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Communication, Meaning, and Signs

In chapter , emphasis is placed on the idea of communication as the generation of a meaning. In order for communication to take place, a message must be created out of signs. The message that is sent makes the receiver create his/her own meaning that is related to the meaning intended in the original message. The models in chapter are not linear; they are structural models. They focus on the set of relationships that enable a message to produce a meaning.

The center of this focus is the sign, which can be studied by semiotics. Semiotics is the study of signs and the way they work and can be broken down into three separate areas of study. The first is the sign itself and the different ways that meaning can be conveyed through it. Secondly we look at how the signs are organized through codes, or systems. Thirdly, the culture within which these codes and signs operate is studied. In semiotics, the receiver plays a more active role.

The first model of meaning that is introduced is that of C.S. Peirce. In Peirce's triangular model, a sign refers to the object, and it effects the mind of the interpretant. The interpretant is not the user of the sign, but is a mental concept of the user of the sign.

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Ogden and Richards produce a triangular model of meaning much like Peirce's. In this model, the referent is similar to Peirce's "object", the reference to his "interpretant," and the symbol to his "sign." The referent and reference are directly connected, as are the symbol and reference. The symbol is in the key position, organizing and directing our thoughts, or references. Our references organize our perception of reality.

Lastly, we see the triangular model of Ferdinand de Sassure. Being a linguist, Sassure was primarily interested in the relationship between words and other signs. The emphasis in his model is placed on the sign itself. The sign is a physical object with a meaning. Sassure believed that a sign consisted of a signifier and a signified. The signifier is how we perceive a sign's image, and the signified is the mental concept that is referred by it.

The sign is essential to any real understanding of semiotics. Peirce and Sassure both realized this. Peirce divided signs into three different categories. They are the icon, index, and symbol. An icon is something that resembles its object. For example, a map is an icon. An index is a sign with a direct connection with its object. The book uses the example of a sneeze being an index of a head cold. Lastly, a symbol is a sign whose connection with its object is a matter of convention, agreement, or rule. Sassure analyzes the sign by focusing on the relationship of the signified to reality. He created two ways to organize signs into codes. The first is by paradigms, which is when a particular sign is chosen out of a certain set. The second is by the way of syntagmatics. In this case, the chosen signs are combined.

Convention is also necessary to the understanding of signs. It is the social dimension of a sign and its presence is necessary to communicate.

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If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on comuter. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality comuter paper right on time.

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Possible solutions I have a selection of spreadsheets, database and word processing in which I can create my system from. I will look at which one of these are the best by seeing which features in one contains and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them; Spreadsheets With this system you can use more than 1 sheet. The system can be custom created to organise data. This can help you allocate different seats to different people at different shows. Advantages Disadvantages º Advanced Calculationsº Automatic recalculationº The ability to form extensive cell referenceº Produces graphsº It is organisedº User friendlyº Sort the informationº Search the informationº You can create user-defined functionsº You donÆt have to enter info over and overº You can import picturesº They can fix errorsº Can track information in all cellsº You can use shortcut features such as cut, copy and paste materialº Fast and designed for storing information and dataº You can easily make backup copiesº Can use 1 workbook but many sheetsº Can link fields from 1 sheet to anotherº Has a spell checkerº You can have level of securities º Requires trainingº Not design for survey analysisº Results obtained from them may be limited and inflexibleº Difficult to set up the program for survey data analysisº Too many complex formulas and functionsº No form of validation Database The data entered into this system can be saved on a hard drive. This system uses files and fields to organise the data. This can help you allocate different seats to different people at different shows. Advantages Disadvantages º Can use keywordsº Validationº Can have levels of securityº Can attach picturesº Well structured and organisedº Can view single recordsº Can view listsº User-friendlyº Well structured and organisedº You can easily make backupsº You can have level of securitiesº They usually have good capability for data analysis º Need training to useº CanÆt create graphsº CanÆt perform calculationsº CantÆ spell checkº CanÆt do any automatic recalculationsº CanÆt link fields from 1 page to anotherº Does not support formulas and functionsº Quite slow as there you canÆt perform automatic calculationsº CanÆ t use shortcut features such as cut and pasteº You have to enter information more than once Word-processing This system uses tables and lists. With this system it is possible to use more than 1 file. The word processor can help to organise data between shows, seats and prices. Advantages Disadvantages º Takes up little space º CanÆt search in specific fields º Easy to backup º CanÆt sort by fields º Has a spellchecker º Not all functions are used º Easy to learn º CanÆt perform calculations º Easy to use º Images cannot be attached to individual records º Can be password protected º CanÆt have level access º Can be read onlyº User-friendly º It is organisedº You can searchº You can sortº You can use shortcut features such as cut, copy and pasteº Does not require a lot of training because you are not using formulas and functionsº You donÆt have to enter information over and over againº Validation º Can only print previewº CanÆt create user-defined functionsº CanÆt use formulasº Harder to searchº Harder to sortº Was not designed for storing information and data

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Equality. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Equality paper right on time.

