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"Persons attempting to find a motive in this narrative will be prosecuted; persons attempting to find a moral will be banished; persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot - By Order of the Author," (1) reads the "Notice" before The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain. Twain claims that he wrote the entire novel purely as an adventure story, and had no intention of creating a deeper statement about the human condition. On the contrary, Twain creates an insight into humanity that the reader hardly expects from the author's impractical notice. He does this by using the two main characters in the novel, Huck Finn, an uneducated boy running away from civilization and Jim, the runaway slave. As these two misfits float down the Mississippi River on a raft, Twain uses the character of Jim and his interactions with others to defy the white perception of the Negro and to ultimately demonstrate his place in American society. Twain does this by showing how Jim does not form to the mold of the stereotypical slave, has real emotions just like anyone else and is a metaphor for the Negro's social standing.

In the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain introduces Jim by describing the stereotypical Negro. Jim represents the ignorance and superstitions that most white believed to be the slaves persona. As seen through the eyes of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, Jim personifies the stereotypical characteristics of the carefree and often ridiculous Negro. This is demonstrated when the reader first meets Jim, as Tom and Huck attempt to sneak out of the house. Jim, hears the boys moving and decides to wait until he hears it again but promptly falls asleep. Tom moves Jim's hat by hanging it a tree limb. "Afterward Jim said the witches bewitched him and put him in a trance, and rode him all over the state, and then set him under the trees again, and hung his hat on a limb to show who done it," (6). This ignorant and illogical explanation illustrates the stereotypical white opinion of Negroes in America. This opinion was further enforced throughout the nineteenth century by so-called scientific evidence that showed that a Negro's anatomy was better suited for manual labor than a white man's, allowing slave owners and non-slave owners alike to justify the necessity of slavery. Later in the novel, Huck goes to Jim for help in conjuring the future. The reader sees the ridiculous side of the typical Slave classification. Jim's prized possession is a hairball that was taken from the stomach of an ox. "He said there was a spirit inside of it, and it knowed everything," (17). Jim rolls the hairball around the floor a bit and then claims to see into Huck's future. After this incident, Jim not only seems ignorant, but absurd, for using a hairball as an oracle, further showing the illustration of Jim's character as the carefree and superstitious image. Finally, Twain uses Jim's superstition to round out this categorization of all Negroes. After Huck fools his father and the town into thinking he was murdered, he escapes into the wilderness of Jackson Island and unexpectedly runs into Jim. Upon seeing the boy he assumes was dead, Jim exclaims, "Doan' hurt me-don't! I hain't ever done no harm to a ghos'. I alwuz liked dead people, en fone all I could for 'em...doan' do nuffin to Ole Jim, 'at 'uz alwuz yo' fren'," (41). Instead of the seemingly logical conclusion to which most would jump, that Huck was not really dead, Jim's ignorance combines with his superstitious belief in ghosts to form the opinion that the vision he saw before him did not consist of flesh and bones, but the ghost of Huck Finn returned from the dead to haunt him. Twain uses this combination of ignorance, absurdity, and superstition in Jim to give the reader the false idea that Jim personifies the stereotype of an empty-headed being who is content being in bondage and not suited for any other form of life.

Throughout the rest of the novel, Twain makes every effort to eliminate this misconception by showing Jim's kindness, sensitivity and tenderness towards people. Though the stereotype is almost immediately contradicted when Jim runs away, because the stereotypical Negro would not have done this. The stereotypical Slave is perceived as a "Happy Sambo," who wouldn't want to leave his home. After this point, Twain continues to unveil Jim's true colors throughout the story. The most obvious way in which Twain accomplishes this unveiling is through Jim's feelings about his family. One day, as Huck woke up to hear Jim "moaning and mourning to himself...[Huck] knowed what it was about. He was thinking about his wife and his children...and...he cared just as much for his people as white folk does for their'n," (155). The idea of slaves loving other people presented a very foreign idea to most whites. The white man's minds were inferior and unable to feel the same emotions, like love and loneliness. As Huck compares Jim to "white folks," it is one of the highest compliments. Huck shows his admiration for Jim in the only words he can, using the perceived difference between blacks and whites to relate that Jim's humanity was that equal of any white man. Jim's image also changes when he relates to Huck the story of his daughter, Elizabeth, who loses her hearing after a severe case of scarlet fever. Before he realizes that his daughter cannot hear, he punishes her for disobedience, not understanding that she does not hear his demands. Once this realization occurs his guilt overwhelms him. "Oh Huck, I bust out a-cryin' en grab her up in my arms, en say, 'Oh, de po little thing! De Lord God Amighty fogive po' Jim, kaze he never gwyne to fogive hisself as long's he live!'" (156). Guilt for his own actions and the compassion he feels for his daughter are two more "white" emotions that Huck realizes Jim also feels. Throughout Huck and Jim's journey down the Mississippi River, Huck views Jim in a different light, realizing that he is not completely the ignorant, ridiculous creature he was once thought to be. Jim is actually a human being capable of feeling the entire spectrum of emotions, disputing the classic view of the Negro. Not until the end of the book does Twain's expression of Jim's humanity is indisputably upheld. As Jim voluntarily stops his escape in order for Huck to fetch a doctor for the injured Tom Sawyer, an action that saves Tom's live, while jeopardizing his own, Jim's humanity is demonstrated. This action also eventually leads to Jim's recapture and near hanging by an angry mob. Even though Jim has full knowledge that he may be recaptured his selflessness causes him to insist upon fetching a doctor. Again, Huck compares Jim to a white man when he says, "I knowed he was white inside, and I reckoned he'd say what he did say," (76). A second instance takes place at the very end of the book, after Jim realizes that his freedom has come at last. Huck worries about his father coming back to steal Huck's money. Jim quietly tells him that Pap will never come back again. When Huck presses him as to why Jim says this, Jim refers to an earlier instance in the story when the two had seen a house floating down the river with a dead man inside. "Doan' you 'member de house dat was float'n down de river, en dey wuz a man in dah, kivered up en I went in en unkivered him and didn' let you come in? Well, den, you kin git yo' money when you wants it, kase dat was him," (). By not allowing Huck to come inside the house and by keeping the true identity of the man concealed, Jim believes his actions protect Huck from pain and unpleasantness. Because Jim has a stable, loving relationship with his own children, he does not realize that some fathers, Huck's white father included, do not love their children in this way. Jim's last selfless action reveals more about his character than any other action in the book. Not only does it speak of his love of his own children, but it also proves the love and compassion that he develops for Huck Finn, proving that Jim, a black man, is as human as any white man, contradicting the stereotype that Negroes are inhuman and unfeeling.

Along with defying the social stereotype of the happy-go-lucky, ignorant Negro, Jim also serves as a metaphor for the free Negro's social standing in 1884, the year of the book's publication. After the Civil War, blacks were technically free men, but were rarely granted their deserved rights and privileges equal to those held by the free white man. Very often, Huck and the river raft's other passengers, the duke and the king, travel onshore, leaving Jim alone of the raft. In order to protect him against slave traders who might come upon him, the duke paints his face blue and dresses him up in absurd costumes, leaving a sign that reads, "Sick Arab- But harmless when not out of his head," (156). Huck believes this disguise is put to test the people from recognizing Jim's race, but when the disguise is put to the test, the people who come upon Jim simply see that he is a "strange nigger dressed so and so," (11). This incident can be compared to what happened to many free blacks during their migration northward, trying to find jobs and prosperity. Many employers would not give them jobs, simply because of their race. They dressed like white men, acted like white men, but were not granted the privileges of white men. Likewise, Jim tries to disguise himself as an Arab, but still is not treated as an Arab. Twain also uses the character of Tom Sawyer to further the idea of the black social status. Tom Sawyer arrives at his Aunt Sally's home with the knowledge that Jim's owner, Miss Watson, set him free in her will. Yet, Tom keeps this knowledge to himself, using the opportunity that Jim's captivity provided for his own amusement, hoping for a "grand adventure." After the truth is revealed, Tom confides to Huck that his plan "was for [Huck and Tom] to run [Jim] down the river on the raft, and have adventures plumb to the mouth of the river, and then tell him about his being free," (). Likewise, Tom Sawyer continued the practice of white men using black men to their own advantage. Tom showed great selfishness in not telling Jim the truth and using the man's pitiable condition to his own advantage. However, the biggest statement that Twain makes about social conditions of free blacks in his era does not have to do with Jim's treatment by any character in the book, but simply his condition near the end of it. A family by the name of Phelps, Tom Sawyer's aunt and uncle, recapture Jim and put him in chains again, although his freedom has long since been granted. Jim personifies the free black's condition after the Civil War in that he was a free man, still wearing chains. The bonds that blacks wore were not those of slavery, however, but those of racism. Former slaves were free and they were granted the rights of citizens of the United States, yet they were still denied the chance to fulfill their own dreams and pursue happiness because of the racism that shaded the opinions of the whites who controlled society. By presenting Jim in such a manner, Twain's character embodies the position in which free blacks found themselves after their freedom had been granted.

