreational use is a pretty common factor influencing individual¡¦s health behaviours. Individuals will take drugs for enjoyment or to establish a particular mood such as taking ecstasy for a dance or rave party.

Situational use is the most common factor in influencing the individuals health decisions to take drugs or not. This is when the individual wants to achieve an anticipated effect in order to address a particular condition or situation such as amphetamines for truck drivers to stay awake.

Medicinal use is another factor. This is for people only needing the drug to address a medical condition.

Dependency is a more tragic factor influencing individuals health decisions. This is when the user becomes so dependent on it from heavy use of a drug for an extended period of time, which they cant help themselves. The user needs the drug to satisfy their cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

We are involved in relationships with many different people, for many different purposes. Some of these are of our choosing and others not. To ensure that these relationships remain healthy and positive, we need to develop a range of effective communication skills that can be used in a wide variety of situations. You also need to be able to express your feelings and emotions clearly. This can be difficult for some people.

Some people fall under the category commonly known as an aggressive communicator. This person is not afraid to express their thought or feelings. However they often do so at the expense of others. Without consideration, they tend to dominate communication and will regularly make decisions that ignore the rights of others. With this the individual had difficulty maintaining a healthy relationship because of their inability to respect others and resolve conflict.

Other people fall under the category of a passive communicator. These individuals have trouble expressing their feelings and emotions. They keep to themselves and allow others to dominate them. Because of this they will rarely have their needs met and as a result will often have low self esteem and strong feeling of frustration, this is not healthy.

There are many barriers to effective communication. These include

„h external distractions

„h an inability to honestly express feelings and emotions

„h difficulty in clearly stating the message

„h poor listening skills and difficulty providing clear feedback to the sender

„h an inability to use language appropriate to the situation

„h aggressive or passive responses

Cultural differences

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Japanese Culture. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Japanese Culture paper right on time.

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In this essay I will be describing different aspects of Japanese culture and explaining why they are finding popularity in various ways in Australia today. I will also be describing how Japan is represented in Australia.

I will also write a conclusion of what I have written.

Japanese culture has played an important part in everyone's lives.

Whether it is through the electrical technology made in Japan, the cars we (our parents) drive or the food we eat, it is impossible to ignore the impact that the Japanese way of life has had on all Australians.

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In today's society, Australian people are becoming more and more weight conscious, so, many Australians are dining solely on the traditional Japanese diet, which contains very little fat. This diet is much more popular to Australians than any other diet because Japan is the healthiest country in the world1. They are also a very good snack food because many Japanese foods are prepared in small, bite-sized pieces that taste great and are healthy at the same time.

While many Australians are watching their weight, they also want to have fun, so Martial Arts have also become very popular in Australia. Martial Arts such as Karate, Aikido, judo, Kung Fu and Jujitsu are becoming extremely popular because they are a great source of exercise, a great way to pass the time, and also a great way to make friends. Crime has also been a big problem in Australia over the last ten years so martial arts are increasing in popularity so people can feel safe knowing they can defend themselves.

Japanese architecture is becoming popular among the wealthier people who are sick of all the plain western style houses and want an oriental looking house. Japanese houses are also popular among the workaholics who have very little holiday time and want to feel like they're in an exotic "wonderland" without leaving their towns or cities. The Japanese Style architecture not only looks good but it also gives

Other people the impression that you've got money to spend and don't settle for the boring Australian houses.

Also the two main types of Japanese Religion (Buddhism, Shinto) are becoming increased in popularity because of the way Buddhist's and Shinto's approach life.

These different ways of living and thinking are appealing to the younger crowd who have mainly grown up in a Christian environment, but also to some older people who are looking for a different approach to life or just a change.

The Japanese culture also caters for the lazy 'couch potato' people who can choose from about twenty different Japanese Manga cartoons to watch each morning such as Pokemon, Dragon ball Z and Sailor Moon. Pokemon was the biggest craze to hit Australia in the last ten with over half a billion dollars worth of merchandise sold5.

Manga Cartoons have been the most popular type of comic and animated cartoons in Australia for many years.

While Japanese culture is finding popularity outside school, Japanese is becoming an increasingly popular subject to learn. People are interested in learning Japanese because Japan is one of the major trading partners of Australia and many student will go on to do business with the Japanese after they leave school. Japan is also a world power so there is a lot of high paying jobs that require Japanese speakers.

The Japanese alphabet is also finding its way into the Australian fashion industry.

