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Originally penned by Reginald Rose as a play (and appeared on television in 154), the script was left virtually intact in its move to film, with a change of director and cast. This minimalist approach served the film well and made for a claustrophobic intensity as the story progressed. You could almost feel the heat of the non air-conditioned room and the heightened emotions of the jurors.

But before tensions rise, we are shown the usual apathetic state of business as usual within the justice system. A bored judge reads off the litany of information for the jury, and the men file in sure of themselves and willing to sentence a young man to die in 5 minutes. They treat the trial as if it were a sporting event and rate the attorneys for who provided the better performance. When one man votes not guilty, the chorus of complaints begin, from those who carefully listened to the trial and thought the defendant guilty to those who simply want to get out in time to get back to work or a baseball game. To be fair, the evidence does seem overwhelming at first, with an eyewitness to the killing and another witness claiming he saw the defendant fleeing the scene. At first even Mr. Davis (Henry Fonda) seems to be leaning toward guilty, but at least wants to examine the evidence and really be sure before signing a mans death warrant. Only during this examination of exhibits and going back over the testimony does doubt arise, leading to an ever more heated exchange between those who are willing to listen and those who want to get the trial over with. This may be more of a rehash of the storyline, but in this case the story is so integral to the film that it demands it. The performances are absolutely stellar, as we find out why each person votes the way they do, and how their own preconceptions can color how they interpret the same evidence. E.G. Marshall is the cool head of reason for those who vote to convict, while Lee J. Cobb and Ed Begley seem to have reasons of their own for finding him guilty. Henry Fonda plays his role in a calm, understated manner that subtly tugs at our own consciences as he reminds us of the grave duty that our system of justice demands from a jury.

One of the most moving parts of the film is when the question is asked What if it were you that were on trial? I know if my life were in the balance Id hope that a juror like Henry Fonda portrays is sitting in the jury box. I found it easy to put myself into the place of both defendant and juror, which shows the strength of both story and performance.

Sidney Lumet is an underestimated director; even though he has been nominated five times for an Oscar, he has yet to win and he isnt given the status he deserves. He accomplishes a terribly difficult task here; by keeping to a format of a play and shooting almost entirely within one room, he still manages to keep things fresh and provides a quick and moving pace. His framing and camera angles alternately bring you right into the room with the jurors or puts you above them in observation, and with his carefully chosen closeups brings you ever more familiar with the characters. Twelve main characters is usually a recipe for cinematic suicide, but by the end of the film I felt Id gotten to know each man. I simply cannot stress enough how well made this film is, or how powerfully it moved me.

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One thing I think I can say is how relevant the film is even today. We still suffer from prejudice, from a system of justice where underpaid and inexperienced attorneys are often appointed to defend in capital murder cases, and a nation where almost everyone tries to get out of jury duty and few find it more than an inconvenience. It is often said that in this country it is better to be rich and guilty than poor and innocent; and this still holds true. Only when people really take the time to do their duty and consider the gravity of our system of justice do we have a hope for the true ideal of justice to prevail. I think every single person should watch this film at least once; it is not only something that everyone should see and hear, but represents both the best and worst in ourselves. It is simply a cinematic masterpiece.

MGM seems to crank out catalogue titles by the dozen, but at least in some cases does a fine job in making a sharp and detailed transfer. I found the image quality excellent; with a degree of sharpness and clarity I did not expect from a film of this age. The black and white picture has a deep black level, without losing shadow detail. There is little grain or film defect, and no noticeable artifacts entering from the digital realm. Only the presence of cigarette burns or the marks where a reel is changed is left to distract. The film is shown in its original aspect ratio in full frame. Audio is also quite good; the two-channel mono track brought out all the dialogue clearly with only a hint of sharpness to the music.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on On the outside looking in. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality On the outside looking in paper right on time.