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Twain's novel is largely satirical, written in the tongue-in-cheek manner considered his trademark. However, underneath the ridicule and the satire lies a far deeper meaning. The author's statement about the perception of white superiority and freed slave's position in society is potent and powerful. After its publication, the book incensed many readers because it dared to insult the preconceived notions and accepted beliefs about the black position in slavery. Though many Northerners claimed to hate slavery and love the black race, racism abounded more in the North than in the South, where people hated the black race, but loved the individual black. This book proved an appeal to the white population of the United States to recognize its hypocrisy in dealing with freed slaves.

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On September 4, 00, the Dow Jones Indexes and SAM Group announced the results of their annual review for the Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI). Effective September , 00 the DJSI World will again include over 00 companies from countries that lead their industry in terms of sustainability.

Intel Corporation has been selected as a component of this important index since its inception in 1. And, more significantly, Intel has been declared the Technology Market Sector Leader for the last years in a row. We are proud of this bottom-line recognition of our efforts across multiple disciplines at Intel that make up our economic, environmental and social performance states Dave Stangis, Director, Corporate Responsibility for Intel.

According to John Prestbo, Editor, Dow Jones Indexes, Since we launched the DJSI family in 1, there has been a significant shift in market perception of sustainability investments. A growing number of private and institutional investors are adapting economic, environmental and social criteria to reflect the impact of sustainability issues on long-term shareholder value. As a result, we are now seeing this investment style stepping out of its niche and making its way into mainstream asset management and equity research.

Since the launch of the DJSI 45 licenses have been issued to financial institutions in 14 countries. These licensees have created a variety of index based financial products including active and passive funds, equity baskets and warrants. In total, the assets managed in these portfolios now stand at close to $. billion EUR.

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For full information on the Indexes, including review methodology, a full list of the components, Market Sector Leaders and Intels Sustainability Biography visit www.sustainability-index.com.

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Intel gets perfect score in Human Rights Campaign IndexIntel is one of only 1 major U.S. companies to achieve perfect scores in the 00 Corporate Equality Index tallied by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC). Chartered with protecting the rights of lesbians, gays, bisexual, and transgender individuals, HRC conducts its corporate ratings annually.

The number of major U.S. companies to achieve the 100-percent ranking is up from 11 in 00.

What we see this year is improvement in every category measured, from written non-discrimination policies to domestic partner health insurance benefits and beyond, says HRC Education Director Kim I. Mills in an article published on the HRC home page. Corporate America continues to be a leader in the quest for GLBT civil rights. The bottom line is that successful businesses are increasingly recognizing that equality works.

Some 80 companies improved their scores in 00, with Lockheed Martin Corp. leading the industry trend by improving from a rating of 0 percent in 00 to 71 percent in 00.

HRC rates companies based on their performances in seven major indices that answer the following questions Does the company have a written non-discrimination policy covering sexual orientation, as well as a written policy covering gender identity and/or expression? Does the company extend health care benefits to same-sex partners? Does it offer diversity training? Are gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) employee groups officially sanctioned? Is corporate advertising respectful of the GLBT community? Are local GLBT community groups financially supported? And finally, does the company decline to engage in activities that could undermine the rights of the GLBT community?

The 0 corporations that joined Intel in achieving 100-percent ratings are Aetna Inc., American Airlines (AMR Corp.), Apple Computer Inc., Avaya Inc., Bank One Corp., Capital One Financial Corp., Eastman Kodak Co., Hewlett-Packard Co., IBM Corp., J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., Levi Strauss & Co., Lucent Technologies Inc., MetLife Inc., NCR Corp., Nike Inc., PG&E Corp., Prudential Financial Inc., S.C. Johnson, and Xerox Corp.

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The Alzheimers Association, Intel Team Up To Expand Home Care Technology Research

Associations Research Program Expands into Technology Arena

The Alzheimers Association and Intel Corporation today announced the formation of a consortium to spur development of technologies for the home to help people with Alzheimers disease. The Everyday Technologies for Alzheimer Care (ETAC) consortium plans to fund more than $1 million of research to develop new models of Alzheimer care based upon current and evolving technologies in computing, communications and home health care.

The formation of this consortium is the first of its kind between a leader in Alzheimer research and a leader in the computing technology industry, said William Thies, vice president, medical and scientific affairs for the Alzheimers Association. It is our hope that through this effort we will improve the quality of life for millions of people with Alzheimers disease, their families, friends and professional health care partners.

Managed by the Alzheimers Association, the ETAC consortium will fund research grants to explore new ways to help delay the onset of disabling symptoms, compensate for functional impairments and postpone and/or prevent placement in residential care settings. The Alzheimers Association and Intel will invite other technology companies, universities, industry labs, government agencies and voluntary health organizations to join the consortium and to help fund this research.

By working with the Alzheimers Association we hope to stimulate innovative research that uncovers how computing and communications technologies can support behaviors that help prevent and detect disease, foster independence and improve quality of life, said David Tennenhouse, vice president and director of research for Intel.

There are currently 4 million Americans living with Alzheimers. This number is expected to surge as 76 million baby boomers begin to turn 65 in 011. In addition to those with the disease, another 1 million family members are affected by its devastation. Caregivers and loved ones are burdened with the time and resource consuming tasks of supporting the individual with Alzheimers physically, cognitively, emotionally and spiritually.

A New Remedy Everyday Technologies for Alzheimer Care

The Everyday Technologies for Alzheimer Care consortium grew out of several separate, on-going efforts at the Alzheimers Association and Intel. In 001, the Alzheimers Association convened a technology research group to review the impact of emerging technologies on the quality of care and health services for Alzheimers disease. The group consisted of caregivers as well as experts from diverse disciplines including bioengineering, robotics, artificial intelligence, communications, systems design, software engineering, medicine, nursing, biology, economics, finance and business.

In addition, the Alzheimers Association is the largest private funder of Alzheimer research having put nearly $140 million towards research into the causes, treatment, prevention and cure of the disease. The associations research grants program encourages work by new investigators and innovative, state-of-the-art projects.

The ETAC consortium represents an expansion of the Alzheimers Associations medical and scientific research program into medical and electronic technology, added Thies. ETAC is a first step toward building a consortium of businesses, healthcare groups and aging organizations that share the widespread industry concern that current care systems and models will be inadequate to accommodate the increasing demand for individualized care.

At the same time, Intel continues to fund and conduct research on the ways in which computing and communications technologies could support the daily health and wellness needs of people of all ages in their homes and everyday lives. Through its university research program,Intel awards worldwide university research grants for projects designed to advance key focus areas, including those in the area of consumer health and wellness.

Additionally, Intels Proactive Health strategic research project is developing in-home technology prototypes to test applications that address the needs of the worlds aging population. An example of this technology is a wireless sensor network made up of thousands of small, sensing devices that could someday be embedded throughout the home to monitor important behavioral tendencies such as sleep and eating patterns, location and also send prompts to a person such as reminders to take medication. The data collected by the sensor network could help in the detection and prevention of dementia or other medical conditions, as well as help a caregiver locate a patient in need. For more information about Intel Research visit www.intel.com/research.