"Juice Clothing Incorporated" has released a new range of fashion featuring Japanese Katakana and Kanji Symbols. These symbols are popular to the younger people because it is something recognised easily and because they have never been used for Australian fashion before. "Juices" new range, featuring The Japanese Symbols, is in the top ten for the most popular new fashion in Australia.

In Japan, workers of a Japanese company trying to land a big business deal with another company will take the executive of that company out for a night on the town.

They usually break the ice by taking the executive to a karaoke bar where all the workers (including the Powerful Executive) will sing and dance.

Because Many Australian's have loud, talkative personalities, Karaoke is taking Australia by storm. Australians (especially when they're drunk) have no problem with embarrassing themselves in front of other people, they even enjoy it, so when someone wants a party they now look towards the many karaoke bars found across Australia. Karaoke is a fun way to express your self without having to feel shy or embarrassed and that, too many Australians, young or old, is very appealing.

Because Japan has one of the highest populations per square kilometre (over three hundred people), the Japanese people have designed small but spacious looking houses and apartments. Houses and apartments like the ones designed in Japan are becoming more and more popular among Australians because young people with busy social lives are forever moving towards the city to be "near the action" without so much as a thought as to the price of apartments around Sydney or other major Australian cities. With small Japanese style apartments, however, people can afford to live in an apartment that is close to the CBD, looks spacious because everything packs away or is hidden to the eye, and doesn't cost a months rent because it really isn't taking up much space.

With small apartments you need small gardens, and the Japanese have designed gardens big and small, that look amazing, don't cost much, and don't take much looking after. These are extremely popular because Japanese gardens give any house and oriental feel. There is also a giant Japanese garden in Sydney that is visited by tens of thousands of people each year.

The art of bonsai has also become very popular because it doesn't take much energy, you don't need much money or much equipment to start with and having a thirty year old tree thirty centimetres high and sitting on your dining table is really amazing.

Small Japanese cars are also very popular in Australia. Car names such as Honda, Daihatsu, Mitsubishi and Toyota designed their cars to fit the over populated cities of Japan, but in the last ten years, in Australia, the family car has gone out of fashion and now the 'zippy', fuel economic, small cars are in fashion. People in Australia like these particular car design for one reason. WE ARE LAZY! Nobody wants to spend half an hour finding a car park in a busy supermarket and another half an hour trying to fit into that park, when a small car can fit just about anywhere. We also don't want to stop at the petrol station every ten kilometres because the giant family sedan has run out of fuel.

Electronics have gone forward in leaps and bounds since the Japanese became the leading technology producers in the world. All their technology is top quality and is always getting smaller to meet peoples needs. Right now the most popular brand name in Australia is 'Sony' which is owned and designed in Australia4.

In conclusion I would like to say that most likely unintentionally, the Japanese way of life has catered for all of the lazy, and the very active people in Australia. They have made things better for Australia and the entire world with all their inventions. Japanese people are constantly inventing new technology to meet all Australians needs and they are so popular because they are the best.

Bibliography

1.World Book Encyclopaedia 1

.Encarta World Atlas 17

.www.Juiceclothing.com

4.www.sonyelectronics.com

5.Information Noted in Class

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President Clinton, in his 18 State of the Union address, gave a very clear mandate, no a challenge, for better education in America. His Call to Action for American Education 10 principles made it very clear that the business of education is the business of every citizen. But is it? How many of our nation's citizens know what happens once those doors close for the start of the school day? Are parents really taking an interest in their child's education? Are citizens taking an interest? The ball is still in the air concerning the awareness of the citizens for their youngsters. Following are the arguments from both sides telling why and why not citizens should take an interest in their nation's education system (Nellen 1).

The first point, rational though it may not seem, is that the older generations needn't bother worrying about the education system because they have nothing to do with it. Their children are long out of school, some even have grandchildren out of school, and their lives are no longer connected strongly enough to the system. However, these elderly citizens continue to pay taxes and vote for presidential, governmental polls and the like. They have an exceeding interest in how they will be affected by the next tax hike, or if their Social Security payments will be altered; yet they don't seem to notice when their community school starts being equipped with security guards and drug testing; and they don't seem to understand the reasoning behind it.

In East Lyme, CT, a meeting of the Board of Finances was held on April 0. The major topic of discussion and debate was the rising taxes due to school budgets. Mary Cahill, a retired resident of the community, seemed to believe that the school could run on a drastically cut budget. 'This year you people discuss the little budgets, cutting a $1,000 here and $1,000 here. Why are you fooling around with all these little budgets when you have a great big budget? she said, indicating the Board of Education. Unlike other important town budgets such as the police station and the fire departments it is not a flat budget. She said something has to be done about the East Lyme school system. The biggest thing of all is to put that elephant on a diet. Cahill said she is not against education and anyone who was is a darn fool since those children will be running the country, but more money does not mean better education.' While she is correct in her argument, Cahill did not seem to realize the resounding need for more staff members due to the rising numbers of students.