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Ah, its three o'clock and the out of townies have arrived in the city. The question is; "Is New York big enough for all of us?" popped into my head as we parked and got out of the car. As we took our first step into the city we were all over whelmed by the glitz and glam that we could hardly wait to find out! As we continue to walk down the busy streets of the city we heard the zip of heavy traffic go by. Not only were cars constantly passing but people of high status tended to speed walk along the streets as well. It's not just a "walk"… It's the New York; I'm in a hurry get out of my way kind of walk! I like to call it the "snake"! The "Snake" is a walk in which an ordinary New Yorker slithers and weaves carelessly in and out of other walkers or whatever maybe in their way. Block after block almost getting trampled by the "Head Honchos" of the city we all stopped and had a warm delicious cup of Starbucks coffee. The hot creamy mocha that drizzled down my throat hit the spot and kept me on my toes for the rest of the day. After our refreshment we headed over to a whole slue of rickety table's that were cluttered with all kinds of knockoffs. You name it, they sold it and things went as cheap as five dollars for a designer's watch that would be priceless for us to buy any where else other the street of New York! The urbane people would never be caught dead buying a junky knock off because it a necessity to them to have the real thing! After getting the best and being the best, they strut their stuff for all of New York to see. This gets us to the point where New Yorkers do it up in style, class and social status… No matter what their cultural background is New Yorkers are fashionable to a "T"! As they pass by "snaking" down the crowded streets, our eyes witness that more then half of the population in the Big Apple are dressed to impress! Whether it be flaunting down the streets in expensive designer wear or rolling around the city in a supped up Benz, New Yorkers are up there with the rich and famous!

Lights, camera, and some action on 4nd Street was what we need to make our trip more memorable then it already was. So after the sun had set and the lights were glistening through out the city we headed over to one of the most popular spots in the city. After getting lost a few times we managed to stumble upon the hot spot in between 4nd Street and Broadway where the Lion King was playing. Like movie stars we all strolled down the red carpet and into the New Amsterdam Theater to perceive the show! After watching one of New York's popular sold out performances, we all were star struck by how amazing the play really was. To tell you the truth we all felt like we were in the jungle with them having a wild time! You could really tell that we were outsides by our street clothes for everyone sitting around us was dressed very elegantly in suits and very elaborate clothes. However we were the ones who really appreciated the hard work and dedication that was put into the wonderful performance that we saw. To the New Yorkers it seemed as if it was just something to do but for us outsiders it was a once in a life time event to see.

Speaking of street Rats, after leaving the marvelous performance we turned the corner to see one of the saddest sights of the city. Even though most people tend to perceive New York as being the home of the rich and famous we have witnessed that it's also the home of the poor and nameless! Feeling a deep sorrow towards the troubled man we all reach out from the goodness of our hearts and tossed some lose change into his rusted coffee tin and continued on our way. To the New Yorkers "snaking" by, the homeless man was just another obstacle in their way. After viewing this with my own two eyes I was shocked as to how New Yorkers were heartless and oblivious as to everything going around them.

Wow! It was getting late and after looking at my watch we all decided we had enough of the Big City so we headed back to the car. While walking back we managed to finish a few more rolls of film as we continued snapping the beautiful skyscrapers and elaborate lights. To us out of townies the bright lights and the enormously tall buildings is what makes the Big Apple really shine and glisten. It kind of amazes all of us hicks as to how the urbane people "snake" down these avenues each day without stopping once to admire the amazing buildings, lights, etc. On this trip we learned that it's more glamorous being an outsider looking into the big city then living blind and not knowing the remarkable world around us! Maybe if they woke up and smelled the Starbucks instead of always worrying about how classy and elegant they looked than they to would be able to see New York as a magnificent place in the eyes of us tourist!

To us New Yorkers have the whole kitten caboodle. From driving the best cars to buying the most expensive clothes New Yorkers in the eyes of us outsiders, we think they have it all.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on What is the cause of obesity?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality What is the cause of obesity? paper right on time.

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What constitutes obesity in America?