The ETAC consortium will build a national alliance of research and development experts from diverse disciplines including software engineering, medicine, and business to identify and harness technologies such as sensor networks that will address the many care needs of people with Alzheimers disease and ease the burden to their caregivers and loved ones.

About the Alzheimers Association

The Alzheimers Association is the world leader in Alzheimer research and support. Through our national network of advocates and chapters, we advance research, improve services and care, create awareness of Alzheimers disease and mobilize support. Our vision is a world without Alzheimers disease. For more information on the Alzheimers Association, visit www.alz.org.

Intel, the worlds largest chip maker, is also a leading manufacturer of computer, networking and communications products. Additional information about Intel is available at www.intel.com/pressroom.

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Intel Elects John L. Thornton To Its Board Of Directors

Intel Corporation announced that John L. Thornton, professor and director of global leadership at Tsinghua University in Beijing, was elected to Intels board of directors, effective today.

Thornton retired July 1 as president and co-chief operating officer of Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and as a member of that firms board of directors.

He is also a director of the Ford Motor Company, British Sky Broadcasting and Pacific Century Group Inc. He is chairman of the Brookings Institution Board of Trustees, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a member of the advisory board or trustee of the Asia Society, The Goldman Sachs Foundation, The Hotchkiss School, Morehouse College, The Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management (Beijing), the Yale University Investment Committee and the Yale School of Management.

Thornton received a bachelors degree in history from Harvard College in 176, a bachelors/masters degree in jurisprudence from Oxford University in 178 and a masters degree in public and private management from the Yale School of Management in 180. He and his family live in London and Far Hills, N.J.

We are very pleased to have John Thornton join Intels board of directors, said Intel Chairman Andrew S. Grove. His background in management and finance and his 0 years of hands-on experience with international business will be immensely valuable to us.

Thorntons election to Intels board brings the number of directors to 1. That number is expected to decrease to 11 in May when Charles E. Young, a director since 174, reaches the boards mandatory retirement age.

Intel, the worlds largest chip maker, is also a leading manufacturer of computer, networking and communications products. Additional information about Intel is available at www.intel.com/pressroom.

Intel is a trademark or registered trademark of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

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Bison

American, Canadian, and European

Bison are the largest land mammals of North America and Europe. Bison belong to the order Artiodactyla, all hoofed animals with even number of toes, and the family Bovidae. The Bovidae family includes species such as gazelles, antelopes, mountain goats, bison and buffalo. Some domesticated species also included would be cattle, sheep, and goats. Bovids range through Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America.

Buffalo species are separate from bison species. True Buffalo would be Water Buffalo of Southern Asia, and Cape buffalo of Africa. True Bison consist of North American Bison and European Bison.

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Since the European and North American Bison are so closely related some scientists believe that both species descended from an ancient relative in India. As the herd traveled north from India, some went east into Siberia, and some went west towards Europe. The Siberian herd eventually migrated over the Bering Straight that once connected Asia and North America. These herds were pre-historical looking, their massive body weight could weigh up to 5,000 pounds and they're horns could grow to be six feet wide. Today's version of the pre-historical North American herd has decreased in size due to environmental differences.

There are two North American species of bison, Bison Bison or also known as the Plains bison, and Bison Athabascae, or wood bison. Bison Bison roam the prairies of Central North America (the United States of America); they once roamed from the boarders of Canada to Mexico and as far east as Virginia and Pennsylvania, and to the western shores of Oregon. Some physical description of the Plains bison would be that both males and females have a single set of hollow, curved horns. The dark dense hairs of the bison's mange can cover the horns. Male Bison, bulls, often weigh about ,000 pounds (roughly one ton), they can stand on an average of six feet tall at the shoulders, and grow to the lengths of twelve feet long. They have a thick massive head and a large shoulder hump, which is used for energy-rich fats. The female bison, cows, are three-quarters the size of a full-grown bull. Another distinctive descriptions of the Plains bison are the long black hairs that form a long beard. Despite their great size and bulkiness, bison can sprint at speeds of 0 miles per hour. Their hooves are also sharp which open up the soil to natural aeration and filtration. This leaves plant roots behind for regeneration (cattle have flat hooves which will compact the soil).

Bison Athabascae or Wood bison once lived in Northern Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. They have a longer body frame, longer legs, and wider hooves, for more agile walking on mountain areas and walking on top of deep snow. They also have a denser, darker coat. Their coats are darker so they can absorb the sunlight. These Bison will go under lower hanging snow covered branches and use the branches as a blanket to trap a small warm air pocket. They can also run over twenty-five miles per hour and jump across a ten-foot wide stream and a six feet tall fence from a standing position.

The European Bison, Bison Bonasus, or also known as Wisent, once roamed the great temperate deciduous forest that stretched from the British Isles through most of Europe and western area of Siberia. The bulls can be five feet tall and weigh up to ,000 pounds. Their coat is one continuous golden brown color. A thick shaggy mane covers the head and neck. Horns are longer, curve-upwards and slightly forward. This species can also jump a ten-foot wide river and jump six feet over a fence from a standing position. The Wisent is more closely related to the Wood bison from Canada, rather than the Plains bison.

All three species are extremely similar with only differences of their description do to their environment around them and their geographical differences. All three bison species have similar life cycles, diseases, and history.

Bison will shed twice a year in the spring and fall; when shedding the only hair which remains are the forelegs, the shoulder hump, and the head. At this time they can become very vulnerable to insects. So bison will often wallow in marshes or dust bowls.

Most bison live in mixed herds of cows, calves, yearlings, and a few older bulls. The mature bulls are often loners most of the time. They will only become part of the herd during the mating season. Mating season is from July to mid-August. Bulls will begin to bellow and loner bulls will fight for herd of females. So many bull -fights will occur during mating season. The bulls lower their heads and ram each other's skull with full force. The fighting only stop until one bull is injured or has given up. A cow's gestation is about 85 days. They can give birth anytime between next spring and early fall. More often a single calf is born, although there are records of twins being born as well. The baby calf can weigh about thirty to sixty pounds at birth. They must learn to walk within a few minutes and are weaned at seven to twelve months. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at two to four years of age. Females can produce litters between ages of three to thirteen years old. Females will only breed twice every three years. Once a male has become sexually mature (sometimes at the age of three years old) he will go off on his won in search for their own female herd. Females will stay with the herd for life. Very few will venture off to another herd. Bison have a longevity of living up to forty years old, but most out in the wild will live up to twenty-five years old, and captive bison will live about thirty years old.

Bison can be prone to diseases. Although disease aren't their primary vector for their endangerment in the wild. Bison have a very well developed immunity to most Bovine diseases, but tuberculosis and brucellos are two common diseases seen in bison. Brucellos is more often of the two. Brucellos is a bacterial infection, caused by inbreeding the species too often. It attacks the reproductive system of the bulls and there is no cure for this disease. Bison that have become infected can live for one to two years, but most will die in a shorter period of time. The disease has not been scientifically proven to be easily transmittable from bison to cattle, but many farmers fear that their herd will become contaminated if a bison walks on their land. Farmers are ordering privet owners and government land owners to keep their bison away from their farmland, or drastic measures will be taken. Many bison are being destroyed due to this disease, the Wisent are extremely susceptible. Their numbers are quickly diminishing. The species only exist in protected private property. They have become extinct in the wild.

Bison are also hunted down; Grizzly bears, black bears, gray wolves and cougars have been known to prey on Bison. Grizzly bears and cougars could attack a full-grown bison, but it would take a lot of energy to do so. Wolves are dangerous to the young, sick, and old. A bison in its prime would usually be a match for a wolf. However the biggest threat to all Bison species is man.

By the time America's earliest pioneers, about 0,000 years ago had established villages the bison dominated the rolling grasslands and forested hillsides. Researchers estimated that the prairie alone numbered between 0 million and 00million bison. While the woodland bison population existed in much smaller numbers. During these times Native Americans would use bison to their advantage. They used the bison as food, shelter, and considered the bison a spiritual creature that represented the symbol of strength and determination. The Native Americans used many strategically techniques, by surrounding small herds with a human chain, giving archers a better shot at more tightly packed animals. Others learned to stampede bison over cliffs called "buffalo jumps". Often killing fifty to sixty bison at a time. Flesh and skin weren't the only advantages of bison. The tribes learned to use every part of the animal from the horns to the tail.