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The first thing that comes to my mind when I think of the word equality is the quote "all men are created equal". For me this has a lot of meaning, although it is a fairly new concept in our society. Equality means to have the same privileges or rights.

In the 150's equality was questioned and fought for throughout the 60's as the Civil Rights Movement. A main event that started some action against inequality or discrimination was when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white woman on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama. It took a long time for people to comprehend that black people have the same right to sit on the bus, drink out of the same water fountain and attend the same schools as white people. Even though 50 years seems like a long time, people still do not understand this concept of equality. In the 160's equal rights took another jump with Martin Luther King Jr. He is best known for his " I Have a Dream" speech that he made in Washington D.C. during the March on Washington where 50,000 people came from all over the country to attend this important civil rights movement. Here he protested discrimination, segregation, and fair hiring in the workplace.

The Civil Rights Movement is not the only example of equality. For instance, there is also an inequality between men and women. Women had very little rights compared to those of men. They were not allowed to vote until 10 after they began a movement for their right to vote. Another example of inequality between men and women is the fact that they can have the same level of education, the same qualifications, but yet the man will have a higher salary. A further example is that a few weeks ago there was a lawsuit in Florida where a mother and daughter were suing the state for the right to go topless. They stated that they believe that it is the last law in the books, preventing true equality between men and women.

Equality has to do with people being treated equally regardless of any outside factors like race, gender, or sexual orientation. Homosexuals are also discriminated against because they choose to interact with the same sex. The basis of our society has always been religious. I believe, as do many others, that homosexuality is a sin. However, you could argue that no sin is greater than another is, and we are all sinners. Still, no matter what our beliefs, we are not to judge others. Some of the discrimination that homosexuals face is that law does not permit them to marry each other. Also, they are not allowed to enroll in the country's military. A gay couple, correspondingly, is not allowed to adopt a child, I think partly because people believe that the child should have both a father and a mother figure.

The fight for equality has come a long way since the 50's, but there are still factors such as discrimination, prejudice, sexism, and just closed mindedness that are preventing us from achieving true equality. Equality is important in society. All men were created equal and should be treated equally as well. Equality means fairness, balance, equivalence and evenness. These are all important in defining and forming relationships in all aspects of life and society. I hope that one day equality will truly exist and people will get opportunities and be treated fairly because of what they know, rather than their gender, race or sexual orientation.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Lifeboat Ethics. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Lifeboat Ethics paper right on time.

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In Hardin's Lifeboat Ethics he argues for a very harsh thesis. He claims that we should not offer any kind of assistance or support to people in poor countries because the outcome of doing so would simply be catastrophic. He uses a lifeboat example to show the segregation of the rich people in the lifeboat and the poor ones swimming in the water outside. Say fifty people occupy a lifeboat, which has room for ten more, but suppose there are a hundred others swimming outside begging for admission to the lifeboat. Hardin says that if we choose to be generous and take them all into the boat, making a total of one-hundred fifty in a boat designed for sixty, then the boat would be overloaded and everyone would drown. No positive result. The other solution is that we only let ten people in. But which ten do we choose? And is it really safe to let more people in? If we do let the other ten in the lifeboat, we would have lost our "safety factor." So in the end, there really is no positive outcome in helping the other hundred swimming in the sea. Either way the result would just be a disaster.

Hardin also points out as to why there is no advantage in helping the poor is the tragedy of the commons. A person's property or possession is well taken care of because it is his or her own responsibility and only he or she is responsible for what happens to it. But if it was available for everyone then it wouldn't be taken care of as much. There is also the case of some people claiming that their needs are greater and would then take more than other people. He says, "If everyone would restrain himself, all would be well; but it takes only one less than everyone to ruin a system of voluntary restraint." He uses air and water as examples of commons taken advantage of. Since air and water are treated as commons, they have now become polluted.

Another negative product of helping the poor is that they will never learn from their mistakes. Since the poor countries know that the wealthy ones will always be there to help and give them aid when needed, they will never learn to save themselves or to prepare for future disasters. Therefore, they will forever be dependent on foreign aid to pull them up in times of need.