The human body's liberal storage of excess body fat is obesity. Naturally, the body is in need of fat for a source of energy, insulation and protection of the internal organs. In order to classify a person with excess body fat companies such as the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company depict a range of desirable weights for particular heights. Another method of determining obesity is by a body mass index (BMI). Most physicians use the BMI to determine desirable weights. . People having a BMI over 0.0 are obese. This method is fallible because weight is not always a correct dictation of obesity. Those of are body builders may have a high BMI because muscle tissue weighs more than fat tissue. According to the Nation Institutes of Health, in the United Sates 7 million adults are overweight or obese 55 percent of the population. Nearly percent of the population is obese, up from 1 percent in 160. Between 11 and 1, obesity among American adults has increased by nearly 60 percent.

Americans must understand what is causing such rising numbers. A calorie is the unit used to measure the energy value of food and the energy used by the body to maintain normal functions. When the calories form food intake equal the calories of energy the body uses, weight remain constant. However, when the body consumes more calories than the body needs the body stores these additional calories as fat, causing subsequent weight gain. Humans opposes a basal metabolic rate which is the minimum energy required to maintain normal body function. This along with the size of the fat cells in a person's body determines the amount of weight loss possible and chance for obesity. Scientists are still unclear about what genetics role in obesity while an adopted child's weight after maturation agreed closely to their biological parents than their stepparents. Aside from scientific causes of obesity, genuine increase in fast-food consumption, longer working day meaning fewer hours for aerobics, deskbound jobs, and the increase of electronics and technology all assist in promoting a sedentary lifestyle. This change in lifestyle has been an enormous cause of obesity in America.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, almost 70 percent of heart disease cases in the United States link to excess body fat, and obese people are more than twice as likely to develop high blood pressure. Obese women are at nearly twice the risk for developing breast cancer, and all obese people have an estimated 4 percent higher chance of developing colon cancer. Almost 80 percent of patients with Type , or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus are obese. The risk of medical complication particularly hears disease, increases when body fat distributes around the waist, especially in the abdomen. This type of upper body fat distribution is more common in men than in women.

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The social and psychological problems experienced by obese people ware also formidable. Erroneous stereotypes about "fat" people are often translated into discriminatory practices in education, employment, and social relationships. These consequences of being obese in a world preoccupied with being thin are especially severe for women, whose appearances compare against and ideal of exaggerated slenderness.

While obesity is a medical problem or an emotional lapse, another descriptor comes to mind to describe in genuine infatuation with food. Gluttony is never a politically correct term to use because it describes the outright disgusting lust for that "cheese burger." Gluttony is one of the seven most deadly sins. Along with the joy that comes from quenching, your every delight there springs obesity. This problem, as described above yields a susceptibility to developing diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, arthritis, and some forms of cancer. Furthermore, gluttony alludes to the acceptance of an eating fetish. In that, those who consider themselves gluttons most likely do not suffer the same as those who are obese and attempting to achieve a healthier lifestyle.

Collectively, the question remains, what is the ultimate cause of those who have the choice to be obese to be just that? It is laziness. As mentioned in the second paragraph such increases in technology along with the liberalistic life style all support the gluttonous lifestyle. As the normal day to day, life becomes easier and the simple task taken care of there is now no need to move or perform any task if it is possible by the push of a button. Conclusively, obesity is a rising problem in America. Separate form the "disease of obesity resides gluttony or the choice to be obese. This springs from that increase in technology, and the promotion of a sedentary lifestyle. Aerobic exercise has now become a chore an interruption in the gluttony of life.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Voice Mail. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Voice Mail paper right on time.

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VOICE MAIL

¡§To use or not to use¡¨ voice mail is the question for business organizations. Many businesses have already made a decision.

Currently two million businesses use voice mail¡Xand use is expected to grow by 40-50 percent each year. In 188, 8 percent of companies with more than 1,000 employees had voice mail; in 1, 70 percent of those companies used the technology.