The Plains bison was severely effected by the mass destruction of numbers. The arrival of the early European settlers and professional "buffalo hunters" drove the bison to near extinction. A conflict arose between white settlers and Native Americans. Many people believe that the reason behind the destruction of the bison would send the Native Americans away as well. One congressman, James Throckmorton of Texas believed that, "it would be a great step forward in the civilization of the Indians, if there was not a buffalo in existence." So the destruction of one species would result in the destruction of another. By 1870, hundreds of thousands of bison were being shipped every year; more than one and a half million bison were packed aboard trains and wagons in the winter of 187-7 alone. There were even "buffalo killing contests"; a man in Kansas set a record by killing 10 bison in just 40 minutes. Men like 'Buffalo' Bill Cody were hired to slaughter animals, Buffalo bill alone killed more than four thousand bison in two years. Even train companies offered tourists the chance to shoot bison from the windows of their coach as they road past a herd of bison. By 1880s the slaughter was almost over, their numbers began to dwindle. Both the northern and southern herds had been destroyed. Less than 00 wild animals remained in the United States. Conservation of the bison came slow; in 184 Congress decided a law making bison hunting in Yellowstone National Park illegal. Today Yellowstone holds the most populated bison in the United States, holding more than 5,000 bison. Thousands of bison also inhabit the National Bison Refuge in the Flathead Valley of Montana, the Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge in southwest Oklahoma, the Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in northern Nebraska, and Walnut Creek National Wildlife Park in central Iowa. Many other private herds have boosted the bison's overall population over the years. About 00,000 bison overall in the United States as of 18.

Herds of Wood bison today are found in Alberta, Manitoba, and Yukon Territories of Canada, population of about 15,000 bison. The largest concentration of European bison live in Poland's Bialoweiza National Park, consisting of about two thousand bison.

To the Native Americans the bison is still a highly sacred animal. In fact the most sacred bison to the Native Americans ever is the White Bison. This bison is not albino; the calf coat is born white. The first white buffalo calf recorded was in 1. The calf is extremely important to the religious beliefs of many American Indian tribes, like the Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota, collectively known as the Sioux. They are considered primary spiritual guardians. The native Americans believe that, "two thousand years ago a young woman who first appeared in the shape of a white buffalo gave the Lakota' ancestors a sacred pipe and sacred ceremonies and made the guardians of the Black Hills (of South Dakota). Before leaving, she also prophesized that one day she would return to purify the world, bringing back spiritual balance and harmony." The birth of Miracle, a white bison calf born August 14 was considered a sign that the young woman would appear. Miracle, unlike any other white buffalo before her, was unique. She was the first female white bison born in over 00 years. The chance of a white bison being born today is one to every 15,000 bison. The calf was born on a privately owned ranch that belonged to the Heider's from Wisconsin. Her place in the prophecies and beliefs of many tribes make her a highly sacred animal symbol. However her coat has become darker and she is not as white as she once was. The Native American tribe, the Lakota's, claim that the white bison would change their colors four times, which signifies the colors of the four peoples she would unify black, red, yellow, and white. Miracle is a symbol of hope and renewal for humanity and for harmony between all people, and races in our world today.

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The state has the ultimate power and it is the primary political unit, but the world of arms, controlling interests, economic power, and environment change and with that the power of the states changes in the world. Another altering is the rapid growth of the 0th century of public and private organizations through the world, without them the world wouldn't function good in many areas, so they promote their welfare to solve serious problems and make the world a better place for living.

The modern international organizations are consisted of IGO-international governmental organizations, NGO- nongovernmental organizations, INGO-international nongovernmental organizations, private agencies which seek profit or not. We can recognize IGO and INGO by these characteristics 1) permanent organization to carry on a continuing set of functions.

) voluntary membership of eligible parties.

) a basic instrument stating goals, structure, and methods of operation.

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4) broadly representative consultative conference organ.

5) permanent secretariat to carry on continuous administrative, research, and information functions.

And the IGO are established with a contract or a treaty, and operate at level of consent, recommendation, and cooperation. For now, the international organizations are more close to the state system, rather to some other governmental system. The international organizations have significant roles in cooperation, channels of communication which find an easier way of communicating between governments. The dilemmas and the paradoxes for the international organizations are that they insist that a state should be sovereign, should have supremacy and independence. Each state its own boss, that regarding the actions it takes, because it depends of the other states actions such as communications, economics and development and world peace. Other paradoxes are that states will always try to increase its power, prestige and economic development on expenses on other states. These kinds of actions may lead of involvement of the United Nations which takes cooperative actions. The divergent conflicts lead to conflicts among states in which the UN is limited with their power and actions. The world is starting to be a smaller place for living and with that we come across a problem of deferring which are domestic and international concerns, which means that a domestic problem might transform to an international one. The delay of the development of political and social institutions is caused by the rapid change and with that the rapid growth of problems in our world, and with that slowing down the development. The inadequate elements produce order with national society on international level, which causes wrong order of fixing problems. The paradox of human rationality and humanitarianism versus the individual's egoistic, selfish, and emotional qualities. The paradox of maximum international problems and limited means of resolving these problems.

The ideological roots of international organizations.

The basic concept of intergovernmental organizations are involved with diplomacy, treaties, conferences, rules of warfare, the regulation of the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, development of international law, trade, economic cooperation, social cooperation, cultural relationships, world travel, world communications, cosmopolitanism, universalism, peace movements, the formation of leagues and federations, international administration, collective security, and movements for world government. The idea to establish an international organization is old 100 years, but the principles are old with centuries.

The war prevention and regulation are been made with these alternatives 1) World unity in the form of universal empire - Roman Empire.

) World view of cosmopolitanism based on such concepts as the brotherhood of man - Cynics and Stoics of the pre- and early Christian era Greece and Rome.

During passed centuries the philosophers have proposed such diverse propositions such as free trade, disarmament, decolonization, and development of international law. And for world peace there were propositions and examples of dissolving confederacies and state unions, but none what so ever have gotten to the supreme creation called a superstate of world federation.

In Emanuel Kant's reasoning of world peace begins with the analysis of the nature of humanity, and concluded, that people have two sides on one hand, they are selfish, egoistic, and greedy, and on the other hand they are reasonable. The reasoning provides a discipline for balancing the selfish side of humans. People escape from the anarchy and run to the law and government because of the reasoning. Nations are too affected by this, they will move gradually from anarchy to order.

Kant predicted that the world society will be made up of a federation of republican states open for states volunteers.

William Ladd detailed his work with proposals for world's international peace who advocated the establishment of congress of nations and court of nations who will be legitimate, and with legislative and judicial powers.

Ladd wrote an essay on abolition of standing armies, and he stated that people will obey law more because of an opinion, rather then compulsion.

Besides the philosophers reasoning and proposals the growth of international institutions has developed in 1th and 0th century because 1) The philosophers' ideas were not necessarily dominant or exclusive in their impact upon the rulers' thoughts and behavior.

) No age until the present one was marked by a set of conditions conducive to an increased emphasis on international cooperation, such as potentially global wars, emergence of newly independent states, growing interdependence.

The forces of political fragmentation had been present throughout centuries, states had to emerge and engage them selves into competition before the ambience have changed, for developing an increased developing.

The 17th and 18th century were marked with consolidation of power, war rivals, the colonial empires, and intensification of nationalism, philosophers stressed the individualism and stated that individualism tends more to rivalry rather than cooperation.

Even today we can see that forces of nationalism outrage the forces of internationalism, older states emphasize prestige, economic interests and national security, the world is segmented by elements of language, customs, religion, entrenched interests, ideology, political structure, economic rivalry, human acquisitiveness, fear, and suspicion.But anyway the forces stayed dominant and political internationalism has limited momentum.

In search of theory; the theory should be clear to the point, descriptive, and explanatory.