'Jay Lillquist was one of several people who spoke out in favor of increasing the Board of Education's budget. He requested that the Board put in another $0,000 to $50,000 to pay for another third grade teacher for Flanders and requested teachers for the middle school. ' Evidently the numbers have been increasing rapidly and the community hasn't been able to handle the rate of increase (Hughes 1).

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Population increase is another major part of citizens' lack of interest. Many people, parents and community members, are busy with matters concerning housing developments, consumer increase, and so on. Most seem to think that by putting their child on the school bus, they are free for the day to proceed with their lives. Which is true to a point, yes, but what about after school? Are parents concerned with what their child is doing after the final bell rings? Recently in the news, a man in York County sued the School Board of Education because some students were throwing rocks at his warehouse and home. Understandable it would be, if the children were supposed to be in school at the time. But the incident occurred after the school day was over. The Board however, apologized for the incidents and replied that they would look into the matter. Now they are planning to create more after school, extra-curricular activities for their students. This ensures, assuming the students will attend, that the children will be off the streets. Why, though, does the school have to be responsible? Shouldn't the parents be the ones in court? More and more, the responsibility of child rearing and discipline is set on the shoulders of the Education system.

As well as after school "baby-sitting", the school boards in Warren County, NJ have set up before school programs. This means that teachers and staff must arrive at school hours before the day begins (the school day starts at 70) to monitor children. "Where are the parents?," asked Amy Perkins. A substitute teacher at the town elementary school, Mrs. Perkins was asked her views on the subject of extra-curricular school programs. "I have kids in all grades and in all schools," she replied, "but I am here {at home} every morning for each one of them to make sure they get fed and out the door safely and soundly." As a mother of five children (two are in college), she is for schools providing after school activities. Yet, she says, she doesn't approve of it as a "baby-sitting service". Her daughters are involved in both sports and musical activities.

Another mother interviewed, however, believes differently. Janis Smith, mother of two in Columbia, NJ, thinks that before-school services for parents are an excellent idea. "I need to be at work before my children leave for school," she says. "I can't afford to wait around for the bus to come. If the school provides a program where I can leave my child in a safe, comfortable environment, I'm going to use it." Her husband, Nathan Smith, believes the same. He is also pro after school programs. "As a partner {in a law firm}, I can't be around when {the children} get home from school."

All parents have a different view on the subject. So what should schools and education boards do? "I believe strongly that the school and the community are closely connected and very definitely corroborated concerning issues of both education and the public," stated Karen Nell Smith. A teacher and minister in her community of Worcester, MA, Ms. Smith thinks that the community should have a direct and conjoined interest with the school board{s}. Her parents, Mr. And Mrs. Robert Smith, have similar views. "..although we are retired, teaching is still very much a part of our lives," Martha Smith says. "Both my husband and I have taught school and tutored and now, watching our children balance career and family, we have a deep interest in our grandchildren's lives. Their education is their future, as well as the future of the nation. If it is a bad experience, or if they don't learn what they need to, we do what we can to change that." The Smiths reside in Danby, VT where Mrs. Smith continues to help with art classes at the local art gallery.

Although there is a lot of discussion about citizens and their interest in the community and education, most people, as we see here, take care in knowing what goes on within the classroom. As well, they seem to find that connection between community and school is important for everyone; whether it is a before or after school program, an educational field trip, or even if it is a tutoring job, most everyone takes an interest in education.

Please note that this sample paper on Education and the Community: Is there really a connection? is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Education and the Community: Is there really a connection?, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Education and the Community: Is there really a connection? will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on data compression. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality data compression paper right on time.

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Why is data compression so important?

Television quality video requires approximately 100 G Bytes for each hour or about 7 M bytes for each second. Such data and rates severely stress storage systems and networks that make even the most even the most trivial real-time processing impossible without special purpose hardware. Data compression requires the identification of the source of redundancy. In other words data compression seeks to reduce the number of bits used to store or transmit information.

There are two main type of data compression lossless and lossy compression. Lossless compression can recover the exact original data after decompression. It is used mainly for compressing databases records, spreadsheets or word processing files, where an exact replica of the original is essential. On the other hand lossy compression will result in a certain loss of accuracy in exchange or a substantial increase in compression. Lossy compression is more effective when used to compress graphic images and digitised voice, where losses outside visual and aural perception can be tolerated. Most levels of lossy compression techniques can be adjusted to achieve different quality levels, gaining high accuracy in exchange for less effective compression.