Those businesses that have not yet made a decision, however, must consider the advantages and the disadvantages of doing so before jumping on the bandwagon and purchasing a voice-mail system. In spite of the increased popularity of voice mail, many customer-service oriented organizations, such as banks, have decided the disadvantages far outweigh the advantages. Only six percent of the banking industry use voice mail. Other organizations have decided to make limited use of voice mail.

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Pillsbury¡¦s public relations department tries to use voice mail only at night or when staff members are in meetings, the reason being that communications employees should be readily accessible.

The following lists are some of the advantages and disadvantages cited in the ongoing debate for and against voice mail.

Advantages.

1. The caller makes contact with the person each time a call is placed.

. The caller can simply leave a message. Leaving a message often takes care of the purpose of the call, as the caller¡¦s intent was not to speak directly to the person. By not having to speak directly with the person, the caller saves time and money by avoiding idle talk.

. Unnecessary staff involvement in routine phone calls is eliminated.

4. Much paper is eliminated.

5. Company time and money can be saved.

Disadvantages

1. The caller may not like being told to ¡§press one for¡K press two for¡K¡¨

. The caller may prefer talking to a person rather than a machine. A person provides the ¡§personal service¡¨ better than a machine. Machines can have an adverse impact on how the company is perceived.

. The voice-mail greeting should be changed routinely. The same old voice-mail greeting becomes tiring.

4. The messages may not be received because of an error on the part of the sender of because of malfunctioning equipment.

5. The caller may not be sure that message is received when there is not an immediate response.

6. Some people are shy about leaving their own messages.

Should a company decide to implement voice mail, consideration should be given to how the company uses the equipment an to make sure that the equipment is used properly. According to Don Heitt, president at Voysys Corporation in San Jose

Voice messaging is a tool that, like all tools, can be used improperly. While some voice messaging systems are easier to set up than others, it¡¦s up to the company that installs a system to make sure that the system enhances, rather then weakens, communications.

When voice messaging systems are used to replace a receptionist, callers may feel they have landed in Voice Mail Jail¡Xespecially if they have to deal with a complex series of choices. We believe that most businesses should use voice messaging systems as a backup for an attendant, not as a replacement.

Voice Mail Tips

Regardless of whether voice mail is used to replace an attendant or as a backup for the attendant, it must be effective. To be effective, voice mail has to be used correctly. The following tips from Pacific Bell provide a basis for effective use of voice mail.

„X Provide details. Business associates need to know specifically when you¡¦re leaving, when you¡¦ll be back in the office, and when they can expect a return call.

„X Be courteous and businesslike. Maintain the same professional demeanor on your vacation greetings as your regular greetings while in the office. Keep it positive to reassure customers that it¡¦s business as usual, even though you¡¦re away.

„X Don¡¦t leave confusing or conflicting instructions. Keep your greeting simple. If you need to leave instructions for accessing additional phone menus, make them easy to follow.

„X Give callers alternatives. Let clients know who is handling their accounts in your absence, and always include the number the caller needs to press to reach your substitute.

„X Help callers reach a ¡§live¡¦ person. Callers always need the option of talking with a person. Let them know which button to push for an attendant.

„X Let callers know if you¡¦ll be checking your messages. Tell callers you plan to phone in for messages from time to time while you¡¦re away¡Xbut only if you mean it.

„X Update your greeting as soon as you return. Make sure callers know you¡¦ve returned from vacation by updating your message with a current date and greeting. In this way, you and your associates can get back into swing right away.

By following these tips, your voice mail will give accurate, timely information. What¡¦s more, customers will not be offended and will know that their calls are valued.

Please note that this sample paper on Voice Mail is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Voice Mail, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Voice Mail will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on You are what you eat. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality You are what you eat paper right on time.