The international organizations are only one small segment of world's politics. These are some of the recent developments in theory development for international organizations functionalism, (complex) interdependence, transnationalism, regime theory, and epistemic communities.

In 166 the first attempt was been made about functionalism by David Mitrany, the increase in economical and social cooperation will eventually lead to building of habits of broader base of common actions that will eventually spill over in the political arena. Functionalism and its flaws; If we assume that a clear distinction can be made between political and nonpolitical areas, and if we underestimate the states sovereignty to the transfer of political loyalties to international level. Historical and empirical evidence substitutes the functionalists'claim that ignorance, poverty, hunger, and disease are the "root causes of war."

Ernst Haas Neo-functionalism

Cooperation among nations is not imposed by norms but done by learning by doing. Process of learning is important - functional integration - political decision beyond nation-states.

Haas is functionalist, but he emphasized the political process, therefore we call him neo-functionalist.

Systems theory; Founders Charles McClelland, David Easton, Richard Snyder, Karl Deutsch, Morton Kaplan, J. David Singer, Richard Rosecrance

Definition "A set of interrelated entities and their interrelationships"

Analyzes global politics focusing on the comprehensible side of relations development of theoretical models of global systems.

Flaws in systems theory; little progress toward broad workable theory has been produced.

Gaps in necessary data.

Accuracy in determining the boundaries of a system as distinguished from its environment is often a problem.

Status quo-oriented, variables involved in global models are too complex, difficulties in quantifying and operationalizing concepts.

The independence; Definition "Interdependence exists when changes in one nation produce significant changes in one or more others, or where the effects of one government's actions are partially determined by what other governments do." Independence may either have positive or negative effect leading to cooperation or conflict.

The complex independence; The complex independence exist in countries because Transactions across national boundaries have increased greatly since 145.

Economic forces have surpassed military options in importance as instruments of foreign policy.

Private actors are assuming an increased role in global relationships.

Transnationalism; Transactions, communication, and states and nations, and after it will alter the integration also, focuses on activities of nongovernmental and individuals involved in the transfer of goods and services, money, and credit information, or persons from one country to another and the relevance of such actions in global relationships. Transnational/Nongovernmental international organizations may be divided into two broad categories

1) Nonprofit organizations.

) Multinational business enterprise organized for profit.

The regime theory; Researchers Stephen Krasner, Donald Puchala, Raymond Hopkins.

Developed in the 180s.

"International regimes are defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area."

Regimes constrain and regularize the behavior of participants, affect which issues among protagonists move on and off agendas, determine which activities are legitimized or condemned, and influence whether, when, and how conflicts are resolved.

Flaws of the Regime theory

Imprecise usage of the term "regime"

Regime analysis diverts attention from more basic elements of global relationships. It is value biased and static, emphasizing the status quo and neglecting dynamic elements of change(Susan Strange).

Epistemic communities

Definition

"A network of professionals with recognized expertise and competence in a particular domain and an authoritative claim to policy-relevant knowledge within that domain or issue area."

Examines the influences of networks of knowledge-based experts in articulating the cause-and-effect relationships of complex problems, helping states identify their interests, framing the issues for collective debate, proposing specific policies, and identifying salient points for negotiation.

Conclusion

Although nation-states or their spokespersons are the primary actors and nationalism is the chief motive force in world politics, a few developments have occurred in recent decades to enhance the possibilities of international cooperation and unity

Industrial revolution, scientific developments, accelerating trend in the formation of int'l private and public org., new problems of global proportions such as population, food supply, energy supplies, mass poverty, environmental controls, outer space, the oceans and seabed, insurance against human annihilation.

To a degree never existing before, all humans are interdependent for their lives and welfare.

International organizations may serve a useful function in channeling a portion of state interactions and in providing vehicles for increased cooperation.

In spite of their limited role, int'l org. have become indispensable instruments within the international system.

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Introduction

A lot of people throughout the world have different views on abortion. People view it

differently, some view it as the killing of a human life while others view it as a normal

part of life and as something that is just meant to be. It is quite obvious that abortion has

Custom writing service can write essays on Effects Of Abortion

more of an effect on the mother than on anyone else. 'Abortion' means the premature

expulsion of a fetus and 'effect' means the result of a cause or action by some agent. This

essay will be looking into the various methods of abortion, medical, emotional and

psychological effects of abortion.

Methods of Abortion

The two main types of abortion methods are the early abortion method and the late

term abortion method. The early abortion method is performed in the first trimester and

the late term abortion method is performed during the second trimester. 8% of abortions

are performed during the first 1 weeks of pregnancy (Alan Guttmacher Institute's Issues

in Brief). This comes to show that there is a high percentage of women who decide on an

early abortion. Early abortion methods include Vacuum aspiration abortion, in which the

women's cervix is dilated and a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the womb. The baby is

torn from the womb by suction, often into pieces, into a container. Another early abortion

method is Dilation and Curettage (D&C).It is similar to the suction aspiration abortion

except that a loop-shaped knife or curette cuts the baby as it is being suctioned from the

womb. This is the most well known method of abortion. RU-486 is an early drug abortion

method, a method of abortion using drugs. Its effect is to block the use of an essential

hormonal nutrient by the newly-implanted baby, who then dies, and drops off. It has an

effect only when the baby is at least two to three weeks old. Another early drug abortion

method is the Salt poisoning. In this method a strong salt solution is directly injected into

the amniotic fluid. The baby breathes and swallows it, is poisoned, struggled and

sometimes even convulsed. The mother gives birth to a dead child two days later. The

last early abortion method is Methotrexate, which is a treatment for cancer and arthritis. It

stops the baby's cells from dividing. Some late term abortion methods are Dilation and

Extraction (D&E) In this method the cervix is dilated using a gradually expanding

material. A curette is then used to dismember the child, the head is crushed and the baby

is then removed from the women via forceps. It is done over a - day period. Another

late term abortion method is the D&X or the partial birth method. This method allows the

cervix to be dilated for the passing of ring forceps. A foot or lower leg is located and

pulled into the vagina. The baby is extracted in breech fashion until the head is just inside

the cervix. The baby's legs hang outside the women's body. With the baby face down,

scissors are plunged into the baby's head at the nape of the neck and spread open to

enlarge the wound. A suction top is inserted and the baby's brain is removed. The skull

collapses and the baby is delivered. This is the most commonly preformed late term

abortion method. Only by understanding the various methods of abortion will it be easy

to understand the medical, emotional and psychological effects of it.

Medical Effects

There are numerous medical effects for abortions. Death tops the list. Legal abortion is

reported as the fifth leading cause of maternal death. The leading causes

of abortion related deaths are hemorrhage, infection, embolism, anesthesia and

undiagnosed ectopic pregnancies. Another high risk medical effect of abortion is breast

cancer. For women aborting a first pregnancy, the risk of breast cancer doubles and is

multiplied with two or more abortions (Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,

October 16). Other types of cancer that are co-related with abortions are cervical,

ovarian and liver cancer. Women with one abortion face a . % risk of cervical cancer

when compared to non-aborted women. Similar elevated risks of ovarian and liver cancer

have also been linked to single and multiple abortions. Uterine perforation is another

medical effect of abortion. Uterine damage may result in complications in later

pregnancies and may eventually evolve into problems which require a hysterectomy,

which itself may result in a number if additional complications and injuries including

osteoporosis. It is to be noted that uterine perforation can also be caused in normal

pregnancies during delivery. Another medical effect is placenta previa. This causes

abnormal development of the placenta due to uterine damage, increases the risk of fetal

malformation, prenatal death, and excessive bleeding during labor. One of the most

common medical effects of abortion are Pelvic inflammatory disease or PID. It is

potentially a life threatening disease which can lead to an increased risk of ectopic

pregnancy and reduced fertility. Normally signs of PID start to show 4 weeks after a first

trimester abortion. Abortion also increases the risk of HIV infection. Women have an

increased risk of 17% of HIV infection after an abortion. Researchers are % confident

with this result. "Significantly higher prevalences of infection [HIV-1] were associated

with induced abortion (0.4%) than with delivery (0.18%)" (European Journal of

Epidemiology, Deliveries, abortion and HIV-1 infection in Rome, 18-14). In

general one abortion, 5% of the time, leads to multiple abortions or can lead to the birth

of handicapped newborns in later pregnancies. Repeat abortion is also associated with the

increase in low birth weight and short gestation when compared with either one

live birth or one abortion (World Health Organization, Special Program of Research,

Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction 7th Annual Report,

Geneva, 11/78). Moreover abortion is linked to behavioral changes such as

smoking, drug abuse, and eating disorders which all contribute to increased risks of

health problems.