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Lossless data compression is used in software compression tools such as the highly popular Zip format, used by PKZIP and WinZip, and the Unix programs bzip, gzip and compress. Lossless compression is used when it is important that the original and the decompressed data are exactly identical, or when no assumption can be made on whether certain deviation is uncritical. Typical examples are executable programs and source code. Some image file formats, notably PNG, use only lossless compression, while others like TIFF and MNG may use either lossless or lossy methods. GIF uses a technically lossless compression method, but most GIF implementations are incapable of representing full colour, so they quantize the image (often with dithering) to 55 or fewer colors before encoding as GIF. Colour quantization is a lossy process, but reconstructing the colour image and then re-quantizing it produces no additional loss. (Some rare GIF implementations make multiple passes over an image, adding 55 new colors on each pass.)

Lossless data compression algorithms cannot guarantee to compress (that is make smaller) all input data sets. In other words for any (lossless) data compression algorithm there will be an input data set that does not get smaller when processed by the algorithm. This is easily proven with elementary mathematics using a counting argument

Lossless compression methods may be categorized according to the type of data they are designed to compress. The three main types of targets for compression, algorithms are text, images, and sound. Whilst, in principle, any general-purpose lossless compression algorithm (general-purpose means that they can handle all binary input) can be used on any type of data, many are unable to achieve significant compression on data that is not of the form that they are designed to deal with. Sound data, for instance, cannot be compressed well with conventional text compression algorithms.

Most lossless compression programs use two different kinds of algorithm One which generates a statistical model for the input data, and another which maps the input data to bit strings using this model in such a way that probable (e.g. frequently encountered) data will produce shorter output than improbable data. Often, only the former algorithm is named, while the second is implied or unspecified.

MPEG is a compression standard for digital video sequences, such as used in computer video and digital television networks. In addition, MPEG also provides for the compression of the sound track associated with the video. The name comes from its originating organization, the Moving Pictures Experts Group. If you think JPEG is complicated, MPEG is a nightmare! MPEG is something you buy, not try to write yourself. The future of this technology is to encode the compression and de-compression algorithms directly into integrated circuits. The potential of MPEG is vast. Think of thousands of video channels being carried on a single optical fibre running into your home. This is a key technology of the 1st century.

In addition to reducing the data rate, MPEG has several important features. The movie can be played forward or in reverse, and at either normal or fast speed. The encoded information is random access, that is, any individual frame in the sequence can be easily displayed as a still picture. This goes along with making the movie editable, meaning that short segments from the movie can be encoded only with reference to themselves, not the entire sequence. MPEG is designed to be robust to errors. The last thing you want is for a single bit error to cause a disruption of the movie.

The approach used by MPEG can be divided into two types of compression within-the-frame and between-frame. Within-the-frame compression means that individual frames making up the video sequence are encoded as if they were ordinary still images. This compression is preformed using the JPEG standard, with just a few variations. In MPEG terminology, a frame that has been encoded in this way is called an intra-coded or I-picture.

Most of the pixels in a video sequence change very little from one frame to the next. Unless the camera is moving, most of the image is composed of a background that remains constant over dozens of frames. MPEG takes advantage of this with a sophisticated form of delta encoding to compress the redundant information between frames. After compressing one of the frames as an I-picture, MPEG encodes successive frames as predictive-coded or P-pictures. That is, only the pixels that have changed since the I- picture are included in the P-picture.

While these two compression schemes form the backbone of MPEG, the actual implementation is immensely more sophisticated than described here. For example, a P-picture can be referenced to an I-picture that has been shifted, accounting for motion of objects in the image sequence. There are also bidirectional predictive-coded or B-pictures. These are referenced to both a previous and a future I-picture. This handles regions in the image that gradually change over many of frames. The individual frames can also be stored out-of-order in the compressed data to facilitate the proper sequencing of the , P, and B-pictures. The addition of colour and sound makes this all the more complicated.

The main distortion associated with MPEG occurs when large sections of the image change quickly. In effect, a burst of information is needed to keep up with the rapidly changing scenes. If the data rate is fixed, the viewer notices blocky patterns when changing from one scene to the next. This can be minimized in networks that transmit multiple video channels simultaneously, such as cable television. The sudden burst of information needed to support a rapidly changing scene in one video channel, is averaged with the modest requirements of the relatively static scenes in the other channels.