The last argument is whether we should help the poor countries and have them forever depend on us, or not help them and let them learn their lesson so that hopefully it will benefit them in the future. I don't agree that we shouldn't help the poor countries just because we think it will mean we will have to take care of them forever. Some countries are not as economically fortunate as the United States. Since we are a rich country why should we be greedy and take all the fortune? We should share and help the others who are not as fortunate as us instead of giving them a selfish attitude. Everything we have is from God so why should we let other countries suffer when we know we can help. By giving aid, we are giving them a second chance so that they will learn their lesson and hopefully that aid will help them get out of their rut.

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People are naturally careless and selfish when tragedy occurs. When people receive aid, they end up depending on you as long as they can. Therefore, they do not deserve to be helped because they do not know discipline and gratitude.

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If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on "John Day Fossil Bed". What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality "John Day Fossil Bed" paper right on time.

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"John Day Fossil Bed"

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The "John Day Fossil Bed" is located in National Monument, in Oregon. The sedimentary rock of the John Day River Valley in central Oregon is rich with fossil records dating from forty-five million to five million years ago (mya). This basin is so rich with specimens of such continuity and duration that paleontologists, sedimentologists, paleobotanists, and biostratigraphers can test theories against fossil records. This research paper will illustrate through geological time and uniformitarianism the importance of the "John Day Fossil Bed". An appreciation of the immensity of geologic time is central to understanding the evolution of Earth and its survival.

This article has broken down the "John Day Fossil Bed's" into four geological time and uniformitarianism formations The Clarno Formation (50-5 mya) uniformitarianism is a tropical to subtropical forests mantle. The fossil records in sedimentary rock displayed "splendid samples of seeds, nuts, fruits, leaves, branches, and roots". Many of these samples were new discoveries to science. The mammals of this period were large and to name a few are the "browsing brontotheres and amynodonts. The John Day Formation (7-0 mya) uniformitarianism deciduous forests replaced the earlier subtropical forests of the Clarno formation showing a vast biological diversity of species of the early "Miocene epoch". "More that one hundred groups of mammals have been found in this formation as well, including dogs, cats, swine, oreodonts, horses, camels, rhinos, and rodents". To help support the geological time of this period volcanic ash was located throughout the fossil bed, giving way to accurate "radiometric" dates. The Mascall Formation (15-1 mya) uniformitarianism was created after the massive volcano activity and the weathering of lava into "highly fertile soils, and from these soils arose lush, nutritious grasses and mixed hardwood forest, mush like those found today in the eastern United States". A great variety of animals like horses, camels, and deer are discovered in the sedimentary rock. Also, large mammals reappeared like the "gomphotheres (early elephants), as well as sizable rhinos and bear-dogs. The Rattlesnake Formation (8-6 mya) uniformitarianism that is named for Rattlesnake Creek, completes the paleontological story of the "John Day Basin", and based on geological time is very early. Some of the species resembles those of today, and others of a distant past. The type of animal that grazed the land suggests a much "dryer and cooler climate, dominated by grasslands. These strata represent the last major episode of deposition in the basin".

With the discovery of the "John Day Fossil Bed", the "paleontologists can detect subtle shifts in the ecosystems through time. Sedimentologists are able to map the orientation of bones in a Clarno Formation quarry, and thereby plot the eddies, backwaters, and gravel bars of a river that flowed thirty-seven million years ago. Paleobotantists determine the rate at which plant communities evolved. A biostratigrapher dates the last known occurrence of a fossil primate in North America".

Man's ability to study the past ensures mankind a better chance to survive in the future.

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If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on John Steinbeck. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality John Steinbeck paper right on time.

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John Steinbeck

On February 7, 10, John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California.

He was the third of four children and the only son of John Ernst II and Olive

Hamilton Steinbeck. He spent his childhood and adolescence in the Salina

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Valley, later called the salad bowl of the nation. He attended Salinas High

School. He attended classes at Stanford University leaving without a degree.

During these years Steinbeck dropped out for several months, and his job

experiences include sales clerk, farm laborer, ranch hand, and factory

worker. In November of 15, he traveled by freighter from Los Angeles to New

York City where he worked as a construction laborer and, briefly, for the New

York American. From 16-18 he lived in Lake Tahoe, California and worked

as a caretaker for a summer home.

In October of 10, he met Edward F. Ricketts, a marine biologist,

philosopher and longtime friend. Then in 15 after the first popular success,

novel Tortilla Flat he began a lifelong friendship with the editor Pascal Covici.

Covici became an editor after the bankruptcy of his own firm.