Psychological Effects

A post abortion study of patients showed that 8 weeks after their abortion 44%

complained of nervous disorders, 6% had experienced sleeping disturbances, 1% had

regrets about their decision and 11% had been prescribed with psychotropic medicine by

their family doctors (http//www.w-cpc.org/abortion/emotion.html). Repression, is used

by many post aborted women, as a coping mechanism. There may be a long period of

denial before a woman seeks psychiatric care. Therefore, these repressed feelings may

cause psychosomatic illnesses and psychiatric or behavioral problems in other areas of

her life. A random study showed that 1% of post-abortion women suffer from

diagnosable post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD or PAS). Not all, but some of these

women showed a high level of stress and avoidance behavior relative to their abortion

experiences. PTSD is a psychological dysfunction which results from a traumatic

experience which overwhelms a person's normal defense mechanisms resulting in intense

fear, feelings of helplessness, being trapped, or loss of control. PTSD results when the

traumatic event causes the hyperarousal of "flight or fight" defense mechanisms. The

hyperarousal causes these defense mechanisms to become disorganized, disconnected

from present circumstances, and take on a life of their own resulting in abnormal

behavior and major personality disorders. Women may experience abortion as a

traumatizing event for many reasons. The fear, anxiety, pain and guilt associated with the

procedure are mixed into the perception that they are violently killing heir own child. The

major symptoms of PTSD are classified under headings hyperarousal, intrusion and

constriction. Hyperarousal is when a person is on permanent alert for threat of danger.

Symptoms include exaggerated startle responses, anxiety attacks, irritability, out bursts of

anger or rage, aggressive behavior, difficulty concentrating, ect. Intrusion is when the

person reexperiences the traumatic even at unwanted times. Symptoms include

flashbacks, nightmares and recurrent and intrusive thoughts, etc. Constriction is the

numbing of emotional resources. It is an attempt to deny and avoid negative feelings.

Symptoms are inability to recall the traumatic experience, efforts to avoid activities that

might include recollections about the event, withdrawal from relationships, efforts to

deny thoughts or feelings about the event, etc. The psychological effects of abortion may

also cause suicidal ideation, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, increase smoking, eating

disorders, child abuse, etc. It could also lead to repeat abortions.

Emotional Effects

The emotion most women experience after abortion is relief. Because of the abrupt

hormonal changes caused by abortion some women experience short term anger, regret,

guilt or sadness. After abortion most women who feel a brief sadness or other negative

feeling recover very quickly. Emotional effects are therefore linked with psychological

effects. A recent study showed that after an abortion % or women had 'emotional

deadening' (Reported either as feeling less in touch with their emotions or feeling a need

to stifle their emotions). 86% of women increased their anger and rage rate. 48% reported

that they became more violent when they got angry. 86% became self conscious that

other people would become aware of their abortion. 8% of women felt lonely and

isolated. 75% had less confidence. If a woman does have prolonged feelings of sadness,

guilt or depression it is important for her to talk about her feelings with a councilor.

Conclusion

There are many effects of abortion on mothers'. There are various methods available

for abortions. The two main types being the early abortion method and the late term

abortion method. The medical effects of abortion can be cured at times and at other times

it leads to death. Some of the medical effects can also be caused in regular pregnancies

during the deliveries. The psychological and emotional effects are somewhat

similar. There is a link between the two effects. The most common psychological

disorder is post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This can sometimes lead to death as

well. Emotional effects tend to increase the anger rate in women. By opting for abortion,

the mother is putting her life into risk that can sometimes lead to death. Therefore I feel

that abortion is not the answer. There are so many other solutions that can be chosen.

Annotated Bibliography

Abortions All sides of the issue. (Online) Available

http//www.religioustolerance.org/abortion.htm, May 1 00

This website is intended for a general audience. Its purpose is to answer the questions and clear the doubts of any age group. The authors of this website have diverse beliefs about this topic and so they try to present both sides of the issue. This website gives a lot of information about the methods of abortion and yearly facts on abortion. It even has public opinion polls.

Methods of abortion. (Online) Available www.bfl.org/crisis/life.htm, May 1 00

This website in intended for the Christian audience. The authors of this website are anti-abortionists. The website has a lot of information about the different methods of abortion. It also has a list of some abortion clinics.

Davis, John. Abortion and the Christian What every believer should know. New Jersey Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 184

This book was written by John Jefferson Davis who is a professor of systematic theology and Christian ethics. This book is for readers that want to know what Christianity has to do with abortion. Including this, the book has some medical effects and facts on abortion.

Psychological and emotional effects on abortion. (Online) Available

http//www.w-cpc.org/abortion/emotion.htm May 1 00

This website is intended for women who have just had an abortion or for an audience that have questions about the aftermath of abortions. It suggests some remedies of what women can do to heal themselves mentally after an abortion.

Please note that this sample paper on Effects Of Abortion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Effects Of Abortion, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Effects Of Abortion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Introduction

Topic

The topic of this study is related to the introduction of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the United States (U.S) and its effect on the U.S in the past ten years.Help with essay on GPS

Purpose

The purpose of the report is to analyse the political factors influencing the development and introduction of the GPS. Hughes (11) views on technological development will be used to support the political influences that governed the introduction of the GPS. Winner's (Beder 18, p.7) theory will also be used to explain the relationship between these political factors with the GPS. This report will also use Basalla's (188) views on social needs and choices to provide an understanding towards the relationship that existed between the society and the GPS after it has been in operation.Scope

The scope will only be covering the political influences that governed the introduction of the GPS and its development. The study will also analyse the social factors that affected the use of the GPS after its introduction. Other factors such as technical, geographic and environmental would not be covered by this study.Methods of Investigation

Factual and technical books regarding the GPS would be used to support the study. Government reports from the U.S will also be used in aid to support the analysis of this study. Theories used in this study would be taken from the Engineering for Sustainability text.

Background

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radionavigation systems that have been created by the United States Department of Defence (Dod). The system is made up of a constellation of 4 satellites and its various ground stations. The series of satellites called "Nav star" orbits around the earth in several orbits. The navigation system uses radio frequencies sent out by the series of satellites which can locate a position where a transmitter is present (El-Rabbany, 00).

The GPS was built for military purposes (Andrade, 001). The development of the GPS used about US10 billion in taxpayer's money (El-Rabbany, 00). The GPS came to public attention after the classified information of its usage became known during the Persian Gulf War (DoD Report to Congress, 1). The GPS was used for navigation, tracking, bomb and missile guidance, rescue and map updating (Andrade, 001). This information is crucial in times of war for through the GPS, allied troops are able to launch assaults in the night, carry out rescue and covert operations and infiltration of enemy base camps (DoD Report to Congress, 1).

The system has only been available for public use for a decade ago. This was due to demand for the need of locating objects for various reasons and also the need of reducing cost which is the restricted limitation of applications and usage of the GPS. (Drake & Rizos, 18). The host of the GPS is the Department of Defence in the United States of America. Due to public demands, the DoD has researched and innovated the GPS system to be ready for public use. One of the aims of the system was to develop a single unified application. A single unified application that allowed more civilian use and user friendly (Logsdon, 15).

This was very attractive to real time users such as businesses and the public. Local government authorities can also benefit from it such as the police and fire departments for life and death situations. To an extent, it will also have value in terms of security of the property of a private owner. Initially, it was only affordable to large corporations, largely because of the need for insurance of a valuable item. It was a gradual process where the GPS was available for use by the general public.