A signal is any change in a measurable condition that is used to represent information. There is an almost endless number of ways we can send signals; however, they all require that we use some sort of energy to make a change that can be detected by someone or something. We can make sounds, wave flags, post signs, or use hand gestures. All of these can convey information, as long as both the sender and recipient agree on the meaning of the signal.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Literacy in Malvern. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Literacy in Malvern paper right on time.

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Malvern Family Resource Centre is located in northeast Scarborough servicing the twelve neighborhoods of Malvern. In February of 18, the Malvern Resource Centre was opened. The Malvern Resource Centre has overcome many obstacles to get where they are today. Only one year after being opened, the resource centre's funding ended and was run by volunteers of the community center. Since the beginning of the resource centre's history, the people of Malvern have helped to keep this community center alive, by volunteering their personal time to help the center function appropriately. After two years of fighting strong, The Malvern Family Resource Centre began to receive funding again, from the United Way. By 1, the community center was moved into its own space.

The Malvern Resource center is committed to meeting the needs and diversity of the Malvern Community through advocacy and delivery of accessible, effective programs and activities.

The main goal of the Malvern Family Resource Centre (MFRC) is to offer the greater community of Malvern, services that are free of charge. They offer assistance with legal aid, an ID clinic and counseling. MFRC provides social, recreational, and educational programs and services within a supportive and safe environment. MFRC also tries to involve and encourage community participation through outreach efforts. They also provide current and appropriate community resource information and referral service.

Literacy in Canada has become a major problem in past few years. Ontario has started provincial testing for each grade to help to cut the numbers down but many of the children have a literacy problem before they take the test and this does not offer much help to them. The results for these tests are very low in specific areas in Ontario specifically Scarborough. Teachers are trying to prepare the children before they take the test but there is only so much of guidance one teacher can provide for each student in a class of 0 students.

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The MFRC helps to reduce this problem by offering tutoring, ESL classes and reading sessions 5 days a week. Students from any school in or out of the neighborhood are welcome to drop in and receive the help they need, whether it is a calculus question or a question on Shakespeare. The MFRC has many tutors at the center daily always willing to help.

The dictionary defines literacy as the ability to read and write. Many children in Canada are unable to read and write, and these are not only children who have come from a third world country for a second chance at life and to gain freedom, these are children who have lived in Canada all their life but neglected to ever ask for help or never received help when they started reading.

Research has found that a strong predictor of literacy development is phonological awareness. Phonological awareness refers to the ability to reflect on and manipulate the structure of an utterance (e.g., into words, syllables, or sounds) as distinct from its meaning. Children need to develop this awareness to make sense of an alphabetic script, such as English, when learning to read and spell." (Stackhouse, 17, p.157) Perhaps the stronger predictors of literacy development are later developing phonological awareness skills like sound segmentation and manipulation. When children demonstrate difficulty with phonological awareness, as do many children with spoken language problems, they are at higher risk of difficulty in literacy related skills like reading and spelling.

Some clues that a child may have literacy difficulty in reading and/or spelling are

· The child is not progressing from reading words as visual wholes to breaking the words down into their sounds.

· The child fails to segment the word into syllables and syllables into sounds. Spelling attempts may seem bizarre.

· The child has difficulty in rhyme detection and particularly, rhyme production.

· The child has difficulty with sound blending.

The Malvern Family Resource Centre have many sponsors that make it a viable agency but is mostly funded by The United Way of Greater Toronto, The City Of Toronto (Parks and Recreation, Children Services, Breaking the Cycle of Violence) and Human Resources Development of Canada.

The goals of MFRC are to continuously administrate a Family Resource Centre, to recruit, train and effectively involve volunteers to support ongoing activities and functions at the center, and to operate a financially viable Centre that is accountable to the funders and the community at large. Other goals MRFC strives for are providing social, recreational and educational programs and services within a supportive and safe environment which promotes the well being of the community, to encourage and actively participate in networking and partnership initiatives, and to operate a financially viable Centre that is accountable to the funders and the community at large. The MFRC strives to help children with literacy problems, and offer particular programs directed at specific cultures to help children feel more comfortable in the environment. The main goal of this organization is to assist the youth in Malvern through educational and social services and off the greater community services that are free of charge i.e. legal aid, ID clinic and counseling.

The Malvern Family Resource Centre consists of a 10 person staff and has on average four to ten volunteers a day. All together MFRC has over 00 volunteers. Volunteers are provided with equal time to help out at the resource center according to their school and work schedule. Many activities take part each day and no volunteer is gone unnoticed or unappreciated. The community center is open 5 days a week and counselors are always willing to discuss anything that is going on in their lives.