I am putting all of his marriages in this essay because I think they had to

do with his outlook on life. My outlook would be affected if I went through what

he did. First, in 10, he married Carol Henning. In 141 he seperated from

Carol in the spring and that same fall he moved to New York with singer

Gwyndolyn Conger. In 14 he was sued for divorce by Carol. One year later

and three years after he had moved in with Gwyndolyn Conger they were finally

married. He then had two sons two years apart, Thom and John IV. 148 was a

disappointing year for Steinbeck. Ricketts was killed in an automobile

accident.and then Gwyndolyn divorced him. In 150 he married his third wife

Elaine Anderson Scott.

Tortilla Flat was his first popular success. Mice of Men was published in

15 and was made into two films. The first was released in 140 and the

second was released in 1 and Gary Senise directed and starred with John

Malkovich. It was also made into a play in New York that had 07

performances. The Grapes of Wrath was his greatest critical success, published

by Viking, provoked both great and popular acclaim and violent political

condemnation for its depiction of Oklahoma migrants and California growers, as

well as for its alleged vulgar language and social bias. It won him the Nobel

Peace Prize for Literature. He was elected into American Academy of Arts and

Letters. East of Eden was also a major work. Heres something of interest,

Oprah Winfrey had East of Eden in her book club. The famous Rodgers and

Hammerstein created a musical called Pipe Dream that was based on Sweet

Thursday. He recieved the New York Drama Critics Award for the play Of Mice

and Men. He won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

He died of arteriosclerosis in New York in 168. Eleven years later the

U.S. commemorative stamp was issued on what would have been his 77th

birthday. Steinbeck was also pictured on a half-ounce gold medal issued by the

U.S. government. In 11, Frank Gallatis Steppenwolf Theater dramatization of

The Grapes of Wrath won New York Drama Critics Circle Award for best play of

the season.

Steinbeck was influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson who believed in

transcendentalism, and Ernest Hemingway.

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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on coming of age. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality coming of age paper right on time.

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"Coming of Age", one more time

In the novel "Hatchet" written by Gary Paulsen many literary elements are shown. This is yet another, "coming of age" story we find so frequently in children's literature. Gary Paulsen uses a very descriptive technique when writing about Brian's days in the wilderness. Also, the heroic quest journey is somewhat portrayed. Brian, being a young kid is thrown into a life-threatening event in the first chapter of the book. He has to survive in the wilderness with only a hatchet and his instincts.

To survive Brian has to learn from his mistakes and rely on nature. He has to fend for himself which encompasses him not to think of his parents divorce. Out of all the tasks Brian must perform, this was the hardest. He is an emotional wreck due to the status of his parents and what he knows, "The Secret", about his mother. However, in order for him to survive, he must not dwell upon his family situation. If he was to rack his brain constantly thinking about the divorce, he would loose his focus and inhibitions to survive the wilderness. Gary Paulsen uses this "coming of age" theme for the book, which goes hand in hand with the heroic quest. Brian's quest is to survive.

By surviving Brian learns there is a lot more to life then his parents divorce, and that life will go on. He comes out of the wilderness a stronger person and more mature. We are shown this in the end of the novel by Brian choosing not to share with his mom that he knows the secret. It doesn't matter to Brian anymore about the secret. This is a big step towards maturity for Brian, he realizes the secret is not important anymore, and it will probably make matters worse.

The "coming of age" theme which we see so often in children's literature serves a lot of value. It's a channel way to teach kids the lesson of growing up by using example. It lets children relate to something concrete they have read in a book before. Also, by letting children relate, it helps adults place an emphasis on maturity.

Symbolism is another literary element used by Gary Paulsen. Water, which is a universal symbol, stands for life. The lake Brian lands in is the symbol for water representing life. Brian knew he had to land in the lake to live. Also, the lake serves as a source of food for Brian, which he needs to survive. Secondly, the fool birds are a symbol in the novel. When Brian first survives the landing he can not find the birds. They are right there the whole entire time yet, he doesn't see them. The mind frame Brian is in at this time is what prevents him from seeing the birds. By the time Brian can see the birds he has matured and has experienced the "coming of age". He starts to see things differently, and not only till then does he see the birds, which were so visible.

In conclusion, this novel serves for many purposes. Gary Paulsen represents the theme very well, while adding other literary elements. The "coming of age" theme he has used in written in a different manor then most children's books. His main thesis is put on survival, while relating it to a child dealing with divorce. It teaches children that there are many aspects of life and not to dwell upon things. Using symbolism, we can see how the mind set of Brian has changed by the end of the novel. By intertwining this use of symbolism and the "coming of age" theme, a great novel is produced.

Please note that this sample paper on coming of age is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on coming of age, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on coming of age will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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