Due to other technological advances such as more efficient communication systems, geographic databases and innovations and breakthroughs in the microchip industry and the availability of Internet access, the GPS became more affordable; hence, it is now widely used (Andrade, 001). In 180, a GPS receiver cost approximately US10 000 and through innovations in the microchip industry, smaller GPS receivers were built at a fraction of the price which led to the introduction of the first hand-held receiver priced below $1000 in 1. In 17, the cheapest receiver up to date was introduced to the public, priced at $100 running on two AA batteries (Andrade, 001).

Although built for military purposes, due to social needs, the GPS has been innovated for the use of the public. Such uses can be seen in the field of transportation, geographic research and weather prediction (El-Rabbany, 00). The information of position can be invaluable in these areas if given in relation to the intended path, showing points of interest and potential hazards an aircraft position in relation to a destination; a car on a moving street map; or a boat in relation to islands and obstacles. Combined with communication technology such as the cellular phone, the knowledge of position can be life saving, reducing search and rescue mission to simply rescue mission (El-Rabbany, 00).

Transportation with GPS monitoring can keep unwanted traffic away in certain places (Drake & Rizos, 18). An example of this would be the prevention an oversize truck to travel along residential roads, against the regulations, by having a GPS tracking device on them (Drake & Rizos, 18) In business management where there are mobile goods such as a concrete truck, the truck can be fixed with a GPS tracking device. This could help improve productivity as the company can keep track of where it is. Hence, the customer can ask the concrete company where the truck is and when precisely her/his delivery can arrive.

The GPS can also aid in environmental research such as wild life research and help to locate rehabilitated animals which have been released. Thus locating them through the GPS, researchers can observe their tracks and have a better understanding of the specie (Kreiter, 001).

Engineers at Purdue University and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have developed a way to use GPS satellites to monitor the environment, which could lead to better weather prediction models (Kreiter, 001). They had been trying to develop a system using GPS signals to image things on the ground, measuring soil moisture and the thickness of ice on the Earth's surface (Kreiter, 001). The advantage of using the GPS signal to make the measurements over existing equipments is that it cuts the amount of the hardware necessary by more than half. The GPS measurements appear to be just as accurate as dedicated transmitters and receivers currently in use, and are more reliable during storms (Kreiter, 001).

Finally it can be seen that the use of the technology has gone to shape itself so that society can use it in a common fashion and affordable manner. The future prospects of this technology will depend on how well it copes with other advancing technology.

Analysis

Hughes Theory

Hughes (11) presented that, every technology or technological change will have political, economic and technical factors. This report will analyse the relationship between the political factors and the GPS technology. In this case, the U.S government realized that the GPS is a powerful and useful technology, so they have spent a lot of money to research it (El-Rabbany, 00). The GPS was built for military purposes to increase the military might of the U.S and with this came political power (Andrade, 001). It is evident because in 11, the "Navster GPS" was used in the Persian Gulf War and with it; it gave the U.S an advantage over the Iraqis forces (DoD Report to Congress, 1). For this positioning equipment, it can increase their control over land vehicles, ships, aircraft and precision-guided weapon around the world (Andrade, 001). This gave the U.S a huge military advantage and gave victory to the U.S over the Iraqis.

Winner's Theory

Winner (Beder 18, p.7) presents theories that explain the relationship between politics and a certain technology.

GPS, as mentioned was developed by the U.S military. However, politics is the main supplier to provide support to the development of this technology (Andrade, 001). In this we can see that the military department was the one who developed the GPS, but its development was spurred by political needs. The government of U.S needed a technology that could monitor the movements of governments around the world. For this would give them an advantage over countries that should wish that wage war against the U.S (Andrade, 001). For the GPS to be researched and developed, it required a huge sum of funding (El-Rabbany, 00). Only through government grants, did the GPS project take place. (Andrade, 001).

This can be supported by Winner's (Beder 18, p.7) theory that a technology "appears to require or to be strongly compatible with particular kinds of power relationships". With Winner's theory, we can conclude that politics was the driving force to the creation of the GPS. This conclusion is made because political factors are the ones that govern the distribution of government money and fund, and through this, the GPS was provided the necessary funds to begin operations (Andrade, 001).

Basalla's Theory

Basalla (188) introduced the idea of social and cultural choice involving the adoption of a certain technology. He also mentioned that an invention alters itself due to meet the needs of the society. The GPS was brought to use in the early 10s and has since influenced the society gradually. Although the U.S. Department of Defence created the system to serve the sole purpose of military applications, it has evolved since its launch (Andrade, 001). Through the needs of the general public and commercial demand, it has far transformed from its original role to aid in the transportation business, geographic research field and also in weather prediction and surface monitoring (El-Rabbany, 00).

This demonstrated Basalla's (188) theory of social and cultural choice, where the invention alters itself due to meet the desire of the user. It can be seen that the GPS has been put to different uses after its introduction although built for a different purpose.

Conclusion

Through the analysis of the study, it can be seen how political factors needs and goals were the driving force into the introduction of the GPS system. Built for military purposes, it has managed to strengthen the military might of the U.S forces rendering them an advantage as seen in the Gulf War. Through Hughes' and Winner's theories, it is evident to see the relationship that existed between the political factors and the GPS system.

In concluding with Basalla's views on social choices, it can clearly be seen that ultimately it was social choice that dictated how the GPS was used in the U.S. Used by the U.S for military purposes, but the constraints of public needs and demands, dictated that the uses of GPS be changed to meet its needs. In the past decade, the uses of GPS have increased tremendously rendering the world virtually smaller. Users are now able to communicate with each other even in remotest part of the world owing to this technology.

In realizing the relations of the theories of technological developments with our daily lives, engineers are able to understand and more equipped towards the task are creating a more sustainable future.

References

Andrade, Alessandra A.L. 001, The global navigation satellite system navigating into the new millennium, Ashgate, Aldershot.

Basalla, George. 188, Chapter VI Selection 0 Selection and Cultural Factors, in The Evolution of Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Beder, Sharon. 18, Development of Technology, in The New Engineers Management and Professional Responsibility in a Changing World, Macmillan Education Australia

Drake, Chris. & Rizos, Chris. 18, Positioning systems in intelligent transportation systems, Artech House.

El-Rabbany, Ahmed. 00, Introduction to GPS The Positioning System, Artech House

Hughes, Thomas. 11, From Deterministic Dynamos to Seamless-Web Systems, in Sladovich, Hedy E., Engineering as a Social Enterprise, National Academic Press, Washington D.C.

Kreiter, Marcella S. 001, GPS Used to Study Environment, United Press International.

Logsdon, Tom. 15, Understanding the Navstar GPS, GIS and IVHS.nd Ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold.

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The Emerging Middle Class

The social changes brought forth by the Industrial Revolution scared the aristocracy of England because the middle-class was becoming much more powerful. Alice in Wonderland is an allegorical novel that represents mid-nineteenth century England, and through Lewis Carroll's brilliant use of symbolism, each of the characters in this work acts as representatives for the social classes of England during this time. The continuous rejections of the insanity and disorder of Wonderland directly reflects the author's refusal to accept the changing society of England. Carroll predicts the future of England by making the middle-class more powerful in Wonderland, and he shows that this world is infested by chaos in order to display his scornful concern of the social changes from the Industrial Revolution. In Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, the author creates a dreamworld that represents a revolution by the middle-class, which is turned upside down in Wonderland.

The middle-class workers of the Industrial Revolution were gradually reconstructing the society and class structure in England, and Carroll allegorizes this time period through a dreamworld, which is plagued with disorder. In Alice's adventures, "These rapid changes that were taking place in society are reflected in Alice's fast-paced, crowded, and discontinuous dream adventures" (Rackin 5). The characters whom Alice is constantly meeting throughout the novel are representatives of the middle-class, but they become the upper class in Wonderland to symbolize a result of the revolution by the middle-class in the real world. These characters understand the insanity of society, because they are the ones who established this world of

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madness and disorder. Carroll shows his dislike for the social changes about to occur in England by creating "a world of adults who behave like children, despite the variety of intellectual sophistication they represent" (Kelly 7).