Youth related assemblies on anti-violence, cultural shows, and seasonal assemblies, are just some examples of the activities that are run at the resource center. The MFRC also offers workshops/programs on childcare, parenting, parent/child drop-ins and discussions for people of the Malvern community. Other activities are focused on reading and writing such as plays, poetry nights, and plays take place so children are able further their experience of different forms of writing and expressing their feelings.

The Malvern Resource center is run according on the nature of activity and the student's schedule. It is mainly based on interest i.e. ECC- early childhood education; the volunteer is placed in child related programs.

The Malvern Family Resource Centre assists to cut down the amount of literacy in Scarborough, by offering programs and tutorials for children, free of charge, whenever they need the help. Many of the tutors speak more than one language and this benefits children because it also cuts down on the communication barrier that sometimes exists, between tutors and children. The resource center helps to distinguish the specific problem by having the children read different books and articles and then based on the difficulty they find with each level, each tutor is able to evaluate and then assist the child with one- on- one help.

The Malvern Family Resource Centre also takes occasional trips to the library with students, so they are able to identify some other sources that can help them overcome their problem. These trips are planned well in advance to give the children time to discuss it with their parents, and sometimes to gain a little anticipation from the children.

Fliers, posters and volunteers go around the Malvern neighborhood, with information and notices, so people in the neighborhood are able to locate the resource center and so people can gain knowledge of the programs that are offered at the centre.

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Peter Colley

Humanities 40-0

Portfolio # Summary

The values demonstrated in the documents are freedom and bravery. The martyrs believed in the right to worship freely as they saw fit and were willing to die for that freedom. They demonstrated bravery in their willingness to die such a cruel death for the cause of Christ. The contemporary event that parallels that of the martyrs is the struggle for independence and freedom in my native country. The country had been colonized for hundreds of years by the British Empire and now was a free standing republic under the regime led by Ian Smith. Racial segregation was blatant and the wealth of the land was distributed in a most unequal manner. As with any group of people that have been oppressed for a long time we began to long for freedom and began to develop the courage to fight for this freedom. The freedom that we desired was the freedom to walk about freely in our own land without having to carry a "passbook", we also desired the freedom to live where we desired and to go to the schools we desired in other words we desired equality in every sense of the word. The Europeans had created a system where 0% of the country's wealth was in the hands of 8% of the population, which was the percentage of whites in relation to blacks in my country. This system also segregated us in terms of where we lived, learned, played, and even worshiped. To this day I am still at a loss as to how it is possible for such a small group of people to oppress the entire population of a country for so long. As the saying goes "it only takes a spark to get a fire going". A group of valiant men decided that we had been oppressed long enough and decided to begin a movement that would free the people and establish a government of the people for the people. I shall refer to these characters by their first names only to represent the thousands of people who lost their lives in this struggle for freedom. John was the charismatic leader of this movement and through negotiation was able to get audience with her Majesty the queen of England. Upon enlightening her on the plight of the people of Rhodesia she was moved to begin the process of relinquishing power to the local "natives" so that they could rule themselves. Ian Smith who was governor of the province at the time was not too thrilled with this idea and with the help of some of his fellow politicians declared UDI. UDI is the acronym for "unilateral declaration of independence" and this meant that Rhodesia was no longer a British colony but a Republic with its own government and accountable to no one. The crown was not very happy about this but was nonetheless powerless to do anything to stop Ian Smith from carrying out his most unorthodox plan. Thus began the struggle to liberate the people of Rhodesia from the tyrannical rule of Ian Smith regime. John and a group of his fellow countrymen began to organize themselves into a resistance movement so they could fight the "Chimurenga War" or the "War for Freedom". The core of the group was made up of six men John, Leonard, Herbert, Patricia, Nathan, and Susan. As the resistance movement grew so did the aggression of the regime at trying to quash this rebellion. The Ian Smith regime began to take note of the "gorillas" as these freedom fighters were commonly referred to in the early 170s and the regime sought to quash this rebellion with a swiftness and ferociousness that would ensure no other insurrections in the near future. The "gorilla" began a campaign to educate the masses on a need to mobilize themselves in order to fight the oppressive government and force them to treat locals with dignity and most of all allow us to vote. A large percentage of the local population was based in the rural part of the country and subsisted on agricultural products, so the gorillas began to go to these remote tribal lands and enlist the help and support of these local people. By starting what was known as a grass roots campaign the freedom fighters hoped to enlist young men and women in this fight for liberation. Despite all this plotting and scheming by the gorillas, the Smith regime was able to track their movements and subsequently some of the gorillas were captured and sent to prison. When I say they were sent to prison I am not referring to a local jail, I am in fact talking about torture camps where the political prisoners were subjected to extremely inhumane conditions. The most popular form of torture was the electrocution of the prisoners using a current of 0 volts. This torture was administered by using the human body to complete an electric circuit such that electric current would flow through the body causing an excruciating amount of pain. When the "mabhunus" or predominantly white military police wanted to be unusually cruel they would apply the electric current to a victim's testicles causing so much pain that the victims frequently fainted from the pain. Sleep deprivation was also used to demoralize the freedom fighters along with solitary confinement. A lot of the involuntary guests to these torture camps died as a result of this treatment and many of those who survived were never able to procreate again. The torture described above was just the welcome party and was done prior to being sent to trial. The trials were a mere farce or a mockery at justice and the freedom fighters would be promptly sentenced to death for high treason. A lot of these death sentences were carried out by way of a firing squad and the bodies were buried in mass graves because the government would not release the bodies to the families for decent burial. All this cruelty was done to deter any would be freedom fighters from joining the struggle and to demoralize those already engaged in the struggle. I don't believe that the fighters who were executed fancied themselves to be martyrs nor did they go to their execution sing songs of triumph, in fact these fighters did not want to die and many of them sobbed at as they were led to their death. I feel that these fighters demonstrated the value of bravery because it was no secret that capture by the government almost meant certain death or at least a very long and painful prison sentence, but these young people risked and even gave up their lives for this freedom. As the war became more intense the number of freedom fighters increased and the pressure on the government to do something decisive to win this escalating was also increased. The government then began a campaign to weed out these rebels by attacking the rebellion at the grass roots level. A large number of troops were deployed to the rural part of the country where gorilla activity was most rife. It had become apparent to the government that these rebels were being supported and sustained by the local populace, so why not deal with these passive supporters in order to smoke out the rebels. Thus began a terrible time where villagers were subjected to untold torture and pain. The government planted spies who would alert them to any village that provided sustenance to the rebels and woe to that village for they would be beaten and terribly humiliated by the government soldiers for their treason. Eye witness accounts have been given of local village chiefs being stripped naked and tied to trees in front of the entire village and being beaten to death. Such was the horror that the people were subjected but the freedom fighters still continued to fight for their freedom, and the local populaces continued to support and sustain them. On April 18, 180 the people of Rhodesia achieved independence and the nation of Zimbabwe was born. With their blood and tears and for the love of freedom the people had persevered and overcome the oppressor.