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Throughout a child's lifetime, they watch countless hours of television and

movies. The actors and actresses seen on the screen are usually the image of perfection. It

seems that the people who are successful and rich are the men that are chiseled and

muscular and the women who are thin and delicate. This leaves people with the idea that

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everyone should look like Hollywood stars. Many people, especially teenagers take these

ideals very seriously. In a survey of 4000 teens, forty-five percent said that they are

unhappy with their bodies, and sixty-five percent said they are obsessed with their bodies.

People go to great lengths to achieve their ideal appearance, even as far as starving

themselves. This is known as Anorexia Nervosa. Eighty-five percent of anorexia occurs

before the age of twenty. Being anorexic consumes your whole life. All you think about

every day is how you look, and what other people think when they look at you. People

with eating disorders misuse food to satisfy both emotional and physical needs.

Sometimes when a person's life spins out of control, they feel the only thing they can

control is the food they consume. Anorexics often drop to eight-five percent below their

ideal body weight and still view themselves and overweight. Bulimia Nervosa is often

associated with anorexia because it is possible to have both diseases at the same time.

Bulimia is defined as an eating disorder in which the individual binge eats, and then

purges to get rid of the food they have eaten. Although ninety to ninety-five percent of

eating disorders occur in females, it is not solely a female problem. Five percent of

victims are male, but they tend to hide their problem better than females because they

believe that it is a female's disorder. Studies show that most people who are anorexic and

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bulimic are of normal weight and look healthy. Fifteen to sixty percent of athletes and

performers have an eating disorder. Both anorexia and bulimia can cause serious, life-

long health problems and even death.

Another health issue that has been circulating the media lately is the issue of

organically grown food. Are they really safer for us to be consuming? Organic means

food that is processed without the used of hormones, antibiotics, herbicides, insecticides,

chemical fertilizers, genetic modification or germ killing radiation. While organic farms

provide less that two percent of Canada's food supply, and take up less that one percent

of its cropland, the organic food industry is growing quickly. It grows nearly twenty

percent every year. Companies such as Heinz and General Mills are launching organic

lines in supermarkets. Children benefit from organic foods, they do not consume as many

pesticides because of their small size. There is still no proof that people who consume

organic foods are healthier than those who do not. As factory farms become larger and

more prominent, farmers depend more and more on pesticides. Today, farmers are

applying three times as many pesticides on crops as they were forty years ago, to kill the

same pests. Otto Kramm, a farmer, used to come home at night and not be able to go near

his kids until he was completely showered for the fear that the pesticides would harm his

children. He is now the owner of Earthbound Farm, the largest organic food producer in

the country. "I didn't know how it would affect my kids fifteen years down the road" he

stated, of the pesticides he no longer needs. The use of pesticides not only puts "poison"

on our foods, but also kills off many animals, endangers farm workers and degrades the

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soil and water they are being put on. Pesticides now kill sixty-seven million American

birds each year. There is enough synthetic fertilizer in the Mississippi River that flows

into the Gulf of Mexico to maintain a sixty-mile-wide "dead zone". This causes a build

up of algae; so much that fish cannot even survive.

Of course not everything about food is negative. Food is a necessary part of our

day. There are people who strive to maintain healthy lives with a combination of

balanced meals and the right amount of exercise. Still, more than two-thirds of our

country's population has tried dieting. Diet plans can be reached at our fingertips with the

help of the internet. The Zone Diet and Weigh Watchers are easily accessible. A website

called Cyberdiet has charts and questionnaires that tell you precisely how overweight you

are and what your Body Mass Index is and what it should be.

Many people, especially teenagers, do not get the daily requirements their body

needs. Teens should have at least 4 cups of dairy, ounces meat, two servings of

vegetables and four servings of breads or cereals each day. With the Hollywood icons

and the easily accessible dieting information that we have, it is no wonder that there are

so many cases of eating disorders. But with self-motivation, discipline and good role

models, a healthy, active lifestyle can be achieved.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on information security. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality information security paper right on time.

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FAO C.E.O. SmallCompany Holdings Ltd.