Alice rebels from the chaos in Wonderland by constantly questioning the irrational explanations of its inhabitants and through her defiance of the Queen of Hearts in the trial. These rejections symbolize the fact that one must revolt against the social changes of the nineteenth century, so one will not have to rebel against the chaos these social changes will create. The madness of Wonderland is represented by its characters who are "free from the fabricated rules and traditions of bourgeois community, rank, and order" (Rackin ). "Pandemonium seems to rule the life of Alice, and she strives to obtain domestication by attempting to create a sense of order in Wonderland" (Bloom, ed. 1). Alice is in constant search for peace and sanity throughout her adventures, because she is never satisfied in Wonderland. When she is put on trial because of her disagreements with the Queen of Hearts during a croquet game, this trial becomes the key factor of Alice's refection of this dreamworld. The trial is very important, because it is a trial of Wonderland itself, which reveals that rules and expectations are meaningless (Magill, Critical Evaluations 8). The trial is the final rebellion of the chaos in Wonderland by Alice, and this trial symbolizes her "rejection of its mad insanity in favor of the same madness of ordinary existence" (Rackin 65).

Wonderland is a continuous nightmare that Alice is trying to understand and also to escape, and Carroll portrays her dream as a nightmare because Wonderland symbolizes the aboveground world turned upside down. Alice is frightened and annoyed in this nightmare since "she is unable to apply what she has learned from past encounters of the novel" (Kelly 7). Alice struggles to find peace in Wonderland, but "almost everyone she meets mistreats her" (Cohen 17). The nightmare that Alice deals with throughout the novel represents the

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threatening world that is becoming "the zenith and incipient decline of the bourgeois hegemony in politics and culture" (Rackin ). "Wonderland is ruled by a middle-class that is not only incapable of ruling, but they do not have any religious beliefs or a unified society, which is Carroll's fear for England in the future" (Magill, Magill's Survey 58).

Alice is the representative for the aristocracy in England, and she faces a middle-class world that is turned upside down. The characters of Wonderland treat Alice as if she were someone of a lower class, because they are very rude and arrogant to the seven-year old girl. At the beginning of the novel, the White Rabbit mistakes Alice for his servant, Mary Ann, and this symbolizes a world where the masters become servants and the servants become masters. This world is full of the nonsense that Lewis Carroll believed would plague society if the Industrial Revolution continued to make the middle-class more powerful. Alice Liddell was a real girl who Carroll liked very much, and she clearly becomes the representative for the upper class through her heroic adventures in Wonderland. Carroll shows his concerns for society and the upper class through the misfortunes of Alice in this novel, such as her constant size variations that never benefit the situation and her inability to find her way.

The creatures in Wonderland represent the future of the human race after the rebellion by the middle-class. Carroll was a very important man to England in both literature and the Christian faith, and he did not like the changes that the Industrial Revolution was bringing to his world. He feared that England would become Wonderland in the future, which is a world ruled by the middle-class. "Carroll wanted to show the world that the disorientation in Wonderland represents an individual fall, and this disorder symbolizes an entire world of humans fallen (Bloom, ed. 1). These humanoid creatures are mechanical things playing mechanical roles, such as cards and chessmen, and these characters have become the manufactured leaders of

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Wonderland. The creatures who have power are mechanical things, because they are the products of the Industrial Revolution.

Carroll brings the characters of Wonderland to life by giving each character a distinctive dialect and by using personification. The Two of Spades, the Cheshire Cat, and the Caterpillar all have very different dialects that make them more realistic. Carroll wants all of his characters to seem realistic, so they can represent the humans of the middle-class. These characters are all types of creatures and things, and this use of characterization is to show the insanity and disorder of Wonderland. The author portrays this dreamworld as chaotic, but he also wants it to be realistic so that he can warn England about the growing middle-class. All of the characters in this novel are personified a great deal, and Carroll does this through the speech, behavior, and reactions of the creatures. One of the main reasons that Carroll spends so much time making the inhabitants of Wonderland realistic is to show the world that this could happen anywhere, when thinking of a rebellion by the middle-class.

"Time, in the sense of duration, exists only in a psychological and artistic sense" (Magill, Critical Evaluations 7). Carroll attacks the unchangeable aspect of time by personifying it as a person, so that it can be "malleable, recalcitrant, or disorderly" (Rackin 54), like all of the other creatures in Wonderland. In the beginning of "A Mad Tea Party," Alice comes to a situation where The March Hare, Mad Hatter, and Dormouse sit at a table that has had no beginning and will probably never end because time is frozen. The Mad Hatter and time have evidently had a fight, and time has made it so that it will always be six o' clock at this tea party. The serious aspect about this is that "Since time is now like a person, a kind of ill-behaved child created by human beings, there is the unavoidable danger that he will rebel and refuse to act consistently" (Rackin 55). "This episode with time clearly shows Carroll's fear of a middle-class rebellion, since time is frozen at six o' clock, which is quitting time for most factory workers" (Wright, ed.

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7). The fact that time is frozen at the same time that factory workers quit indicates that they will never go back to work, which would start a rebellion by the middle-class.

The Industrial Revolution seemed to threaten Carroll and many people of the upper class, and this threat to Carroll's personal identity is reflected when Alice says, "What will become of me?" (Alice in Wonderland 8). This question deals with much more than her physical nature, and "it carries with her class broad and sinister implications" (Rackin ). Alice does not know what will become of her, because the world is changing too rapidly for her to understand the revolution that is taking place. This quote is directly related to Carroll's fear of what will happen to him and the social class structure of England. The fear of a middle-class rebellion permeated the life of Lewis Carroll, and he wrote this book to show why he feared such a revolution.

Alice falls into a strange world where she feels extremely lonely because she is confused and unable to accept the madness of Wonderland. Alice attempts "to establish who she is by recalling logical certainties-such as arithmetic" (Wright, ed. 8), but she only becomes more confused "Let me see four times five is twelve, and four times six is thirteen, and four times seven is-oh dear! (Alice in Wonderland 10). Alice is now not only lost physically, but she is lost psychologically when the solid subject of arithmetic fails to make sense. Alice is a little girl who is lost in Wonderland, and she "finds herself lapsing into soliloquies that reflect a divided, confused, and desperate self" (Kelly 78). The feelings of loneliness and abandonment in Alice directly relate to what is going to happen to the world when the middle-class taxes control. Carroll feels the aristocracy will become weak and abandoned in a world like Wonderland.

Wonderland is a satirical image that displays the author's dislike for the changes occurring in society. "Wonderland is not the Promised Land, a place of sleepy fulfillment, but it is a monde fatale, one that seduces Alice into seeking new sights" (Magill, Magill's Survey 57). This dreamworld has its setting underground, and this could mean that it is an allegory for Hell.

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Alice's adventures in Wonderland is a series of nightmares that parallel to the social problems in England during the nineteenth century. "Carroll made this novel a dream so that he can portray the hidden, socially unacceptable desires and anxieties of the censored unconsciousness" (Rackin ). The mechanical innovations of the Industrial Revolution was creating a world that was a threat to privileged Anglican gentlemen like Carroll and his friends.

The disorder and chaos of Wonderland represent a whole world of humans that have fallen. Alice stumbles across this fallen world when she falls into the rabbit hole that leads to Wonderland. Her adventures in this dreamworld become a nightmare full of madness and insecurity, since it is ruled by a middle-class that is incapable of ruling. Wonderland is the result of a rebellion of the middle-class because of the mechanical innovations and benefits of the Industrial Revolution. Alice is an outsider in this world, since she is the representative for the aristocracy, and she is desperately trying to escape from this nightmare. Finally, Alice takes control of her life in Wonderland by screaming, "You're nothing but a pack of cards" (Alice in Wonderland 5). This outbreak of anger by Alice signals her flight from the anarchy in Wonderland to the sanity in the real world, and all the things in Wonderland are destroyed. Alice's rebellion from Wonderland shows that "the innate and unconscious drive for identity and self-preservation cannot be perverted by either Wonderland or the world above it" (Rackin 66). From this lesson, one can learn that some things will never change, and if things do change, then one will have a choice to accept the changes or disregard them.

Please note that this sample paper on The Emerging Middle Class is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Emerging Middle Class, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on The Emerging Middle Class will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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