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Wandering Girl a non-fiction text by Glenyse Ward explores the delicate issues of racism and the stolen generation. Ward tells the story of her adolescent years working as a 'dark servant' for the Bigelow family at Bigelow farm on Ridgeway. Through the text Ward is unfairly dehumanised by Mrs Bigelow who treats Ward as inferior, different and as a servant from the middle ages. Through the text Ward uses a number of techniques to position and manipulate the reader into accepting her values and attitudes.

Wandering Girl is a text about a stolen generation aboriginal girl who was taken away from her mother because she was a half cast. Glenyse Ward was taken to Saint Joseph's Orphanage until she was three then was put into Wandering Mission Where she was brought up until she was sixteen and sent to work for the Bigelow family. This text explores the difficult issues of racial prejudice towards the aboriginal culture.

Wards text employs a hybrid genre, mixing diary, journal and autobiography attributes to make an effective, non-argumentative story. "When I awoke, it was to the shrill sound of the alarm clock. I reached over and turned it off, then lay back on my pillow to familiarize with my new surroundings." The text structure does not have dates like a diary, is written for an audience and doesn't tell the story of her whole life like an autobiography.

During her text Ward develops an intimate bond with the reader. She does this by revealing her personal feelings, using 1st person point of view and creating the persona of an everyday person who finds themselves in times of confusion and difficulty. " As I lifted myself up on my elbow to gaze out of the window towards the hills that surrounded the mission the aroma of wild berries came drifting past my nose. Yet I felt dispirited and sad, for today was the day I was leaving my home to work for white people." Ward talks about how the aboriginal children were taken away from their natural parents and were forced to abide by the European way. Through this experience they lost their identity and suffered from being put into missions. This inturn positions the reader to sympathise and empathise with Ward. By positioning the reader to sympathise and empathise, Ward encourages the reader to accept her values and attitudes of antiracism and the stolen generation.

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Through the use of language as a positioning device, Ward encourages the reader to accept her values and attitudes. Ward does this by using language type as a positioning device. Ward narrates an incident using 'Aussie Slang.' "Then we'd bog into our watermelon," "My mate Bill," "we'd scramble like chooks off to the water." This positions the reader to relate to Ward and understand what she went through creating a bond with the reader.