SenderFrank Loan 61681

R.E. Needs and concerns relating to computer security.

Dear Sir,

Write your information security research paper

Security threats can be classified into two primary areas, natural disasters (i.e. floods, fires, earthquakes, hurricanes) and human. The latter can be again divided into malicious (Hackers, Insiders) and non-malicious (ignorant employees). In the following memo I will try to address these issues and highlight possible solution to same.

Identification and authentication, and access control.

The primary threat to data integrity comes from authorized users who are not aware of the actions they are performing.

· The selection of a password by a user is problematic owing to the number of different that each user may conceivably need to remember to access each section of a system (network, e-mail, etc.).

· User will inevitably choose passwords that are easy to remember (birthdays, names of famous people).

· This will aid malicious attackers in giving them a good chance of guessing the correct password.

· Choosing a less obvious password can give rise to problems of it's own however. For instance users have been known to keep their password and user ID written down to aid memory this can easily fall into the wrong hands.

· Users can unintentionally introduce viruses to the company's system by installing software of their on their workstation.

Security aspects of UNIX servers.

UNIX came into existence in the early 170's designed to exist in a non-hostile environment but since the advent of the internet brought these systems into an international arena new tools, patches and practices have been developed to make these systems much safer.

· Correct passwords and restriction of services

· TCP Wrappers allow the administrator to log and restrict access to services on a computer

· SSH is a secure shell that can completely prevent the passing of cleartext passwords across a network by allowing fully encrypted communications between two hosts.

Network security and firewalls.

It may be desirable for this company to connect its private LANs to the Internet in order to give convenient access to various services. This could leave said LANs vulnerable to misuse and attack. A firewall is a strategy for protecting an organization's Internet reachable sources; it serves as a gatekeeper between the Internet and trusted internal networks.

Firewalls provide several types of protection

· They can block unwanted traffic

· They can direct incoming traffic to more trustworthy internal systems.

· They hide vulnerable systems that cannot easily be secured from the Internet.

· They can log traffic to and from the private network.

· They can hide information such as system names, network topology, network device types, and internal user IDs from the Internet.

· They can provide more robust authentication than standard applications might be able to do.

However, firewalls can be rendered ineffective for example if remote users can access the company's internal networks without going through the firewall (i.e. if a user who works from home can dial into the network, an attacker who can dial into that computer has circumvented the firewall.

TCP/IP.

The TCP/IP protocol stack has some weak points that allow

· IP address spoofing

· TCP connection request (SYN) attacks

Recommendations

1. Firewall software should be installed at all external/internal interface points where this company's internal networks meet the Internet.

. Users should be warned of the dangers of viruses and how they might be introduced to the system.

. Access to the company network by remote users should be restricted where possible.

4. Regularly updated backup files should be kept at a secure, remote location.

5. A password policy should be implemented with appropriate training given to staff. This policy should include

a. A password must be initially assigned to a user when enrolled on the system.

b. A users password must be changed periodically.

c. The system must maintain a password database.

d. Users must remember their passwords.

e. Users must enter their passwords into the system at authentication time.

f. Employees may not disclose their passwords to anyone. This includes administrators and IT managers.

6. Ports that are not being used should be blocked at all times.

7. Disable all unneeded services limiting the possibility of a known security hole being exploited by reducing the number of different services running.

8. Log all attempts at all services, whether successful or not.

References

Practical Security in a Networked UNIX Environment, Bruce Potter

Gollmann, Dieter. Computer Security. John Wiley and Sons, August 1

Garfinkel, Simson, and Gene Spafford. Practical Unix and Internet Security. OReilly & Associates, Inc., April 16.

TechNet Security Threats, Christopher Benson, Inobits Consulting (Pty) Ltd.

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Course work ¡V Cooling Coffee Cups.

Aim ¡V To investigate the effect of varying the volume of water on how quickly the water cools down.

Background Information.

Thermal Energy ¡V Transfer a drink to surrounding air.