Ward also uses language as a positioning device according to the way she uses description "The nuns were like real mums," "I am going to miss these dear nuns." This builds a contrast where the German nuns are like surrogate parents even though they too are white. "Then the white people arrived to take me away." This gives the impression of alienation. Ward describes the Bigelows as "old looking, plump, beady eyes, turned up nose and a dainty look." This connotative language makes the Bigelows appear snotty and arrogant. "The Father in charge introduced me to them and told me I had to work hard for these nice people." The feelings of alienation are enforced through the IRONY revealed in these quotes.

During the text Glenyse Ward pays particular attention to detail to reinforce a pattern of response "Our up-bringing throughout our childhood years was very strict. Everyday activities were done to the ring of a bell and with prayers. The main principle was boys and girls had to be kept apart." This reinforces images of regimentation and gender separation, which was the way stolen generation children were brought up. Images of punishment, poverty, demeaned and racial discrimination are reinforced through careful selection of detail.

Ward used persona, point of view, language and selection of detail to create contrasts. Ward contrasted the Bigelows house to Glenyses sleeping quarters the garage. "The floor was covered in a beautiful dark rich red carpet. The furniture was all antique and shone magnificently." Whereas Glenyses room was a 'garage.' "It looked like a place where she'd keep her dogs." This reinforces the Bigelows affluence. Another contrast is Mrs Bigelow to Bill the orchardist. Contrasting how they treat Glenyse in terms of racial values and attitudes achieves this. "I played songs and sang to my hearts content for most of the afternoon. If she could have seen me she would have had a fit!" Whereas Bill's treatment of Glenyse, "Don't let the boss or anything get you down." Bill treats Glenyse as a friend and the reader is encouraged to accept his values and attitudes such as acceptance and friendliness.

Ward constructs the other main character in the story Mrs Bigelow as a snob she is said to have a have "a dainty look with a turned up nose" at the start of the story. Her prediction turned out to be true. Mrs Bigelow treats Ward in a very dehumanised way. She says to ward, "How dare you come in here and start packing your clothes! Just because I said you could go home for the holiday doesn't mean you have to stop work." Mrs Bigelow uses her authority as a boss in an over excessive way. During the story Ward builds up rage against Mrs Bigelow from her treatment of Glenyse and becomes rebellious behind Mrs Bigelows back. Glenyse does this by defying rules that Mrs Bigelow has put in place. Rules like eating what Mrs Bigelow states, using an assigned shower, using a tin plate and mug and using only fresh oranges for Mrs Bigelow's morning orange juice. Through the story Mrs Bigelow doesn't ever call Glenyse by her name. Ward is either "Yoo-hooed out to, summoned by the ring of a bell or is questioned 'Are you there.' The rest of the family only spoke when they were issuing a command to her. Eventually Ward could not handle working for the Bigelows and ran away to Dunsbrough to live with Kayelene. This is considered as her flight to freedom. The reader is positioned to feel relief and freedom for ward.

Wards only friend on the farm is an old gentleman who worked for the Bigelows in the orchard who's name was Bill. Ward turned to Bill often in the story to have morning tea; lunch, coffee and even they even play the piano together one afternoon. Ward uses Bill as a source of relief from Mrs Bigelow. Ward is encouraged to by Bill to be happy and not to let Mrs Bigelow get her down. "You keep laughing lassie. That's better for you. Don't let the boss or anything get you down." By being encouraging by Bill, Ward reinforces her values and attitudes of antiracism, acceptance and friendliness to the reader.

During the text Glenyse encounters many people, most of whom adopt a racist attitude towards her but Glenyse makes friends with the lady in the chocolate shop and Horsy. Ward meets the lady in the chocolate shop on her 'town day,' when she decides to spend some of her pay in her shop. The lady in the chocolate shop was very sympathetic to Glenyse and even stuck up for her. Ward meets Horsy at the bus stop on Wards town day every week after Horsy moved to Ridgeway to work as a dark servant. Horsy also came from the same mission but was an enemy of Wards. They over come this fight to help each other through their ordeal.

In conclusion Ward used her point of view to construct interpretation of the events. Even though this is true, there could be details that are left out that could change the nature of the situation. By doing this Ward manipulates the reader into accepting her values and attitudes towards the difficult issues of the stolen generation and racism.

Please note that this sample paper on Wandering Girl - General Analysis is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Wandering Girl - General Analysis, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Wandering Girl - General Analysis will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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