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Convection ¡V Movement of hot materials carrying energy away.

Conduction ¡V Transfer of energy from particles in a material.

Radiation ¡V Transfer of energy via infra-red radiation.

In my experiment, I am going to look at how convection, conduction and radiation cool a coffee cup. I know that eventually the coffee cup will be the same temperature as the air around it.

Hypothesis

I think that different volumes of water will make a difference when cooling, as they will take different amounts of time. This is because of the surface areas. The less water in the coffee cup, the quicker it will cool. The thermal flasks don¡¦t loose much heat as it has an airtight lid. There is a vacuum so no particles can move around or pass to each other. This prevents conduction.

I think that the less water in the coffee cup, the less time it will take to cool. I think this because it will have a smaller surface area and will take less time. The 100ml¡¦s will take the longest to cool as it has a larger surface area and the cooling process will take longer.

Fair Testing/ Variables /Reliable Results.

The things that we will keep the same are the temperature of the water at the beginning and the temperature at the end. It had to finish when it reaches a certain temperature. Eg ¡V 40„ac

The things that we are changing are the amount of water we will put in each flask. We are going to do 0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml. We will also make the same person take the temperature so that it is fair and the results are more accurate and are all jumbled up. We are going to repeat each amount times to make sure are results are accurate.

List of Apparatus.

1. Coffee Cup (base and airtight lid).

. Measuring Cylinder.

. Thermometer.

4. Kettle (with hot water at 70 c).

5. Stopwatch.

This is a diagram of the apparatus that we used and the set up.

Method.

1. First, collect all the apparatus that are listed above.

1. Then measure out the amount of water that is needed.

E.g.0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml, or 100ml. And place the lid back on the coffee cup. Place a thermometer in the hole on the lid.

1. Start a stopwatch when the thermometer reaches 70„ac.

1. Time and take the results every 0 seconds or 1-minute.

1. When the temperature is about

40 c, then stop timing.

1. Repeat each different amounts of water times, and then do a different amount.

1. Once you have done 0ml, 40ml, 60ml, 80ml and 100ml, fill in you chart and draw up graphs to help show patterns better

Results.

Conclusion.

My results show me that as the water level increases each time, the slower it takes to cool. I think this also because the more water the larger the surface area and the longer the cooling process takes. My results in the table show me this as the 0ml chart shows that after 0 minutes it went down to 6„ac. But after 100ml had 0 minutes the temperature only went down to 55„ac This shows that it was quicker with less water.

My prediction was right, as this is what I thought would happen and it did.

In the graphs that I have drawn, I have plotted my results and drawn a line of best fit. For the different water levels, the correlation is negative which means that it goes down hill. My graphs show me that the less water that is in the coffee cup, the quicker that it cools down.

Are results show that this did happen and it matches my prediction.

Evaluation.

I think that we did a fair experiment as we said that we would use the same temperature water, and have the same person measure the temperature and we did. This has helped us make sure our results are a little bit more reliable.

As I looked at my chart and graph, I think that we had some anomalous results. This was on the 40ml experiment. After 10 ¡V 1 minutes, the temperature went down then back up again. So it didn¡¦t make the graph totally sloping and you can see that these results looked out of place. Also on the 80ml graph, you can see that one set of results are slightly under the line of best fit and the other results. (Look on graphs, the anomalous results are circled). I think that this is because the thermometer was read wrongly.

We would be able to tell this from the averages, as they would not be close numbers. Eg ¡V 46 and 67.

If I did this experiment again, I would time for longer and see how the results turned out after another 10 or 0 minutes. This would help as you could see if the temperature suddenly drops or if it goes down slowly. Also you could use a wider variety of water measurements and see what happens at 10mls or 50ml etc.

I would improve my accuracy next time by timing and recording my scores every 0 seconds instead of 1 minute and see if it made any difference. It might change the way the graph looked, as you would have more points to plot and a different line of best fit. This could make a difference.

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